Kina Rutul

Contributed by Michael Daniel (Academia.edu profile), Anastasia Fedorenko, and Stepan Mikhailov (Academia.edu profile)

M.D.'s photo A.F.'s photo S.M.'s photo

The data were collected during the fieldtrips to the village of Kina, Rutul rayon of the Republic of Daghestan, in 2015-2019. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Daniel, Michael, Anastasia Fedorenko, and Stepan Mikhailov. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Kina Rutul. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on September 17, 2020; last revised on December 5, 2021.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.62, 47.32.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

The data come from the Kina dialect of Rutul.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Both case marking and agreement display the ergative-nominative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative (also referred to as absolutive). Most verbal forms are derived either from the perfective or from the imperfective stem. The verb cross-references the P- or S-argument, with four genders, 1 (masculine), 2 (feminine), which in the plural merge into HPL (human plural); and 3 and 4, which in the plural merge into NPL (non-human plural). Some verbs additionally show vowel alternation in animate plural forms. In most verbal forms, Gender 1, Gender 4 and NPL are zero marked. The neutral word order is SV / APV. An example of the transitive construction can be found in (1).

(1) rasul-a l-ešu-r           kitab
    PN-ERG  PV-1.take.PFV-CVB book(NOM)
    ‘Rasul took a book.’

Virtually any verb has the nominative as one of its arguments. With some verbs, however, the position of the nominative argument is taken by a stem which can be more or less autonomous as a noun.

(2) rasul-u-s    χatir    a<d>gɨ-r=a             asijet-ɨ-la
    PN-OBL-DAT   grudge   <4>be.stuck.PFV-CVB=be PN-OBL(SUP)-EL
    ‘Rasul took offence at Asijat.’

The second, non-nominative argument of a two-place intransitive predicate may be one of the many inflected forms of the noun described in the following section. Sometimes arguments are flagged by postpositions.

Case system

The nominal inflection includes two subparadigms, abstract (syntactic, non-locative) cases and spatial inflection. Abstract cases are expressed by single suffixes and include nominative, ergative, dative and comitative. The possessive suffix is a cross-categorial attributivizer (ATTR). Spatial forms are based on a template that includes two slots. The first is obligatorily filled by one of the suffixes of the category of localization (defining a spatial domain with respect to the landmark, including SUP for ‘on’, IN for ‘inside’, APUD for ‘near’, SUB for ‘under’ and INTER for ‘between’ or ‘in a substance’). The second slot expresses the category of directionality and may be left unfilled, in which case the whole form expresses the meaning of static location (as in ‘on the table’, or Place) or motion into the designated domain (as in ‘on(to) the table’, or Goal). Otherwise, the form may be elative (as in ‘from the table’, or Source), in which case the localization suffix is followed by the elative suffix -la (for SUP and INTER) or increases the length of the suffix vowel (for IN and APUD); for SUB, the elative suffix is fused with the localization suffix. Abstract cases and spatial forms, a total of 15 forms, are widely used to mark various verbal arguments, although to very different extents depending on the specific form, see the database. All inflectional suffixes are added to the oblique stem (glossed OBL), most often derived by one of a set of lexically distributed suffixes.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by the form which is used in the specific sentence. For example ‘to take’ is cited as lešur, the specific perfective form used in (1), which contains the preverb l- and the converb marker -r and signals that the P-argument is from Gender 1.

Glossing abbreviations

ABSTR — abstract noun; ADD — additive; APUD — localization ‘near’; ATTR — attributivizer; CBV — converb; COM — comitative; CONTR — contrastive; COP — copula; CVB — converb; DAT — dative; EL — elative; ERG — ergative; HPL — human plural; IMP — imperative; IN — localization ‘inside’; INTER — localization ‘between’; IPFV — imperfective; LAT — lative; LV — light verb; M — masculine; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative; NPL — non-human plural; OBL — oblique; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PST — past; PV — preverb; RE — refactive; SG — singular; SUB — localization ‘under’; SUP — localization ‘on’.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain weddara

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-dɨ	huq’ul	w-edda-r=a
pn - attr	head( nom )	3-hurt. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul has a headache.’

2. have (illness) jiˁχɨˁra

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	grip	jiˁχɨˁ-r=a
pn - obl - dat	influenza( nom )	4.hit. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul has the flu.’

3. be afraid gič’era

Valency pattern: DAT_SUP.EL

X: DAT

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: XY

rasul-u-s	gič’e-r=a	tɨlɨja-la
pn - obl - dat	fear. ipfv - cvb =be	dog. obl ( sup )- el
‘Rasul is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw χač’ibχɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	dahar	χa-č’-i<b>χɨ-r
pn - erg	rock( nom )	pv - pv -<3>throw. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul threw a stone.’

5. have enough ʁejq’ara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	šiɁi-bɨr	ʁe-jq’a-r=a
pn - obl - dat	money- pl ( nom )	pv - npl .be.enough. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul has enough money.’

6. resemble kikara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

rasul	k-ika-r=a	ramazan-ɨ-k
pn ( nom )	pv -1.be.similar. ipfv - cvb =be	pn - obl - inter
‘Rasul resembles Ramazan.’

7. believe inamiš jiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	inamiš	jiʔi	ramazan-ɨ
pn ( nom )	believe	1. cop	pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul believes Ramazan.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take lešur

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	l-ešu-r	kitab
pn - erg	pv -1.take. pfv - cvb	book( nom )
‘Rasul took a book.’

9. see ʁargᵂara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	ʁ-argᵂa-r=a	χal
pn - obl - dat	pv -4.see. ipfv - cvb =be	house( nom )
‘Rasul sees a house.’

10. influence ʁaqʷargʷardiš

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

q’aˁs-wol-i-kan	išɨʁ	ʁa-qʷ-argʷa-r-diš
old- abstr - obl - com	light	pv - re -4.see. ipfv - cvb - neg
‘With age, one becomes unable to see the light.’
Note: Not included in the dataset because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter giˁχɨˁr

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	ramazan	giˁ-χɨˁ-r
pn - obl - dat	pn ( nom )	pv -1.meet. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul ran into Ramazan.’

12. enter eč’ura

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

rasul	χal-a	eč’u-r=a
pn ( nom )	house- in	pv .1.enter. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul entered the house.’

13. win libt’ɨra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP

X: ERG

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul-a	l-i<b>t’ɨ-r=a	ramazan-ɨ
pn - erg	pv -<3>win. pfv - cvb =be	pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul beat Ramazan.’

14. go out ʁaɁ haˁrχɨˁr

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.EL

X: NOM

Y: IN.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	χal-a:	ʁaɁ	haˁ<r>χɨˁ-r
pn ( nom )	house- in . el	outside. lat	<1>leave. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul went out of the house.’

15. drive hiwirgara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	zer	hi-w-irga-r=a
pn - erg	cow( nom )	pv -3-drive. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is driving the cow.’

16. bend q’ut’k’e hɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	dal	q’-u<t’>k’-e	hɨɁɨ-r
pn - erg	branch( nom )	pv -<4>bend( intr )- imp	4.do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul bent the branch.’

17. tell huxur

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

rasul-a	huxu-r	ramazan-da
pn - erg	4.tell. pfv - cvb	pn - apud
‘Rasul told Ramazan.’

18. hold χaq’ɨra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	kitab	(χɨl-e)	χ-aq’ɨ-r=a
pn - erg	book( nom )	(hand. obl - in )	pv -4.catch. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is holding a book (in his hands).’

19. catch up qeqiq’ɨra

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

rasul	qe-q-iq’ɨ-r=a	samira-χda
pn ( nom )	pv - re -1.catch.up. pfv - cvb =be	pn - sub
‘Rasul caught up with Samira.’

20. milk wezɨra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	zer	w-ezɨ-r=a
pn - erg	cow( nom )	3-milk. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul milked the cow.’

21. reach lejq’ɨra

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	čejlaʁ-a	le-jq’ɨ-r=a
pn ( nom )	riverside- obl ( sup )	pv -1.reach. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul reached the bank.’

22. touch kiq’ɨr

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

rasul	masal-ɨ-k	ki-q’ɨ-r
pn ( nom )	wall- obl - inter	pv -1.touch. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul touched the wall.’

23. fight kičilqara

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

rasul	ramazan-ɨ-kan	kičilqa-r=a
pn ( nom )	pn - obl - com	<1>fight. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is fighting with Ramazan.’

24. be friends ara χa

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

rasul	ramazan-ɨ-kan	ara	χ-a
pn ( nom )	pn - obl - com	inside	pv -be
‘Rasul is friends with Ramazan’ (lit. ‘Rasul is together with Ramazan’).
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think fikir waɁara

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER.EL

X: ERG

Y: INTER.EL

Locus: Y

rasul-a	samira-k-la	fikir	w-aɁa-r=a
pn - erg	pn - inter - el	thought	3-do. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is thinking about Samira.’

26. eat liwir

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	Ɂeč	li<w>i-r
pn - erg	apple( nom )	<3>eat. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul ate an apple.’

27. fry wiǯira

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	baluʁ	w-iǯi-r=a
pn - erg	fish( nom )	3-fry. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul fried the fish.’

28. wait güzet haɁara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	ramazan	güzet	haɁa-r=a
pn - erg	pn ( nom )	wait	1.do. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is waiting for Ramazan.’

29. forget jik’ijla upχur

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasulɨ-s	tin-baj-dɨ	raˀq	jik’ij-la	u<p>χu-r
pn . obl - dat	that- contr - attr	road( nom )	heart. obl ( sup )- el	<3> lv . pfv - cvb
‘Rasul forgot about the other road.’

30. depend pet’ ruʔura

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ul-id	išɨɢ	pet’	ruʔu-r=a	q’aˁs-wol-i-kan
eye- attr	light	little	4.become. ipfv - cvb =be	old- abstr - obl - com
‘Sight deteriorates with age.’
Note: Not included in the dataset because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

31. call ses hawɨr

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB

X: ERG

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

rasul-a	ramazan-ɨ-χda	ses	ha<w>ɨ-r
pn - erg	pn - obl - sub	sound	<3>do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul called Ramazan.’

32. get to know tanɨš jišid

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

rasul	ramazan-ɨ-kan	sa	sen	xura	gi-na	tanɨš	jiši-d
pn ( nom )	pn - obl - com	one	year	in.front	sub .be- cvb	acquainted	1.become. pfv - attr
‘Rasul got to know Ramazan a year ago.’

33. know hac’ara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	hac’a-r=a	ramazan
pn - obl - dat	1.know. ipfv - cvb =be	pn ( nom )
‘Rasul knows Ramazan.’

34. play (instrument) wɨrɨˁχɨˁra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	saz	wɨ-rɨˁχɨˁ-r=a
pn - erg	saz( nom )	3-hit. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is playing the saz.’

35. avoid gʲaʁaˁbʁura

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	ramazan-ɨ-la:	gʲa-ʁaˁbʁu-r=a
pn ( nom )	pn - obl ( sup )- el	pv -1.avoid. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul avoids Ramazan.’

36. make hawɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	bomba	ha<w>ɨ-r
pn - erg	bomb( nom )	<3>do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul made a bomb.’

37. make fun jiʁ laɢara

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP

X: ERG

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul-a	ramazan-ɨ	jiʁ	laɢa-r=a
pn - erg	pn - obl ( sup )	mock	lv . ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is making fun of Ramazan.’

38. have ani wiɁi

Valency pattern: SUB_NOM

X: SUB

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-ɨ-χda	mašin	a-ni	w-iɁi
pn - obl - sub	car( nom )	be- cvb	3- cop
‘Rasul has a car.’

39. look for aramiš haɁara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	güleg-mar	aramiš	haɁa-r=a
pn - erg	key- pl ( nom )	seek	npl .do. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is looking for his keys.’

40. paint šir jiˀwχaˀra

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul-a	čapra-s	šir	jiˀ<w>χaˀ-r=a
pn - erg	fence. obl - dat	paint	<3>hit. ipfv . ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul painted the fence.’

41. bite sɨs kiʔɨr

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER

X: ERG

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

rasul-u-k	tɨlɨj-ra	sɨs	k-iʔɨ-r
pn - obl - inter	dog. obl - erg	tooth( nom )	pv -4. lv . pfv - cvb
‘A dog bit Rasul.’

42. forfeit madiš

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-dɨ	χal	madiš
pn - attr	house( nom )	remain.4. neg
‘Rasul lost his house.’

43. try to catch χowɨrq’ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	get	χo-w-ɨrq’-a-r=a
pn - erg	cat( nom )	pv -3-catch. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break q’at’ hɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	t’at’al	q’at’	hɨɁɨ-r
pn - erg	stick( nom )	half	4. lv . pfv - cvb
‘Rasul broke a stick.’

45. flatter rirzara

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rasul-a	samira	r-irz-a-r=a
pn - erg	pn ( nom )	2-praise. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is flattering Samira.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

46. love (person) qɨgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	ǯu-du	duχ	q-ɨga-r=a
pn - obl - dat	self.1. obl - attr	son( nom )	re -1.love. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul loves his son.’

47. wave lawɨχara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

samira-ra	jalɨʁ	la-wɨ-χa-r=a
pn - erg	kerchief( nom )	pv -3-wave. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Samira is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream fikir waɁara

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rasul-a	fikir	w-aɁa-r=a	c’in-dɨ	mašina-d
pn - erg	thought	3-do. ipfv - cvb =be	new- attr	car- attr
‘Rasul is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

49. wash jidʁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

samira-ra	ist’ek’an	ji<d>ʁɨ-r
pn - erg	glass( nom )	<4>wash. pfv - cvb
‘Samira washed the cup.’

50. put on lawɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	badu	la-w-ɨ-r
pn - erg	trousers( nom )	pv -3-put.on. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul put on his trousers.’

51. be called dur jiɁi

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mi	kar-di-d	dur	jiɁi	kompas
this	thing- obl - attr	name( nom )	4. cop	compass( nom )
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack lowčir

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

si	edemij-a	l-o<w>či-r
bear( nom )	man- obl ( sup )	pv -<3>attack. pfv - cvb
‘A bear attacked a man.’

54. fill (intr) ac’ira

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

widra	xiji-ra	a-c’i-r=a
bucket	water. obl - erg	pv -4.fill. pfv - cvb =be
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find agɨra

Valency pattern: APUD.EL_NOM

X: APUD.EL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-da:	a-gɨ-r=a	güleg-mar
pn - apud . el	pv - npl .find. pfv - cvb =be	key- pl ( nom )
‘Rasul found his keys.’

56. be short ʁewirq’ardiš

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	ʁe-w-irq’a-r-diš	sa	manut
pn - obl - dat	pv -3-be.enough. ipfv - cvb - neg	one	rouble( nom )
‘Rasul is short one rouble.’

57. hate ulis ʁagur hɨgardiš

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	ramazan	ul-i-s	ʁagu-r	hɨga-r-diš
pn - obl - dat	pn ( nom )	eye- obl - dat	1.see. pfv - cvb	4.want. ipfv - cvb - neg
‘Rasul hates Ramazan.’

58. like q’abɨl wuruɁura

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	q’abɨl	wu-ruɁu-r=a	mi	uχun
pn - obl - dat	like	3-become. ipfv - cvb =be	this	shirt( nom )
‘Rasul likes this shirt.’

59. need hɨgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	zar	hɨga-r=a
pn - obl - dat	money( nom )	4.want. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul needs money.’

60. surround ara ewira

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

masal-mɨ-ra	ara	e-w-i-r=a	šeher
wall- obl . pl - erg	around	pv -1-close. pfv - cvb =be	town( nom )
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain χamabani wiɁi

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-da	χa-ma<b>a-ni	w-iɁi	jic’ɨ-d	manud
pn - apud	pv -<3>remain- cvb	3- cop	ten-4	rouble( nom )
‘Rasul has 10 roubles left.’

62. answer ǯiwab hɨwɨr

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul-a	ǯiwab	hɨ<w>ɨ-r	maʔalim-a-s
pn - erg	answer( nom )	<3>give. pfv - cvb	teacher- obl - dat
‘Rasul answered the teacher.’

63. open ačɨχ wɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	bank’a	ačɨχ	w-ɨɁɨ-r
pn - erg	pot( nom )	open	3-do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul opened a can.’

64. be different maddɨ wiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

iz-dɨ	uχun	mad-dɨ	w-iɁi	wɨ-dɨ-ji-la
i - attr	shirt( nom )	other- attr	3- cop	you. sg - attr - obl ( sup )- el
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind quɁ qargɨr

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

ramazan	quɁ	q-argɨ-r	rasul-u-la
pn ( nom )	back. lat	re - lv . pfv - cvb	pn - obl ( sup )- el
‘Ramazan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough lʲaˁjχaˁra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	χuj	lʲ-aˁjχaˁ-r=a
pn - erg	field( nom )	pv -4.plough. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is ploughing the field.’

67. smell il rɨˁχaˁra

Valency pattern: INTER.EL_ATTR

X: INTER.EL

Y: ATTR

Locus: XY

ɨz-dɨ	χɨla-bɨr-mɨ-k-la	benzin-ad	il	rɨˁχaˁ-r=a
i - attr	hand- pl - obl . pl - inter - el	petrol- attr	smell( nom )	4.go. ipfv - cvb =be
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross tiʔ eʁeč’ur

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.EL

X: NOM

Y: IN.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	rɨˀɢ-a:	tiʔ	e-ʁ-eč’u-r
pn ( nom )	road. obl - in . el	there	pv - pv -1.cross. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul crossed the road.’

69. sing hɨʔɨra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	bat’r-ad	maˁɁni	hɨʔɨ-r=a
pn - erg	beautiful- attr	song( nom )	4.do. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kixira

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	pisʲmo	k-ixi-r=a
pn - erg	letter( nom )	pv -4.write. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul wrote a letter.’

71. drink waraˁʁɨˁra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	nek	wa-raˁʁɨˁ-r=a
pn - erg	milk( nom )	3-drink. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul drank the milk.’

72. melt jic’a hɨɁɨraj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	jic’-a	hɨɁɨ-r=a-j	tike	ɢurʁušin-ad
pn - erg	4.melt- imp	4.do. pfv - cvb =be- pst	piece( nom )	lead- attr
‘Rasul melted a piece of lead.’

73. match wuruʔura

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

hemi	č’il	iz-dɨ	uχna-s	wu-ruʔu-r=a
this	belt( nom )	i - attr	dress. obl - dat	3-go. ipfv - cvb =be
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave qaˁrhɨˁr

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.EL

X: NOM

Y: IN.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	ǯu-dɨ	šeher-dʲ-a:	q-aˁ<r>hɨˁ-r
pn ( nom )	self. obl - attr	city- obl - in . el	re -<1>leave. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul left his native city.’

75. cover χowq’ura

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

χajma-ra	χ-o<w>q’u-r=a	sin	ǯil
carpet- erg	pv -<3>catch. pfv - cvb =be	whole	floor( nom )
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember jik’i ʁamada

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	hɨχa-na	jik’-i	ʁa-ma<d>a	juǯ	q’ɨxe	jiši-d	χal
pn - obl - dat	well	heart- obl ( sup )	pv -<4>remain	self	big	1.become- attr	home( nom )
‘Rasul remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help kumag hɨɁɨra

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul-a	nadir-ɨ-s	kumag	hɨɁɨ-r=a
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	help( nom )	4.do. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul helped Nadir.’

78. understand (language) gijirq’ara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

rasul	francuskij	č’ilɨ-χda	gi-jirq’a-r=a
pn ( nom )	french	language. obl - sub	pv -1.understand. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul understands French.’

79. hit (target) kiq’ɨra

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

c’aj	χal-ɨ-k	k-iq’ɨ-r-a
fire( nom )	house- obl - inter	pv -4.hit. pfv - cvb
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself hart’ura

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

rɨš	kant’-i-ra	hart’u-r=a
girl( nom )	knife- obl - erg	<2>cut. pfv - cvb =be
‘The girl cut herself with a knife.’

81. get stuck kičipqɨra

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

istek’an	isk’am-a-k	ki-č-i<p>qɨ-r=a
glass( nom )	table- obl - inter	pv - pv -<3>stick. pfv - cvb =be
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) jawa jišira

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	jawa	jiši-r=a	asijet-ɨ-la
pn ( nom )	weak	1.become. pfv - cvb =be	pn - obl ( sup )- el
‘Rasul lost to Asijat.’

83. be glad šad jišira

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul	kaʁad-a-s	šad	jiši-r=a
pn ( nom )	letter- obl - dat	joyful	1.become. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul was glad about the letter.’

84. speak halgara

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

rasul	nadir-ɨ-kan	halga-r=a
pn ( nom )	pn - obl - com	1.talk. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is speaking with Nadir.’

85. give birth jišɨra

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

madina-s	duχ	jišɨ-r=a
pn - dat	son( nom )	1.become. pfv - cbv =be
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

86. drop saɁ sipxur

Valency pattern: APUD.EL_NOM

X: APUD.EL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-da:	saɁ	s-i<p>xu-r	istek’an
pn - apud . el	down. lat	pv -<3>fall. pfv - cvb	glass( nom )
‘Rasul dropped the glass.’

87. govern q’ɨxʲwaldɨ waɁara

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul-a	q’ɨxʲ-waldɨ	w-aɁa-r=a	ix-dɨ	muˀɢ-uˀ-s
pn - erg	elder- abstr	3-do. ipfv - cvb -be	we. obl - attr	village- obl - dat
‘Rasul runs our village.’

88. miss c’iɣal jišira

Valency pattern: DAT_SUB

X: DAT

Y: SUB

Locus: XY

rasul-u-s	madinat-ɨ-χda	c’iɣal	jiši-r=a
pn - obl - dat	pn - obl - sub	longing( nom )	4.become. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul misses Madinat.’

89. follow xale ana jiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRzibra

X: NOM

Y: ATTRzibra

Locus: Y

rasul	xal-e	a-na	jiɁi	asijet-dɨ	ǯibra
pn ( nom )	trail- in	be- cvb	1. cop	pn - attr	behind
‘Rasul follows Asijat.’

90. dismount saɁ seč’ura

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	hejwan-a-la	saɁ	s-e-č’u-r=a
pn ( nom )	horse- obl ( sup )- el	down. lat	pv - pv -1.get.down. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul got down from the horse.’

91. listen ubɨr qassara

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB

X: ERG

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

islam-a	ubɨr	q-assa-r=a	radio-je-χda
pn - erg	ear	pv -4.listen. ipfv - cvb =be	radio- obl - sub
‘Islam is listening to radio.’

92. obey ubɨr qassara

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB

X: ERG

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

islam-a	nin-ɨ-χda	ubɨr	q-ass-a=r-a
pn - erg	mother- obl - sub	ear	pv -1.listen. ipfv - cvb =be- pst
‘Islam always obeys his mother.’

93. hear ses ruɁur

Valency pattern: DAT_ATTR

X: DAT

Y: ATTR

Locus: XY

rasul-u-s	maˁʔnij-mɨ-d	ses	ruɁu-r
pn - obl - dat	song- pl . obl - attr	sound( nom )	4.go. ipfv - cvb
‘Rasul hears the music.’

94. mix kitχɨr

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

it=na	nek	k-i<t>χɨ-r
honey= add	milk	pv -<3>mix. pfv - cvb
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

95. look gʲaɢara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

rasul	gʲ-aɢa-r=a	gɨbli-mɨ-χda
pn ( nom )	pv -1.look. ipfv - cvb =be	cloud- pl . obl - sub
‘Rasul is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off saɁ qiwir

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	saɁ	qi-wi-r	rubaška
pn - erg	down. lat	re -take.off. pfv - cvb	shirt( nom )
‘Rasul took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) neq’ʲe ʁarurgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	neq’ʲ-e	ʁa-ru-rga-r=a	asijet
pn - obl - dat	dream. obl - in	pv -2-see. ipfv - cvb =be	pn ( nom )
‘Rasul dreams about Asijat.’

98. agree raazi jišir

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

vɨɣɨl	raazi	jiši-r	ɢarija-kan
man( nom )	agreed	1.become. pfv - cvb	wife. obl - com
‘Rasul agreed with his wife.’

99. have a quarrel ʁerukur

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

islam	ʁe-ruku-r	nadir-ɨ-kʷan
pn ( nom )	pv -1.quarrel. pfv - cvb	pn - obl - com
‘Islam had a quarrel with Nadir.’

100. cost wiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mi	istek’an	sa	manut-a-s	w-iɁi
this	cup( nom )	one	rouble- obl - dat	3- cop
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at tufang wijiraj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB

X: ERG

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

rasul-a	tufang	w-iji-r=a-j	šurk-u-χda
pn - erg	gun( nom )	3-shoot. pfv - cvb =be- pst	bird- obl - sub
‘Rasul shot at the bird.’

102. pour kiɁɨraj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	pisuk’	ki-Ɂɨ-r=a-j	istek’an-e
pn - erg	sugar( nom )	pv -4.add. pfv - cvb =be- pst	glass- in
‘Rasul poured the sugar.’

103. lose sugura

Valency pattern: APUD.EL_NOM

X: APUD.EL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-da:	güleg-mar	su-gu-r=a
pn - apud . el	key- pl ( nom )	pv - npl .lose. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul lost his keys.’

104. sink ara: saɁ kipxur

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

girdɨm	xij-e	ara:	saɁ	k-i<p>xu-r
log( nom )	water. obl - in	inside. el	down. lat	pv -<3>get.to. pfv - cvb =be
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill riq’e rɨʔɨra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	r-iq’-e	r-ɨʔɨ-r=a	asijet
pn - erg	2-die- imp	2-do. pfv - cvb =be	pn ( nom )
‘Rasul killed Asijat.’

106. hit liwxir

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP.ELga

X: ERG

Y: SUP.ELga

Locus: Y

rasul-a	asijet-ɨ-la	ʁaʔ	li-w-xi-r
pn - erg	pn - obl ( sup )- el	on	pv -3-hit. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul hit Asijat.’
Note: Agreement marker on the verb cross-references the understood argument ‘hand’ (3rd class).

107. kiss k’uxʲ kiwɨr

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul-a	k’uxʲ	ki-w-ɨ-r	madina-s
pn - erg	beak( nom )	pv -3- lv . pfv - cvb	pn - dat
‘Rasul kissed Madina.’

108. read q’ɨle hɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	q’ɨle	hɨɁɨ-r	ɢalin-dɨ	kitab
pn - erg	read	4.do. pfv - cvb	thick- attr	book( nom )
‘Rasul read a thick book.’

109. move (bodypart) χibga wɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	t’ili	χ-i<b>g-a	w-ɨɁɨ-r
pn - erg	finger( nom )	pv -<3>move- imp	3-do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul moved his finger.’

110. respect huˁrmaˁt waɁara

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul-a	huˁrmaˁt	w-aɁa-r=a	asijet-ɨ-s
pn - erg	respect	3-do. ipfv - cvb =be	pn - obl - dat
‘Rasul respects Asijat.’

111. be squeamish ʁagujne jik’ mɨq’a jišir

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rasul-u-s	čapaˁl-dɨ	ɢab-ɨr	ʁa-gu-jne	jik’	mɨq’a	jiši-r
pn - obl - dat	dirty- attr	dish- pl	pv - npl .see. pfv - cvb	heart	cold	4.become. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul is squeamish about dirty dishes’ (lit. ‘Rasul’s heart gets cold when he sees dirty dishes’).
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

112. be content raazi jiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	raazi	jiɁi	ǯu-du	duxar-ɨ
pn ( nom )	delighted	1.С op	self. m . obl - attr	son- obl ( sup )
‘Rasul is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love jik’ik kirxura

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	jik’i-k	k-irxu-r=a	asijet
pn - obl - dat	heart. obl - inter	pv -get.in. pfv - cvb =be	pn ( nom )
‘Rasul fell in love with Asijat.’

114. trust ilamiš riɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

madina	ilamiš	r-iɁi	ǯi-dɨ	χɨnχ-ɨ
pn ( nom )	trust	2- cop	self- attr	child- obl ( sup )
‘Madina trusts her child.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise haˀjiw raɁara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	haˀjiw	r-aɁa-r=a	ǯʲu-du	nin
pn - erg	pity	2-do. ipfv - cvb =be	self. m . obl - attr	mother( nom )
‘Rasul sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy paxil jiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	paxil	jiɁi	asijed-ɨ
pn ( nom )	envy	1. cop	pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul envies Asijat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry bizar jiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	bizar	jiɁi	asijed-ɨ-la
pn ( nom )	irritation	1. cop	pn - obl ( sup )- el
‘Rasul is angry with Asijat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised taˤʔǯib jišira

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	taˤʔǯib	jiši-r=a	ha-d	amanat-a-s	hɨwɨ-d	saʔat-a
pn ( nom )	amazed	1.become. pfv - cvb =be	this- attr	gift- obl - dat	4.give. pfv - attr	watch- obl ( sup )
‘Rasul was surprised at the watch that was given to him as a present.’

119. love (tea) qɨgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	q-ɨga-r=a	čej
pn - obl - dat	re -4.love. ipfv - cvb =be	tea( nom )
‘Rasul loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want wɨgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	w-ɨga-r=a	c’ɨn-dɨ	telefon
pn - obl - dat	3-want. ipfv - cvb =be	new- attr	phone( nom )
‘Rasul wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge sɨrχɨra

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

islam	sɨrχɨ-r=a	nadir-ɨ-χda
pn ( nom )	1.become.mad. pfv - cvb =be	pn - obl - sub
‘Islam has a grudge against Nadir.’

123. take offence χatir adgɨra

Valency pattern: DAT_SUP.EL

X: DAT

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: XY

rasul-u-s	χatir	a<d>gɨ-r=a	asijet-ɨ-la
pn - obl - dat	grudge	<4>be.stuck. pfv - cvb =be	pn - obl ( sup )- el
‘Rasul took offence at Asijat.’

124. upset *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

125. marvel *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset pašmal jišir

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	pašmal	jiši-r	ǯʲu-du	duxar-ɨ-la
pn ( nom )	sad	1.become. pfv - cvb	self. m . obl - attr	son- obl ( sup )- el
‘Rasul got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy rɨq ruɁura

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	rɨq	ruɁu-r=a	ǯʲu-du	bɨj-a-la
pn ( nom )	shame	come. ipfv - cvb =be	self. m . obl - attr	stature- obl ( sup )- el
‘Rasul is shy about his height.’