Mukhad Rutul

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile) and Mariza Ibragimova (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo M.I.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles and Mariza Ibragimova. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Mukhad Rutul. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 2, 2023; last revised on January 30, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.53, 47.42.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative. The ergative form of nouns does not coincide with the oblique stem. The verb takes gender-number prefixes agreeing with the S/P argument in the nominative. These gender-number agreement prefixes can be word-initial but are more often found after deictic preverbs, the reversive and other expressive prefixes, as well as after the negation prefix in some forms. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers or, rarely, by postpositions (in combination with the genitive case).

Case system

There are 6 non-locative cases: nominative, ergative, dative, genitive, comitative, and comparative. The system of locative cases consists of two layers: 6 localizations (IN ‘inside (a container)’, AD ‘at, beside’, APUD ‘at, behind’, SUPER ‘on’, SUB ‘under’, CONT ‘in contact with’ and 2 directions (the unmarked ‘locative’ aka essive/lative and the elative), with the contelative serving also as a subelative, which yields 11 locative combinations and 17 cases in all.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by their masdar form, based on the perfective stem, with IV class agreement.

Glossing abbreviations

A — animate gender, aka class III; AD — adlocative case; ADEL — adelative case; ADV — adverbial ending ; AOR — aorist tense; APUD — apudlocative case; ATTR — attributive ending; COM — comitative case; COMPAR — comparative case; CONT — contlocative case ; CONTEL — contelative case; COP — copula; DAT — dative case; ERG — ergative case; GEN — genitive case; HPL — human plural; IN — inlocative case; INEL — inelative case; INDEF — indefinite; IPF — imperfective aspect; M — human masculine; MSD — masdar; N — neuter gender, aka class IV; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative case; OBL — oblique nominal stem extension; PF — perfective aspect; PL — plural; PN — person name; PROX — proximate demonstrative; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SEQ — sequential or ‘perfective converb’; SIMUL — simultaneous or ‘imperfective converb’; SUB — sublocative case; SUPER — superlocative case; SUPEREL — superelative case.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain jedin

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-dı	q'ul	vede-re
pn - gen	head( a )	a .hurt. ipf - hab
‘Murad has a headache.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

2. have (illness) jıˤχıˤn

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	tımılbır	jıˤχıˤ-ri
pn - obl - dat	flu	n .strike. pf - aor
‘Murad has the flu.’

3. be afraid gič'in

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	tılıj-aala	gič'e-re
pn - obl - dat	dog. obl - superel	fear. ipf - hab
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw χaaʁun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	qat	χaaʁu-ri
pn - erg	pebble	( n )throw. pf - aor
‘Murad threw a stone.’

5. have enough ʁijq'ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	šiji-bır	ʁijq'a-ra
pn - obl - dat	rouble( a )- pl . nom	n .come_on. ipf - hab
‘Murad has enough money.’

6. resemble kikın

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ı-k	kika-ra
pn	pn - obl - cont	resemble. ipf - hab
‘Murad resembles Kurban.’

7. believe inaamiš jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ıı	inaamiš	jiʔi
pn	pn - super	believe	m . cop
‘Murad believes Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take lešuˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	kitab	lešuˤ-ri
pn - erg	book	( n )take. pf - aor
‘Murad took a book.’

9. see hagun

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	χal	hagva-ra
pn - obl - dat	house	( n )see. ipf - hab
‘Murad sees a house.’

10. influence jik'ıı ʁadgın

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ješ	ruʔu-di-re	šıv-ga	jik'-ıı	ʁalga-rdiš
age	( n ) ipf .be- obl - erg	what- indef	heart- super	ipf .remain_on- ipf . neg
‘Because age is coming, nothing remains in memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter haˤsil jišin

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM

X: SUPER

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ıı	q’urban	haˁsil	jiširi
pn - super	pn	meeting	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad encountered Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter aˤč'uˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

murad	χala	aˤč'uˤ-ri
pn	house. in	( m )enter. pf - aor
‘Murad entered the house.’

13. win lit'in

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad-a	q'urban-ıı	libt'i-ri
pn - erg	pn - super	a .overcome. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Kurban.’

14. go out ʁaʔ ʁaˤč'uˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

murad	χal-aa	ʁaʔ	ʁaˤč'uˤ-ri
pn	house- abl	outside	( m )go_out. pf - aor
‘Murad went out of the house.’

15. drive jıgın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	zer	jivıgı-r	a
pn - erg	cow	a .lead. pf - seq	be_in
‘Murad is driving the cow.’

16. bend saʔ hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gaˤri	saʔ	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	branch	down	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad bent the branch.’

17. tell huxun

Valency pattern: ERG_AD

X: ERG

Y: AD

Locus: Y

murad-a	q'urban-da	huxu-ri
pn - erg	pn - ad	( n ) pf .say- aor
‘Murad told Kurban.’

18. hold χaq'ın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	kitab	χaq'ı-r	a
pn - erg	book	( n )catch. pf - seq	be_in
‘Murad is holding a book.’

19. catch up qhiqhijq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	majram-ı-χda	qhiqhijq'ı-ri
pn	pn - obl - apud	m .catch_up. pf - aor
‘Murad caught up with Majram.’

20. milk vezin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	zer	vezi-ri
pn - erg	cow	a .milk. pf - aor
‘Murad milked the cow.’

21. reach lijq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

murad	qirχı-da	lijq'ı-ri
pn	side. obl - ad	m .reach. pf - aor
‘Murad reached the bank.’

22. touch kijq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

murad	masal-ı-k	kijq'ı-ri
pn	wall. obl - obl - cont	m .touch. pf - aor
‘Murad touched the wall.’

23. fight kidžitqhın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ı-xvan	kidžidılqha-ra	a
pn	pn - obl - com	hpl . ipf .fight- simul	be_in
‘Murad is fighting with Kurban.’

24. be friends dustvaldı vıʔın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ı-xvan	dustvaldı	vaʔa-ra	a
pn	pn - obl - com	friendship( a )	a -do. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is friends with Kurban.’

25. think fikir vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

murad-a	majram-ı-klaa	fikir	vaʔa-ra	a
pn - erg	pn - obl - contel	thought( a )	a .do. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is thinking about Majram.’

26. eat lüʔun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	eč	lüvʔu-ri
pn - erg	apple	a .eat. pf - aor
‘Murad ate an apple.’

27. fry džirdžin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	baluʁ	vi-džirdži-ri
pn - erg	fish	a -fry. pf - aor
‘Murad fried the fish.’

28. wait güzet hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	q'urban	güzet	haʔa-ra	a
pn - erg	pn	wait	m .do. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is waiting for Kurban.’

29. forget jik'ııla utχun

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	mad-dı	raˤqh	jik'-ııla	upχu-ri
pn - obl - dat	other- attr	road. nom ( a )	heart- superel	a .forget. pf - aor
‘Murad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend asıllı jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

jik'-ıı	ʁadgı-n	ješ-aala	asıllı	jiʔi
heart- super	n .remain_on. pf - msd	age- superel	dependent	n . cop
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call ses vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad-a	q'urban-ı-χda	ses	vıʔı-ri
pn - erg	pn - obl - apud	sound( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad called Kurban.’

32. get to know tanıš dišin

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ı-xvan	sen	ulixde	tanıš	jiši-ri
pn	pn - obl - com	year	at_the_front	acquainted	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad got to know Kurban a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know hac'ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	q'urban	hac'a-ra
pn - obl - dat	pn	m .know. ipf - hab
‘Murad knows Kurban.’

34. play (instrument) hulqhun

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	sunnı-dıı	hulqha-ra
pn	pipe- obl . super	ipf .play- hab
‘Murad is playing the pipe.’

35. avoid q'ul geevin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad-a	q'urban-ııla	q'ul	geeve-re
pn - erg	pn - superel	head( a )	a .withdraw. ipf - hab
‘Murad avoids Kurban.’

36. make hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	č'aˤnk'	vıʔı-ri
pn - erg	trap( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad made a trap.’

37. make fun ijanat hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

murad-a	q'urban-ı-klaa	ijanat-bır	haʔa-ra	a
pn - erg	pn - obl - contel	trick- pl . nom	n .do. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is making fun of Kurban.’

38. have ana jiʔi

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-χda	mašin	a-na	viʔi
pn - obl - apud	car	be_in- simul	a . cop
‘Murad has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for haqhagun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	ačar	haqhabgu-ra	a
pn - erg	key( a )	a .seek. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is looking for his keys.’

40. paint šir jıˤvχıˤn

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	haˤsar-a-s	šir	jıˤvχıˤ-ri
pn - erg	fence- obl - dat	dye( a )	a .strike. pf - aor
‘Murad painted the fence.’

41. bite sıs vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-ı-s	tılıje-re	sıs	vıʔı-ri
pn - obl - dat	dog. obl - erg	bite( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘A dog bit Murad.’

42. forfeit jiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

murad	χal-daa	jiši-ri
pn	house- adel	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his house.’

43. try to catch χaq'ın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gaˤt	χıvırq'a-ra	a
pn - erg	cat	a . ipf .catch- simul	be_in
‘Murad is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break q'at' hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gaˤrij	q'at'	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	branch	break	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad broke a stick.’

45. flatter jirzin

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-a	majram	rirze-re	a
pn - erg	pn	f . ipf .praise- simul	be_in
‘Murad is flattering Majram.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

46. love (person) jıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	majram	rıga-ra
pn - obl - dat	pn	f .want. ipf - hab
‘Murad loves Majram.’

47. wave suda hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	jaluqh	subda	vaʔa-ra	a
pn - erg	kerchief( a )	a .shake	a .do. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream xırxın

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	mašin-e-χda	xırxa-ra	a
pn	car- obl - apud	ipf .desire- simul	be_in
‘Murad is dreaming of a car.’

49. wash sidʁın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	čaška	sidʁı-ri
pn - erg	cup	n .wash. pf - aor
‘Murad washed the cup.’

50. put on lıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	badu	lıvʔı-ri
pn - erg	trousers	a .put_on. pf - aor
‘Murad put on his trousers.’

51. be called huxun

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: APUD

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: X

mi	kar-dı-χda	kоmpas	ruxu-ra
prox	deed- nh - apud	compass	ipf .say- hab
‘This thing is called a compass.’

52. punish taˤmbuˤh vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	džuˤ-dı	duχarı-s	taˤmbuˤh	vıʔı-ri
pn - erg	refl . h . obl - attr	son. obl - dat	punishment( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad punished his son.’

53. attack et'utxun

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

si	baluʁčij-e-χda	et'upxu-ri
bear	fisherman- obl - apud	a .attack. pf - aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ac'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

bedri	xidi-re	ac'ı-ri
pail	water. obl - erg	fill. pf - aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find agın

Valency pattern: AD_NOM

X: AD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-da	ačar	agı-ri
pn - ad	key( a )	( n )find. pf - aor
‘Murad found his keys.’

56. be short ʁidžijq'ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	sa	manut	ʁijq'ı-r	diš
pn - obl - dat	one	manat	n .be_enough. pf - seq	neg . cop
‘Murad is one rouble short.’

57. hate k'vaˤč'e jišin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	q'urban	k'vaˤč'-e	jiʔi
pn - obl - dat	pn	hated- predic	m . cop
‘Murad hates Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like begemiš jišin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	mi	rubaška	begemiš	viʔi
pn - obl - dat	prox	shirt( a )	please	a . cop
‘Murad likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need maˤhtadž jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	šiji-mı-χda	maˤhtadž	jiʔi
pn	ruble( a )- pl . obl - apud	needing	m . cop
‘Murad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround a

Valency pattern: NOM_GENaa7uu

X: NOM

Y: GENaa7uu

Locus: Y

šeher-di-d	aaʔuu	mas-bır	a
town- obl - gen	around	wall- pl . nom	be_in
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain χamada

Valency pattern: AD_NOM

X: AD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-da	10	dоllar	χamada
pn - ad	10	dollar	be_with.still. n
‘Murad has ten dollars left.’

62. answer džıvab vın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	maʔˤlim-e-s	džıvab	vı-ri
pn - erg	teacher- obl - dat	answer( a )	give. pf - aor
‘Murad answered the teacher.’

63. open ačıχ hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	bank'a	ačıχ	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	jar	open	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad opened a jar.’

64. be different kivikara diš

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

iz-dı	rubaška	vıdı-dik	kivika-ra	diš
my- attr	shirt( a )	yours- obl - cont	( a )resemble. ipf - simul	neg . cop
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind qhuʔ qhargın

Valency pattern: NOM_COMPAR

X: NOM

Y: COMPAR

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ı-qhaʔ	qhuʔ	qhargı-ri
pn	pn - obl - compar	after	m .remain_behind. pf - aor
‘Murad fell behind Kurban.’

66. plough lıˤjχıˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	χuj	lıˤjχaˤ-re	a
pn - erg	field	n .plough. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is ploughing the field.’

67. smell il jišin

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

iz-dı	χıl-abırmı-k	benzin-e-d	il	ki
my- attr	hand- pl . obl - cont	oil- obl - gen	smell	be_at
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross jıxın

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERELxu7

X: NOM

Y: SUPERELxu7

Locus: Y

murad	rıˤq-ııˤla	xuʔ	jıxı-ri
pn	road. obl - superel	forth	m .go. pf - aor
‘Murad crossed the road.’

69. sing naˤhni hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	bıt'ra-d	naˤhni	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	beautiful- attr	song	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kixin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	kaʁat	kixi-ri
pn - erg	paper	( n )write. pf - aor
‘Murad wrote a letter.’

71. drink raʁın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	naˤk	va-raʁı-ri
pn - erg	milk( a )	a -drink. pf - aor
‘Murad drank the milk.’

72. melt jic'e hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	qurʁušin	jic'e	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	lead	n .melt	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad melted a piece of lead.’

73. match kikın

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mi	č'il	iz-dı	uχna-s	kivika-ra
prox	belt	my- attr	shirt. obl - dat	a .resemble. ipf - hab
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave satın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	džuˤ-dı	šeher	saptı-ri
pn - erg	refl . h . obl - attr	town( a )	a .leave. pf - aor
‘Murad left his city.’

75. cover χaq'ın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

χalıče-di-re	sijene	džil	χıvq'ı-r	a
carpet- obl - erg	all	ground( a )	a .catch. pf - seq	be_in
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember jik'ıı ʁadgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	jıχ-ana	jik'-ıı	ʁa	χal
pn - obl - dat	good- adv	heart- super	be_on	house
‘Murad remembers the house well.’

77. help kümeg hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	q'urban-ı-s	kümeg	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	help	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad helped Kurban.’

78. understand (language) gijq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	francuz-aš-dı	č'ili-χda	gijq'a-ra
pn	f rench- hpl . obl - gen	word. obl - apud	m .understand. ipf - hab
‘Murad understands French.’

79. hit (target) jıˤχıˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

χal	c'ire	jıˤχıˤ-ri
house	fire. erg	n .strike. pf - aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself džuˤ vıdž hat'un

Valency pattern: ERG_ERG

X: ERG

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

murad-a	džuˤ	vıdž	jalʁudž-e-re	hat'u-ri
pn - erg	m . refl . erg	m . refl ( nom )	razor- obl - erg	( m )cut. pf - aor
‘Murad cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck kidžitqhın

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

istakan	ust'ul-a-k	kidžipqhı-ri
glass	table- obl - cont	a .stick. pf - aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) gergın

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad	gergı-ri
pn	m .lose. pf - aor
‘Murad lost.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

83. be glad šad jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	kaʁat-aa	šad	jiši-ri
pn	paper- super	happy	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak halgın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ı-xvan	halga-ra	a
pn	pn - obl - com	m .speak. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is speaking with Kurban.’

85. give birth huχun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

majram-a	duχ	huχu-ri
pn - erg	son	m .be_born. pf - aor
‘Majram gave birth to a son.’

86. drop χiitxun

Valency pattern: ADEL_NOM

X: ADEL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-daa	istakan	χiipxu-ri
pn - adel	glass	a .drop. pf - aor
‘Murad dropped the glass.’

87. govern reχbervaldı vıʔın

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-a	ix-dı	muˤq-uˤ-d	reχber-valdı	vaʔa-ra	a
pn - erg	1 pl . obl - attr	village- obl - gen	guide- nmlz ( a )	a .do. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad runs our town.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

88. miss c'ijal hıʔın

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD

X: DAT

Y: APUD

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	majram-ı-χda	c'ijal	jiʔi
pn - obl - dat	pn - obl - apud	bore	n . cop
‘Murad misses Majram.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow qhuna jıxın

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ı-χda	qhu-na	jiʔi
pn	pn - obl - apud	be_behind- adv	m .go
‘Murad follows Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount (saʔ) saˤč'uˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	jivan-dııla	saʔ	saˤč'uˤ-ri
pn	horse- obl . superel	down	( m )go_down. pf - aor
‘Murad got down from the horse.’
Note: saʔ is partially optional, it functions as an adverb here.

91. listen qhacun

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	radiо-dı-χda	qhabcu-ra	a
pn	radio- obl - apud	ipf .listen- simul	be_in
‘Murad is listening to radio.’

92. obey qhacun

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	nin-ı-χda	qhabcu-ra
pn	mother- obl - apud	ipf .listen- hab
‘Murad listens to his mother.’

93. hear un jišin

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	maq'am-a-d	jiχana	un	a
pn - obl - dat	tune- obl - gen	well	sound	be_in
‘Murad hears the music.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

94. mix kidχın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

it	naˤk-ıdı-xvan	kidχı-ri
honey	milk- obl - com	n .mix. pf - aor
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look gaqın

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	gıbli-mı-χda	gaqa-ra	a
pn	cloud. obl - pl . obl - apud	( m )look. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off qhadžin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	rubaška	qhabdži-ri
pn - erg	shirt( a )	a .take_off. pf - aor
‘Murad took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) neq'ixde hagun

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	majram	neq'i-xde	hargva-ra
pn - obl - dat	pn	sleep. obl - sub	f .see. ipf - hab
‘Murad dreams about Majram.’

98. agree razıvaldı vın

Valency pattern: ERG_AD

X: ERG

Y: AD

Locus: Y

q’urban-a	majram-da	razıvaldı	vı-ri
np - erg	np - ad	agreement( a )	give. pf - aor
‘Murad agreed with Majram.’

99. have a quarrel qhaˤl vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_COM

X: ERG

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad-a	majram-ı-xvan	qhaˤl	vıʔı-ri
pn - erg	pn - obl - com	anger( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad had a quarrel with Majram.’

100. cost q'imet viʔi

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mi	čaška-did	q'imet	viʔi	sa	manut
prox	cup- nh . gen	price( a )	a . cop	one	manat
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

101. shoot at gülle sıˤvχıˤn

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad-a	šuruk-uu	gülle	sıˤvχıˤ-ri
pn - erg	bird- super	bullet( a )	a .shoot. pf - aor
‘Murad shot at the bird.’

102. pour kıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	pisuχ	kıʔı-ri
pn - erg	sugar	( n )pour. pf - aor
‘Murad poured the sugar.’

103. lose suga hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	ačar-bır	suga	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	key- pl . nom	n .lose	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his keys.’

104. sink kigun

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

us	xidi-k	kigu-ri
wood	water. obl - cont	( n )sink. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill jiq'e hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	q'urban	jiq'e	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	pn	m .die	m .do. pf - aor
‘Murad killed Kurban.’

106. hit jıˤvχıˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	q'urban	jıˤχıˤ-ri
pn - erg	pn	m .strike. pf - aor
‘Murad hit Kurban.’

107. kiss temeni hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	majram-ı-s	temeni	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	kiss	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad kissed Majram.’

108. read q’ıle hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

q’urban-a	jıχ-dı	kitab	q’ıle	hı-ʔı-ri
pn - erg	good- attr	book	reading	n -do. pf - aor
‘Murad read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) sit'e hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	t'ili	sip'e	vıʔı-ri
pn - erg	finger( a )	a .move	a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad moved his finger.’

110. respect huˤrmet uˤvuˤχuˤn

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

murad-a	q'urban-dı	huˤrmet	uˤvuˤχuˤ-re
pn - erg	pn - gen	respect( a )	a .keep. ipf - hab
‘Murad respects Kurban.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

111. be squeamish k'vaˤč'e jišin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	t'alqhı-d	qabır	k'vaˤč'-e	jiʔi
pn - obl - dat	( n )soil. pf - attr	plates	hated- predic	n . cop
‘Murad is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content razi jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	džuˤ-dı	duχar-ııla	razi	jiʔi
pn	refl . h . obl - attr	son. obl - superel	content	m . cop
‘Murad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love jıgara jišin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	majram	rıga-ra	riši-ri
pn - obl - dat	pn	f .want. ipf - simul	f .be. pf - aor
‘Murad fell in love with Majram.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust iχtibar vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad-a	majram-ıı	iχtibar	vaʔa-ra
pn - erg	pn - super	trust( a )	a .do. ipf - hab
‘Murad trusts Majram.’

115. sympathise jazuqh hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad-a	džuˤ-dı	nin-ı-χda	jazuqh	haʔa-ra
pn - erg	refl . h . obl - attr	mother- obl - apud	pity	n .do. ipf - hab
‘Murad sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy peχil jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ıı	peχil	jiʔi
pn	pn - super	envious	m . cop
‘Murad envies Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry qhaˤl ʁa

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	q'urban-ııla	qhaˤl	ʁa
pn - obl - dat	pn - superel	anger( a )	be_on
‘Murad is angry with Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised maˤʔaˤt'al jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	mi	amanat-aa	maˤʔaˤt'al	jiši-ri
pn	prox	trust- super	surprised	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) jıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	čej	jıga-d	i
pn - obl - dat	tea	n .want. ipf - attr	( n ) cop
‘Murad loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (close to a headless relative clause).

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-a	bik'er-di	čej	raʁa-ra	kef	kelʔe-re	a
pn - erg	hot- attr	tea	ipf .drink- simul	pleasure	( n ) ipf .pull- simul	be_in
‘Murad feels good when he drinks hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

121. want jıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	c'in-dı	telefon	vıga-ra
pn - obl - dat	new- attr	phone	a .want. ipf - hab
‘Murad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge qhaˤl ʁa

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	q'urban-ııla	qhaˤl	ʁa
pn - obl - dat	pn - superel	anger( a )	be_on
‘Murad holds a grudge against Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence χatir adgın

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	q'urban-ııla	χatir	adgı-ri
pn - obl - dat	pn - superel	consideration	n .remain. pf - aor
‘Murad took offence at Kurban.’

124. upset pašmal hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	q'urban	pašmal	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	pn	sad	m .do. pf - aor
‘Murad greatly upset Kurban.’

125. marvel mat jišin

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad	mi	šeher	huvgu-jne	mat	jiši-ri
pn	prox	town	a .see. pf -when	surprised	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was impressed when he saw this town.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

126. despise alčaχna χaq'ın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	q'urban	alčaχ-na	χalq'a-ra
pn - erg	pn	vile- adv	( m ) ipf .catch- hab
‘Murad despises Kurban.’

127. get upset χatir adgın

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	duχar-ııla	χatir	adgı-ri
pn - obl - dat	son. obl - superel	consideration	n .remain. pf - aor
‘Murad got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated qhaˤl lüvč'un

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	džuˤ-dı	rıš-aala	qhaˤl	lüvč'u-ri
pn - obl - dat	refl . h . obl - attr	daughter- superel	anger( a )	a .rise. pf - aor
‘Murad is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond qhıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	q'urban	qhıga-ra
pn - obl - dat	pn	( m )love. ipf - hab
‘Murad is fond of Kurban.’

130. be shy rıˤqh hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad-a	džuˤ-dı	bıj-aala	rıˤqh	haʔa-ra
pn - erg	refl . h . obl - attr	size- superel	shame( n )	n .do. ipf - hab
‘Murad is embarrased about his height.’