BivalTyp

Shinaz Rutul

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo R.R.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. The data have been generously provided by Ramazan Atrashovich Ramazanov (pictured above), who also takes care of the website specifically dedicated to the history and culture of Shinaz.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Shinaz Rutul. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 9, 2024; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative. The ergative form of nouns coincides with the oblique stem in the plural only; it is usually unmarked on proper and some higher animate nouns like ‘father’ and ‘mother’.

The verb takes gender-number prefixes agreeing with the S/P argument in the nominative. These gender-number agreement prefixes can be word-initial but are more often found after deictic preverbs, as well as after the negation prefix in some forms. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers or, rarely, by postpositions (in combination with the genitive case).

Case system

Shinaz Rutul is underdescribed. Probably, there is a total of 15 case forms (see Ibragimova 2019: 202-203), whereas the Standard Rutul based on the Mukhad dialect has 17 distinct case forms. However, in the Shinaz Rutul dataset below only 12 cases are used, of which 5 are abstract cases and 7 are spatial cases.

The 5 abstract cases used are nominative, ergative, dative, attributive, and comitative (= instrumental). 5 locative cases merge essive and lative orientations: IN ‘inside’, SUPER ‘on’, AD ‘at, beside’, CONT ‘in contact with’ and APUD ‘at, behind’. Two further cases attested in the dataset have the meaning of the elative orientation, namely EL ‘(outside) from’ and CONTEL ‘from in contact with’.

Example (12) in the dataset below shows a nominative unmarked form used to denote the goal of motion.

Ibragimova, M. O. 2019. Kategorija padezha i morfologija sklonenija v rutul'skom jazyke: dialektnaja stratifikacija. Makhachkala: IJaLI DNC RAN, ALEF, 222 pp.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by their masdar form, based on the perfective stem, with IV class agreement.

Glossing abbreviations

A — animate gender, aka class III; AD — adlocative case; ADV — adverbial ending ; AOR — aorist tense; APUD — apudlocative case; ATTR — attributive ending; COM — comitative case; CONT — contlocative case ; CONTEL — contelative case; CONTIN — continuous; COP — copula; COV — coverb; DAT — dative case; EL — ablative case; ERG — ergative case; EVT — evidential; EXIST — existential copula; IN — inlocative case; IPF — imperfective aspect; M — human masculine; MED — medial demonstrative; MSD — masdar; N — neuter gender, aka class IV; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative case; OBL — oblique nominal stem extension; PERF — perfect; PF — perfective aspect; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present tense; RE — repetitive; REFL — reflexive; SEQ — sequential or ‘perfective converb’; SIMUL — simultaneous or ‘imperfective converb’; SUPER — superlocative case.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain j-ete-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM
X: ATTR
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-dɨ pisana q'ul v-eti-v
pn - attr very head( a ) a -hurt. pf - aor . a
‘Basir has a severe headache.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) načaʁ h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
basir načaʁ ɨj gripp-a-xvan
pn unwell cop flu- obl - com
‘Basir has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid gič' v-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_EL
X: DAT
Y: EL
Locus: XY
basir-ɨs gič' ij tɨlɨj-la
pn - dat fear( a ) cop dog. obl - el
‘Basir is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw χač'ibχɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir χač'ibχɨ-r duχul
pn ( erg ) a .throw. pf - aor stone( a )
‘Basir threw a stone.’

5. have enough ʁejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs šehi-bɨr ʁejq'ɨ-j
pn - dat coin- pl . nom n .be_enough. pf - aor . n
‘Basir has enough money.’

6. resemble kejkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
basir kejkɨ-j karam-ɨkj
pn n .resemble. pf - aor . m pn - cont
‘Basir resembles Karam.’

7. believe ilamiš h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
basir ilamiš ij karam-ɨ
pn believe cop pn - super
‘Basir believes Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take lijši-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir lijši-r kitab
pn ( erg ) n .take. pf - aor book
‘Basir took a book.’

9. see hagu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs hagu-j χal
pn - dat ( n )see. pf - aor . n house
‘Basir sees a house.’

10. influence asɨl h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ješ-mɨ-la asɨl ɨj hik'i-j ʁatkɨ-n
year- pl . obl - el depending cop heart. obl - super n .remain. pf - msd
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

11. encounter salat' h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
basir salat' h-iši-r karam-ɨ
pn meeting m -be. pf - aor pn - super
‘Basir encountered Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter aˁč’uˁ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
iz-dı duχ aˁč’uˁ-r mixteb
my- attr son ( m )enter. pf - aor school
‘My son entered the school.’

13. win ʁemi h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
basir ʁemi h-iši-r karam-ɨla
pn winning m -be. pf - aor pn - el
‘Basir beat Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

14. go out ʁaʔ qhɨxɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
basir χal-a ʁaʔ qhɨxɨ-r
pn house- in out re .( m ).go. pf - aor
‘Basir went out of the house.’

15. drive jɨkɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir hivɨka-r a zer
pn ( erg ) a .drive. ipf - simul exist cow
‘Basir is driving the cow.’

16. bend q'uˁt'k' hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir q'uˁt'k' hɨʔɨ-r bɨdaʁ
pn ( erg ) bend n .do. pf - aor branch
‘Basir bent the branch.’

17. tell xu-n

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
basir xu-rɨ karam-da
pn ( erg ) say. pf - perf pn - ad
‘Basir told Karam.’

18. hold χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir χaqhɨ-r a kitab
pn ( erg ) ( n )catch. pf - seq exist book
‘Basir is holding a book.’

19. catch up leqhejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
basir leqhejq'ɨ-r peri-χda
pn re . m .fight. pf - aor pn - apud
‘Basir caught up with Peri.’

20. milk v-ezi-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir v-ezi-rɨ zer
pn ( erg ) a -milk. pf - perf cow
‘Basir milked the cow.’

21. reach lejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
basir lejq'ɨ-rɨ qirʁ-ɨ
pn m .reach. pf - perf shore. obl - super
‘Basir reached the bank.’

22. touch kejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
basir kejq'ɨ-rɨ masal-ɨkj
pn m .touch. pf - perf wall- cont
‘Basir touched the wall.’

23. fight kičiqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
basir kičiqha-r a karam-ɨxvan
pn ( m )fight. ipf - simul exist pn - com
‘Basir is fighting with Karam.’

24. be friends nuhuˁbat v-iši-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_COM
X: ATTR
Y: COM
Locus: XY
basir-dɨ hamıʔ nuhuˁbat a karam-ɨxvan
pn - attr now friendship( a ) exist pn - com
‘Basir is now friends with Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think fikɨr havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
basir fikɨr vaʔa-r a peri-kla
pn ( erg ) thought( a ) a .do. ipf - simul exist pn - contel
‘Basir is thinking about Peri.’

26. eat ljɨvʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir ljɨvʔɨ-r aˁč
pn ( erg ) a .eat. pf - aor apple
‘Basir ate an apple.’

27. fry džirdž hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir vidžirdž havʔɨ-r baluʁ
pn ( erg ) a .cooking a .do. pf - aor fish( a )
‘Basir fried the fish.’

28. wait güzlemiš hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir güzlemiš haʔa-r a karam
pn ( erg ) waiting m .do. ipf - simul exist pn
‘Basir is waiting for Karam.’

29. forget hik'i-j upχu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs hik'i-j upχu-r tinbij-dɨ raˁqh
pn - dat heart. obl - super a (drop). pf - aor other- attr road( a )
‘Basir forgot (about) the other road.’

30. depend asɨl-ɨ h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
hik'i-j ʁatkɨ-n asɨl ɨj ješ-mɨ-la
heart. obl - super n .remain. pf - msd depending cop year- pl . obl - el
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call un hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
basir un hɨʔɨ-r karam-ɨχda
pn ( erg ) call n .do. pf - aor pn - apud
‘Basir called Karam.’

32. get to know tanɨš h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
basir tanɨš h-iši-d karam-ɨxvan sa sen xurgin
pn known m -be. pf - attr pn - com one year before
‘Basir got to know Karam a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate

33. know hac'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs hac'ɨ-j karam
pn - dat m .know. pf - aor . m pn
‘Basir knows Karam.’

34. play (instrument) jɨˁvχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir jɨˁvχaˁ-r a gitara
pn ( erg ) a .strike. ipf - simul exist guitar( a )
‘Basir is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid gɨleč'u-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
basir gɨleč'u-j karam-ɨla
pn ( m ).avoid. ipf - evt . m pn - el
‘Basir avoids Karam.’

36. make hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir hɨʔɨ-r č'enk'i-bɨr
pn ( erg ) n .do. pf - aor trap- pl . nom
‘Basir made mousetraps.’

37. make fun jɨʁ gɨrkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
basir jɨʁ gɨrka-r a karam-ɨ
pn day ( m ) ipf .mock- simul exist pn - super
‘Basir is making fun of Karam.’

38. have an h-iši-n

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨχda a-nɨ-v mašin
pn - apud exist - prs - a car( a )
‘Basir has a car.’

39. look for harsɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
basir harsa-r a gülej-maši-χda
pn m . ipf .look_for- simul exist key- pl . obl - apud
‘Basir is looking for his keys.’

40. paint šir jɨvχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir šir jɨvχɨˁ-r čapar-a-s
pn ( erg ) paint( a ) a .strike. pf - aor fence- obl - dat
‘Basir painted the fence.’

41. bite χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
tɨlɨj-re χaqhɨ-rɨ basir
dog. obl - erg ( m )catch. pf - perf pn
‘A dog bit Basir.’

42. forfeit h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL
X: NOM
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
basir χal-ɨkla h-iši-r
pn house- contel m -be. pf - aor
‘Basir lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

43. try to catch χavqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir χavqha-r a get
pn ( erg ) a .catch. ipf - simul exist cat
‘Basir is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break q'at' hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir q'at' hɨʔɨ-r t'at'al
pn ( erg ) break n .do. pf - aor stick
‘Basir broke a stick.’

45. flatter gaˁvχaˁj havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir gaˁvχaˁj vaʔa-r a karam-ɨs
pn flattery. a a .do. ipf - simul exist pn - dat
‘Basir is flattering Karam.’

46. love (person) rɨka-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs rɨka-rɨ peri
pn - dat f .love. ipf - evt pn
‘Basir loves Peri.’

47. wave levi-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir jaluqh leve-r a
pn ( erg ) handkerchief( a ) a .swing. ipf - simul exist
‘Basir is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream χijal-mi-kj kirxu-n

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTR
X: NOM
Y: ATTR
Locus: Y
basir χijal-mɨ-kj ki mašin-a-d
pn fantasy- pl . obl - cont be_in car( a )- obl - attr
‘Basir is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash temiz hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir temiz hɨʔɨ-r čaška
pn ( erg ) clean n .do. pf - aor cup
‘Basir washed the cup.’

50. put on u lɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir u lavʔɨ-r badu
pn ( erg ) on a .put_on. pf - aor trousers( a )
‘Basir put on his trousers.’

51. be called dur xu-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: ATTR
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
hemi-d kar-di-d dur h-iʔi kompas
this- attr thing- obl - attr name n - cop compass
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish džaza vɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir džaza vɨ-r džu-du duχar-ɨs
pn ( erg ) punishment give. pf - aor refl . obl - attr son. obl - dat
‘Basir punished his son.’

53. attack hajvɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
sirɨ-r hajvɨ-r baluʁči-ja-χda
bear. obl - erg attack. pf - aor fisherman- obl - apud
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) lac'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
vedre lac'ɨ-rɨ xij-re
bucket ( n )fill. pf - perf water. obl - erg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find aqhakɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir haqhagu-r gülej-mar
pn ( erg ) ( n )find. pf - aor key- pl . nom
‘Basir found his keys.’

56. be short kam h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs kam-ɨvɨ sa dollar
pn - dat few- cop . a one dollar( a )
‘Basir is one dollar short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

57. hate k'vač' h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs k'vač' ij karam
pn - dat hated cop pn
‘Basir hates Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like bɨt'ra-na hagu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs bɨt'ra-na havgu-v ha-d vɨχɨn
pn - dat nice- adv a .see. pf - aor . a med- attr shirt( a )
‘Basir likes this shirt.’

59. need ljazim h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs šehi-bɨr ljazim ɨj
pn - dat coin- pl . nom needed cop
‘Basir needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround juq'sur-u-la χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
masal-mɨ-ra juq'sur-u-la χavqhɨ-r a šeher
wall- pl . obl - erg four.sides- obl - el a .catch. pf - seq exist city( a )
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain a atkɨ-n

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨχda a atkɨ-rɨ 10 dollar
pn - apud exist n .remain- perf 10 dollar
‘Basir has ten dollars left.’

62. answer dživab qhɨvɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir dživab qhɨvɨ-r maˁlim-a-s
pn ( erg ) answer give_back. pf - aor teacher- obl - dat
‘Basir answered the teacher.’

63. open ačɨχ hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir ačɨχ hɨʔɨ-r bank'
pn ( erg ) open n .do. pf - aor jar
‘Basir opened a can.’

64. be different kečevkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
iz-dɨ vɨχɨn kevkar-džiš vɨdij-di-kj
my- attr shirt( a ) a .resemble. ipf -( prs ) neg yours- obl - cont
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind qhuʔ qharkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
basir qhuʔ qharkɨ-r karam-ɨla
pn behind re . m .remain. pf - aor pn - el
‘Basir fell behind Karam.’

66. plough lejχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir lejχaˁ-r a χuj
pn ( erg ) n .plow. ipf - simul exist field
‘Basir is ploughing the field.’

67. smell il h-iši-n

Valency pattern: CONTEL_ATTR
X: CONTEL
Y: ATTR
Locus: XY
iz-dɨ χɨlab-a-kila il ruʔu-j benzin-a-d
my- attr hand. pl - obl - contel smell ipf .go- evt . n oil- obl - attr
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross tinaʔ ʁaˁč'u-n

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
basir rɨqh-aˁ tinaʔ ʁaˁč'u-r
pn road. obl - in there ( m )cross. pf - aor
‘Basir crossed the road.’

69. sing hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir bɨt'ra-d maˁni hɨʔɨ-r
pn ( erg ) nice- attr song n .do. pf - aor
‘Basir sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kixi-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir kixi-r kaʁad
pn ( erg ) ( n ).write. pf - aor letter
‘Basir wrote a letter.’

71. drink raˁʁɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir vaˁ-raˁʁɨˁ-r naˁk
pn ( erg ) a -( n )drink. pf - aor milk( a )
‘Basir drank the milk.’

72. melt hic'a hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir hic'a hɨʔɨ-r sa bat' qurqušum-a-d
pn ( erg ) n .melt. cov n .do. pf - aor one piece lead- obl - attr
‘Basir melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ʁelbi-n

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ha-d č'il ʁelbi-v iz-dɨ vɨχna-s
med- attr belt( a ) a .fit. pf - aor . a my- attr shirt. obl - dat
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave targ havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir targ havʔɨ-r džu-du šeher
pn ( erg ) leave a .do. pf - aor refl . obl - attr city( a )
‘Basir left his native city.’

75. cover χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
χɨliči-je-r χavqhɨ-r a sijen džil
carpet- obl - erg a .catch. pf - seq exist whole floor( a )
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember hik'i-j ʁatkɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs hɨχan hik'i-j ʁa-mad χal
pn - dat well heart. obl - super be_on- contin house
‘Basir remembers the house well.’

77. help kumag vɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir kumag vɨ-r karam-ɨs
pn ( erg ) help give. pf - aor pn - dat
‘Basir helped Karam.’

78. understand (language) gijq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
basir gijq'ɨ-j francuz č'il-ɨχda
pn m .understand. pf - aor . m f rench language. obl - apud
‘Basir understands French.’

79. hit (target) kejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
χaˁl-a hihi-d c'aj kejq'ɨ-r χal-ɨkj
sky- super n .throw. pf - attr fire n .touch. pf - aor house- cont
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself hat'u-n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
basir-dɨ xesɨm hat'u-r mič'ri qhavaʔa-d mašin-a-r
pn - attr face n .cut. pf - aor beard( a ) re .a.do. ipf - attr machine- obl - erg
‘The razor cut Basir’s face.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

81. get stuck kičipqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
istak'an kičipqhɨ-r isk'am-a-kj
glass( a ) a .stick. pf - aor table- obl - cont
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) aa gjarkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
basir aa gjarkɨ-r karam-ɨla
pn low m .stay_under. pf - aor pn - el
‘Basir lost to Karam.’

83. be glad šad h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
basir šad h-iši-r kaʁɨd-a
pn glad m -be. pf - aor letter. obl - super
‘Basir was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak halgɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
basir halga-r a karam-ɨxvan
pn m .talk. ipf - simul exist pn - com
‘Basir is speaking with Karam.’

85. give birth huχu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
peri-s huχu-r duχ
pn - dat m .bear. pf - aor son
‘Peri gave birth to a son.’

86. drop saʔ ʁipxu-n

Valency pattern: AD_NOM
X: AD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-da saʔ ʁipxu-r istak'an
pn - ad down a .drop. pf - aor glass( a )
‘Basir dropped the glass.’

87. govern q'ɨxvaldɨ havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR
X: ERG
Y: ATTR
Locus: Y
basir iš-dɨ kur-di-d hamıʔ q'ɨxvaldɨ vaʔa-v
pn ( erg ) our- attr village- obl - attr now chiefery( a ) a .do. ipf - a
‘Basir runs our village.’

88. miss c'ijal h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD
X: DAT
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
basir-ɨs c'ijal ɨj peri-χda
pn - dat longing cop pn - apud
‘Basir misses Peri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow džubra h-ɨxɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTR
X: NOM
Y: ATTR
Locus: Y
basir džubra h-iʔi karam-dɨ
pn behind m - cop pn - attr
‘Basir follows Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount saʔ seč'u-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
basir saʔ seč'u-r hijvan-a-la
pn ( n )down ( m )dismount. pf - aor horse- obl - el
‘Basir got down from the horse.’

91. listen qhacu-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
basir qhacu-r a radija-χda
pn ( m )listen. pf - seq exist radio- apud
‘Basir is listening to radio.’

92. obey qhacu-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
basir qhacu-r a nin-ɨχda
pn ( m )listen. pf - seq exist mother- apud
‘Basir listens to his mother.’

93. hear un h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_ATTR
X: DAT
Y: ATTR
Locus: XY
basir-ɨs un h-iʔi maˁni-je-d
pn - dat call n - cop song- obl - attr
‘Basir hears the song.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

94. mix kaˁjχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
it kaˁjχɨˁ-r a naˁkɨj-xvan
honey n .mix. pf - seq exist milk. obl - com
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look gjaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
basir gjaqha-r a gɨbli-mɨ-χda
pn ( m )look. ipf - simul exist cloud. obl - pl . obl - apud
‘Basir is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off qhebdži-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir qhebdži-r vɨχɨn
pn ( erg ) a .take_off. pf - aor shirt( a )
‘Basir took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) neq'j-a hagu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs neq'j-a hargva-r a peri
pn - dat dream. obl - super f .see. ipf - simul exist pn
‘Basir dreams about Peri.’

98. agree raʁzi h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
basir raʁzi h-iši-r peri-xvan
pn content m -be. pf - aor pn - com
‘Basir agreed with Peri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel kipxu-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_COM
X: ATTR
Y: COM
Locus: XY
basir-dɨ kipxu-rɨ peri-xvan
pn - attr a .fall_ in . pf - perf pn - com
‘Basir had a quarrel with Peri.’

100. cost q'emet vɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: ATTR
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
hemi-d čaškɨje-d q'emet v-iʔi sa dollar
this- attr cup. obl - attr price a - cop one dollar( a )
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at v-ihi-n

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
basir v-ihi-r šurku-χda
pn ( erg ) a -throw. pf - aor bird. obl - apud
‘Basir shot at the bird.’

102. pour ar kiʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir ar kiʔɨ-r šigar
pn ( erg ) in ( n )pour. pf - aor sugar
‘Basir poured the sugar.’

103. lose suga hɨʔɨn

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir suga hɨʔɨ-r gülej-mar
pn ( erg ) ( n )lose. cov n .do. pf - aor key- pl . nom
‘Basir lost his keys.’

104. sink saʔ kit'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
us-u-d q'at' saʔ kit'ɨ-r xij-kj
wood- obl - attr piece ( n )down n .pull_in. pf - aor water. obl - cont
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill h-iq'e hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir h-iq'e hɨʔɨ-r karam
pn ( erg ) m -die. cov m .do. pf - aor pn
‘Basir killed Karam.’

106. hit č'ipχɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
basir č'ipχɨ-r karam-ɨ
pn a .beat. pf - aor pn - super
‘Basir hit Karam.’

107. kiss k'üx kivɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir k'üx kivɨ-r peri-s
pn ( erg ) kiss give. pf - aor pn - dat
‘Basir kissed Peri.’

108. read q'ɨle hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir q'ɨle hɨʔɨ-r hɨχ-dɨ kitab
pn ( erg ) read. cov n .do. pf - aor good- attr book
‘Basir read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) sit' hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir sip' havʔɨ-r t'ili
pn ( erg ) a .move. cov a .do. pf - aor finger( a )
‘Basir moved his finger.’

110. respect hɨχan χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir hɨχan χaqhɨ-j karam
pn ( erg ) well ( m )catch. pf - aor . m pn
‘Basir respects Karam.’

111. be squeamish k'vač' hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir k'vač' haʔa-j t'alqhɨ-d qab
pn ( erg ) hated n .do. ipf - evt . n ( n )dirty. pf - attr plate
‘Basir is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content raʁzi h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
basir raʁzi j džu-dɨ duχar-ɨla
pn content m . cop refl . obl - attr son. obl - el
‘Basir is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love rɨkar r-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs rɨkar r-iši-r a peri
pn - dat f .love. cov f -be. pf - seq exist pn
‘Basir fell in love with Peri.’

114. trust umud v-iši-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPER
X: ATTR
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
basir-dɨ hamıʔ umud ʁa peri-j
pn - attr now trust( a ) be_on pn - super
‘Basir trusts Peri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

115. sympathise jazuqh hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR
X: ERG
Y: ATTR
Locus: Y
basir jazuqh haʔa-j džu-du nin-dɨ
pn ( erg ) pity( n ) n .do. ipf - evt . n refl . obl - attr mother- attr
‘Basir sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

116. envy ul livxi-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPER
X: ATTR
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
basir-dɨ hamıʔ ul ʁa karam-ɨ
pn - attr now eye( a ) be_on pn - super
‘Basir envies Karam.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

117. be angry qhaˁl biʔi-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR
X: ERG
Y: ATTR
Locus: Y
basir qhaˁl beʔe-vɨ karam-dɨ
pn ( erg ) anger( a ) a .pull. ipf - a . cop pn - attr
‘Basir is angry with Karam.’

118. be surprised mahaˁt'al h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
basir mahaˁt'al ɨj ha-d peškeš-a
pn surprised cop med - attr gift- super
‘Basir was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) begemiš h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs begemiš ij čej
pn - dat like. cov cop tea
‘Basir loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy ištaʁ h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
basir ištaʁan raˁʁaˁ-r a bik'er-dɨ čej
pn with.appetite ( n )drink. ipf - simul exist hot- attr tea
‘Basir is drinking hot tea with pleasure.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

121. want hɨkar h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs v-ɨkɨ-v c'in-dɨ mobilnik
pn - dat a -want. pf - aor . a new- attr mobile.phone( a )
‘Basir wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge qhaˁl libq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_EL
X: DAT
Y: EL
Locus: XY
basir-ɨs qhaˁl libq'ɨ-v karam-ɨla
pn - dat anger( a ) a .rise. pf - aor . a pn - el
‘Basir holds a grudge against Karam.’

123. take offence χatir atkɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_EL
X: DAT
Y: EL
Locus: XY
basir-ɨs χatir atkɨ-r a karam-ɨla
pn - dat grudge n .remain- seq exist pn - el
‘Basir took offence at Karam.’

124. upset χatir atk hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR
X: ERG
Y: ATTR
Locus: Y
basir bala-na χatir atk hɨʔɨ-r karam-dɨ
pn ( erg ) much- adv grudge n .remain. cov n .do. pf - aor pn - attr
‘Basir greatly upset Karam.’

125. marvel mahaˁt'al h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
basir mahaˁt'al h-iši-r ha-d šeher-di-j
pn surprised m -be. pf - aor med - attr city( a )- obl - super
‘Basir was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise k'vač' h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
basir-ɨs k'vač'-ij karam
pn - dat hated- cop pn
‘Basir hates Karam.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset fikɨr v-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_ATTR
X: DAT
Y: ATTR
Locus: XY
basir-ɨs fikɨr v-iši-r a džu-du duχar-dɨ
pn - dat thought( a ) a -be. pf - seq exist refl . obl - attr son. obl - attr
‘Basir got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated bizar h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
basir bizar ij džu-du rɨš-a-la
pn offended cop refl . obl - attr daughter- obl - el
‘Basir is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond bɨt'ra-na hagu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs bɨt'ra-na hagu-j karam
pn - dat nice- adv ( n )see. pf - aor . m pn
‘Basir is fond of Karam.’

130. be shy rɨˁχ ruʔun

Valency pattern: DAT_EL
X: DAT
Y: EL
Locus: XY
basir-ɨs rɨˁχ ruʔu-j džu-du buj-a-la
pn - dat shame ipf .go- evt . n refl . obl - attr size- obl - el
‘Basir is embarrased about his height.’