Russian

Contributed by Sergey Say (Academia.edu profile)

S.S.'s photo

Sergey Say provided the data in 2011 in the capacity of a native speaker of Russian.

How to cite

Say, Sergey. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Russian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on November 7, 2020; last revised on April 1, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 56.0, 38.0.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.

The data are presented using scientific transliteration. As a result, morphemic boundaries follow some idiosyncrasies of the Russian orthography, cf. plat'-ju (rather than morphologically more accurate plat'j-u) [dress(N)-DAT.SG], which corresponds to the orthographic плать-ю.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative, and the P-argument, in the accusative. Even though the accusative form coincides with the nominative form in some declension classes, these two forms are consistently interlinearized according to their grammatical feature value. Thus, both (1) and (2) are examples of the canonical transitive construction, even though the accusative form of rot 'mouth' in (2) is zero-marked and coincides with the nominative form of the same noun.

(1) devočk-a       uvide-l-a          kot-a
    girl(F)-NOM.SG see(PFV)-PST-F.SG  cat(M)-ACC.SG
    'The girl saw a cat.'

(2) mal'čik      otkry-l              rot
    boy(M)[M.SG] open(PFV)-PST[M.SG]  mouth(M)[ACC.SG]
    'The boy opened his mouth.'

Declension class assignment is largely conditioned by gender and animacy, but partially is lexically idiosyncratic. The nominative-accusative syncretism is more typical of inanimate nouns (and never observed in personal pronouns).

The verb always agrees with the nominative subject in number and person/gender (the choice of agreement features is conditioned by tense). Non-subjects are never indexed on the verb.

Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers and prepositions. Many prepositions can combine with several different cases; valency class labels represent prepositions in combination with the specific case, e.g., NOM_naACC (where the preposition na combines with a noun phrase in the accusative case) and NOM_naLOC (where the same preposition combines with a noun phrase in the locative case) are considered two different valency patterns, etc.

Case system

There are 6 full-fledged cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental and locative.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their infinitive form specified for aspect (perfective or imperfective).

Glossing abbreviations

3 — third person; ACC — accusative; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; IMP — imperative; INS — instrumental; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neutral; NOM — nominative; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRED — predicative form; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain boletʹ

Valency pattern: uGEN_NOM

X: uGEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

u	Pet-i	bol-it	golov-a
at	pn ( m )- gen . sg	ache( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	head( f )- nom . sg
‘Petja has a headache.’

2. have (illness) boletʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	bole-et	gripp-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_ill( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	flu( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja has the flu.’

3. be afraid bojatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	bo-it-sja	sobak-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_afraid( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	dog( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw brositʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	brosi-l	kamenʹ
pn ( m )- nom . sg	throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stone( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough xvatatʹ

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

Pet-e	xvata-et	deneg
pn ( m )- dat . sg	suffice( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	money[ gen . pl ]
‘Petja has enough money.’

6. resemble poxož + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	poxož	na	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	similar[ pred . m . sg ]	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja resembles Maša.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe veritʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	ver-it	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	believe( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja believes Maša.’

8. take vzjatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	vzja-l	knig-u	s	polk-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	book( f )- acc . sg	from	shelf( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

9. see videtʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	vid-it	dom
pn ( m )- nom . sg	see( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja sees a house.’

10. influence vlijatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

vozrast	vlija-et	na	pamjatʹ
age( m )[ nom . sg ]	influence( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	on	memory( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter vstretitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	vstreti-l-sja	s	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja encountered Maša.’

12. enter vojti

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC

X: NOM

Y: vACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	voše-l	v	dom
pn ( m )- nom . sg	enter( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	in	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja entered the house.’

13. win vyigratʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN

X: NOM

Y: uGEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	vyigra-l	u	Maš-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	at	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja beat Maša.’

14. go out vyjti

Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN

X: NOM

Y: izGEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	vyše-l	iz	dom-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	go_out( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive gnatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	gon-it	korov-u	na	pastbišč-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	drive( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	cow( f )- acc . sg	on	pasture( n )- acc . sg
‘Petja is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend sognutʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	sognu-l	vetk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	bend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	branch( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja bent the branch.’

17. tell skazatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	skaza-l	Maš-e	prixod-i	ko	mne	v	gost-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- dat . sg	come( ipfv )- imp . sg	to	i . dat	in	guest( m )- acc 2. pl
‘Petja told Maša: come to my place.’

18. hold deržatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	derž-it	knig-u	v	ruk-ax
pn ( m )- nom . sg	hold( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	book( f )- acc . sg	in	hand( f )- loc . pl
‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up dognatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	dogna-l	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	catch_up( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja caught up with Maša.’

20. milk podoitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	podoi-l	korov-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	milk( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	cow( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach dostičʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	dostig	bereg-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	reach( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	bank( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja reached the bank.’

22. touch dotronutʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	dotronu-l-sja	do	sten-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg	touch( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	up_to	wall( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight dratʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	der-et-sja	s	Miš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	fight( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja is fighting with Miša.’

24. be friends družitʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	druž-it	s	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_friends( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja is friends with Maša.’

25. think dumatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	duma-et	o	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	think( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	about	pn ( f )- loc . sg
‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’

26. eat sʺestʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	sʺe-l	jablok-o
pn ( m )- nom . sg	eat( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	apple( n )- acc . sg
‘Petja ate an apple.’

27. fry požaritʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	požari-l	ryb-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	fry( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fish( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja fried the fish.’

28. wait ždatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	žd-et	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	wait( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja is waiting for Maša.’

29. forget zabytʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	zaby-l	o	drug-oj	dorog-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	forget( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	about	other- f . loc . sg	road( f )- loc . sg
‘Petja forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisetʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_otGEN

X: NOM

Y: otGEN

Locus: Y

pamjatʹ	zavis-it	ot	vozrast-a
memory( f )[ nom . sg ]	depend( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	from	age( m )- gen . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call pozvatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	pozva-l	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	call( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja called Maša.’

32. get to know poznakomitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	poznakomi-l-sja	s	Maš-ej	god	tomu	nazad
pn ( m )- nom . sg	introduce( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg	year( m )[ acc . sg ]	that. dat . sg	ago
‘Petja got to know Maša a year ago.’

33. know znatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	zna-et	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	know( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja knows Maša.’

34. play (instrument) igratʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC

X: NOM

Y: naLOC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	igra-et	na	gitar-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	play( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	on	guitar( f )- loc . sg
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid izbegatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	izbega-et	Maš-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	avoid( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja avoids Maša.’

36. make sdelatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	izgotovi-l	myšelovk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	mousetrap( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun izdevatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS

X: NOM

Y: nadINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	izdeva-et-sja	nad	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	make_fun( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	above	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja is making fun of Maša.’

38. have bytʹ

Valency pattern: uGEN_NOM

X: uGEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

u	Pet-i	estʹ	mašin-a
at	pn ( m )- gen . sg	be. prs	car( f )- nom . sg
‘Petja has a car.’

39. look for iskatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	išč-et	ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	look_for( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petja is looking for his keys.’

40. paint pokrasitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	pokrasi-l	zabor
pn ( m )- nom . sg	paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja painted the fence.’

41. bite kusatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

sobak-a	ukusi-l-a	Pet-ju
dog( f )- nom . sg	bite( pfv )- pst - f . sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘A dog bit Petja.’

42. forfeit lišitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	liši-l-sja	dom-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	deprive( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja lost hist house.’

43. try to catch lovitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	lov-it	košk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	try_to_catch( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	cat( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break slomatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	sloma-l	palk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stick( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja broke a stick.’

45. flatter lʹstitʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	lʹst-it	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	flatter( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja is flattering Maša.’

46. love (person) ljubitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	ljub-it	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	love( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja loves Maša.’

47. wave maxatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	maš-et	platk-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg	wave( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	kerchief( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream mečtatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	mečta-et	o	nov-oj	mašin-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	dream( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	about	new- f . loc . sg	car( f )- loc . sg
‘Petja is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash vymytʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	vymy-l	čašk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	wash( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	cup( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on nadetʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	nade-l	štan-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg	put_on( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	trousers- acc . pl
‘Petja put on his trousers.’

51. be called nazyvatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

ètot	predmet	nazyva-et-sja	kompas-om
this. m . nom . sg	object( m )[ nom . sg ]	call( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	compass( m )- ins . sg
‘This object is called a compass.’

52. punish nakazatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	nakaza-l	svo-ego	syn-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	punish( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	one’s- m . acc . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Petja punished his son.’

53. attack napastʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

medvedʹ	napa-l	na	rybak-a
bear( m )[ nom . sg ]	attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) napolnitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

vedr-o	napolni-l-o-sʹ	vod-oj
bucket( n )- nom . sg	fill( pfv )- pst - n . sg - refl	water( f )- ins . sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find najti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	naše-l	ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	find( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petja found his keys.’

56. be short nedostavatʹ

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

Pet-e	nedosta-et	odn-ogo	dollar-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg	lack( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	one- m . gen . sg	dollar( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja is one dollar short.’

57. hate nenavidetʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	nenavid-it	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	hate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja hates Maša.’

58. like nravitʹsja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet-e	nrav-it-sja	èt-a	rubašk-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg	please( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	this- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg
‘Petja likes this shirt.’

59. need nužen + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet-e	nužn-y	denʹg-i
pn ( m )- dat . sg	necessary- pred . pl	money- nom . pl
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround okružatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

sten-y	okruža-jut	gorod
wall( f )- nom . pl	surround( ipfv )- prs .3 pl	city( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ostatʹsja

Valency pattern: uGEN_NOM

X: uGEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

u	Pet-i	osta-l-o-sʹ	desjatʹ	dollar-ov
at	pn ( m )- gen . sg	remain( pfv )- pst - n . sg - refl	ten[ nom ]	dollar( m )- gen . pl
‘Petja has ten dollars left.’

62. answer otvetitʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	otveti-l	učitel-ju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	answer( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	teacher( m )- dat . sg
‘Petja answered the teacher.’

63. open otkrytʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	otkry-l	bank-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	can( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja opened a can.’

64. be different otličatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_otGEN

X: NOM

Y: otGEN

Locus: Y

mo-ja	rubašk-a	otliča-et-sja	ot	tvo-ej
my- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg	differentiate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	from	your- f . gen . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind otstatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_otGEN

X: NOM

Y: otGEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	otsta-l	ot	Maš-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	fall_behind( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja fell behind Maša.’

66. plough paxatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	paš-et	pol-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	plough( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	field( n )- acc . sg
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’

67. smell paxnutʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

mo-i	ruk-i	paxn-ut	benzin-om
my- nom . pl	hand( f )- nom . pl	smell( pfv )- prs .3 pl	gasoline( m )- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross peresečʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	peresek	dorog-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	cross( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	road- acc . sg
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing spetʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	spe-l	krasiv-uju	pesn-ju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	sing( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	beautiful- f . acc . sg	song( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write napisatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	napisa-l	pisʹm-o
pn ( m )- nom . sg	write( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	letter( n )- acc . sg
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink vypitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	vypi-l	molok-o
pn ( m )- nom . sg	drink( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	milk( n )- acc . sg
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt rasplavitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	rasplavi-l	kusok	svinc-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	piece( m )[ acc . sg ]	lead( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’

73. match podxoditʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_kDAT

X: NOM

Y: kDAT

Locus: Y

ètot	pojas	podxod-it	k	mo-emu	platʹ-ju
this. m . nom . sg	belt( m )[ nom . sg ]	match( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	at	my- n . dat . sg	dress( n )- dat . sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave uexatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN

X: NOM

Y: izGEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	uexa-l	iz	rodn-ogo	gorod-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	go_away( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	native- m . gen . sg	city( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover pokryvatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

kover	pokryva-et	vesʹ	pol
carpet( m )[ nom . sg ]	cover( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	all[ m . acc . sg ]	floor( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember pomnitʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	xorošo	pomn-it	dom,	v	kotor-om	vyros
pn ( m )- nom . sg	well	remember( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	house( m )[ acc . sg ],	in	which- m . loc . sg	grow_up( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]
‘Petja remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help pomočʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	pomog	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	help( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja helped Maša.’

78. understand (language) ponimatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	ponima-et	francuzsk-ij	jazyk
pn ( m )- nom . sg	understand( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	f rench- m . acc . sg	language( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja understands French.’

79. hit (target) popastʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC

X: NOM

Y: vACC

Locus: Y

molni-ja	popa-l-a	v	dom
lightning( f )- nom . sg	hit( pfv )- pst - f . sg	in	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself porezatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	poreza-l-sja	britv-oj
pn ( m )- nom . sg	cut( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	razor( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck prilipnutʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_kDAT

X: NOM

Y: kDAT

Locus: Y

stakan	prilip	k	stol-u
glass( m )[ nom . sg ]	stick( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	at	table( m )- dat . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) proigratʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	proigra-l	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja lost to Maša.’

83. be glad obradovatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	obradova-l-sja	pisʹm-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	gladden( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	letter( n )- dat . sg
‘Petja was glad about the letter.’

84. speak razgovarivatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	razgovariva-et	s	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

85. give birth roditʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maš-a	rodi-l-a	syn-a
pn ( f )- nom . sg	give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Maša gave birth to a son.’

86. drop uronitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	uroni-l	stakan
pn ( m )- nom . sg	drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	glass( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

87. govern rukovoditʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	rukovod-it	naš-im	poselk-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg	govern( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	our- m . ins . sg	town( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja runs our town.’

88. miss skučatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_poDAT

X: NOM

Y: poDAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	skuča-et	po	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	miss( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	by	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja misses Maša.’

89. follow idti

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS

X: NOM

Y: zaINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	id-et	za	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	go( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	behind	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja follows Maša.’

90. dismount sleztʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_sGEN

X: NOM

Y: sGEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	slez	s	lošad-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	dismount( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	from	horse( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja got down from the horse.’

91. listen slušatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	sluša-et	radio
pn ( m )- nom . sg	listen( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	radio( n )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja is listening to radio.’

92. obey slušatʹsja

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	sluša-et-sja	mam-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	listen( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	mum( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja listens to his mother.’

93. hear slyšatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	slyš-it	muzyk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	hear( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	music( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja hears the music.’

94. mix smešatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

med	smeša-l-sja	s	molok-om
honey( m )[ nom . sg ]	mix( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	milk( n )- ins . sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look smotretʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	smotr-it	na	tuč-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	look( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	on	cloud( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off snjatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	snja-l	rubašk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	put_off( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	shirt( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) snitʹsja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet-e	sn-it-sja	Maš-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg	see_in_a_dream( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	pn ( f )- nom . sg
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’

98. agree soglasitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	soglasi-l-sja	s	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	agree( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja agreed with Maša.’

99. have a quarrel possoritʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	possori-l-sja	s	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	cause_to_quarrel( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja had a quarrel with Maša.’

100. cost stoitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

èt-a	čašk-a	sto-it	odin	dollar
this- f . nom . sg	cup( f )- nom . sg	cost( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	one[ m . acc . sg ]	dollar( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’

101. shoot at vystrelitʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC

X: NOM

Y: vACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	vystreli-l	v	ptic-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	shoot( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	in	bird( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja shot at the bird.’

102. pour nasypatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	nasypa-l	saxar	v	čašk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	pour( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	sugar( m )[ acc . sg ]	in	cup( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose poterjatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	poterja-l	ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petja lost his keys.’

104. sink utonutʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_vLOC

X: NOM

Y: vLOC

Locus: Y

polen-o	utonu-l-o	v	vod-e
log( n )- nom . sg	drown( pfv )- pst - n . sg	in	water( f )- loc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ubitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	ubi-l	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja killed Maša.’

106. hit udaritʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	udari-l	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja hit Maša.’

107. kiss pocelovatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	pocelova-l	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja kissed Maša.’

108. read pročitatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	pročita-l	interesn-uju	knig-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	interesting- f . acc . sg	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) poševelitʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	poševeli-l	palʹc-em
pn ( m )- nom . sg	stir( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	finger( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect uvažatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	uvaža-et	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	respect( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja respects Maša.’

111. be squeamish brezgovatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	brezgu-et	grjazn-oj	posud-oj
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_squeamish( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	dirty- f . ins . sg	dishes( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content dovolen + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	dovolen	svo-im	syn-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg	content[ pred . m . sg ]	one’s- m . ins . sg	son( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love vljubitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC

X: NOM

Y: vACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	vljubi-l-sja	v	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	fall_in_love( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	in	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja fell in love with Maša.’

114. trust doverjatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	doverja-et	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	trust( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja trusts Maša.’

115. sympathise žaletʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	žale-et	svo-ju	matʹ
pn ( m )- nom . sg	sympathise( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	one’s- f . acc . sg	mother( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy zavidovatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	zavidu-et	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja envies Maša.’

117. be angry zlitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	zl-it-sja	na	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	make_angry( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja is angry with Maša.’

118. be surprised udivitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	udivi-l-sja	èt-omu	podark-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	surprise( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	this- m . dat . sg	gift( m )- dat . sg
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) ljubitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	ljub-it	čaj
pn ( m )- nom . sg	love( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja loves tea.’

120. enjoy naslaždatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	naslažda-et-sja	gorjač-im	ča-em
pn ( m )- nom . sg	enjoy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	hot- m . ins . sg	tea( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja enjoys hot tea.’

121. want xotetʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	xoč-et	nov-yj	mobilʹnik
pn ( m )- nom . sg	want( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	new- m . acc . sg	cellphone( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge serditʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	serd-it-sja	na	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	vex( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’

123. take offence obidetʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	obide-l-sja	na	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	offend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja took offence at Maša.’

124. upset ogorčitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	očenʹ	ogorči-l	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	very	upset( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja greatly upset Maša.’

125. marvel porazitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	porazi-l-sja	èt-omu	gorod-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	amaze( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	this- m . dat . sg	city( m )- dat . sg
‘Petja was impressed by this town.’

126. despise preziratʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	prezira-et	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	despise( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja despises Maša.’

127. get upset ogorčitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_izzaGEN

X: NOM

Y: izzaGEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	ogorči-l-sja	iz-za	svo-ego	syn-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	upset( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	from-behind	one’s- m . gen . sg	son( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated razdražatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	razdraža-et-sja	na	svo-ju	dočʹ
pn ( m )- nom . sg	irritate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	on	one’s- f . acc . sg	daughter( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond simpatizirovatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	simpatiziru-et	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_fond( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja is fond of Maša.’

130. be shy stesnjatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	stesnja-et-sja	svo-ego	rost-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	cumber( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	one’s- m . gen . sg	height( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’