Romani (Kalderash)

Contributed by Kirill Kozhanov (Academia.edu profile)

K.K.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2012. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Kozhanov, Kirill. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Romani (Kalderash). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 25, 2023; last revised on June 07, 2024.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 59.12, 31.67.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Indic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Romani is predominantly an SVO language.

In Romani, a transitive construction involves subjects in the direct form (= nominative; for details, see Section “Case system”) and direct objects, which can either appear in the same direct form (see 1) when they are inanimate and indefinite nominal objects or be marked by the oblique form (= accusative) when they are animate and definite (see 2). Pronominal direct objects are always marked by the oblique (see 3). The exact factors conditioning the differential object marking vary across dialects, but in Kalderash Romani, they include part-of-speech distinction, animacy, and definiteness.

(1)  o             Murš-a     dikh-əl      o             khər
     ART.M.DIR.SG  PN-NOM.SG  see-PRS.3SG  ART.M.DIR.SG  house[ACC.SG]
     ‘Murša sees a house.’

(2)  o             Murš-a      dikh-əl      la            Marijk-a
     ART.M.DIR.SG  PN-NOM.SG   see-PRS.3SG  ART.F.OBL.SG  PN-ACC.SG
     ‘Murša sees Marijka.’

(3)  o             Murš-a      dikh-əl      la
     ART.M.DIR.SG  PN-NOM.SG   see-PRS.3SG  she.ACC
     ‘Murša sees her.’

In Romani, verbs typically have subject indexes for person and number. Additionally, in Kalderash Romani, direct objects—and more rarely other arguments, such as the possessor in a predicative possession construction—can also be indexed on the verb by a pronominal clitic (originating from the oblique form), as in (4).


(4)  leste   sy        les    mator-a
     he.LOC  be.PRS.3  he.CL  car-NOM.SG
     ‘He has a car.’

In Romani, most prepositions require the nominative (= direct form) with nouns and the locative case with pronouns.

Case system

Romani has eight cases, usually refered to as nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative, and vocative. The basic morphological distinction between direct and oblique nominal forms (the latter typically marked by a suffix) is involved in the differential object marking described above. Direct forms (= nominative) are used for the subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs as well as for inanimate and indefinite direct objects, whereas oblique forms are used for animate and definite direct objects (= accusative) and express other functions, such as marking a possessor in a predicative possession construction, the indirect object of the verb ‘give’, and the experiencer of certain verbs like ‘feel pain’, ‘like’, ‘seems’.

In Kalderash Romani, the ablative and locative cases are flagged inflectionally on pronouns and by the prepositions kata and ka, respectively, on nouns (see 5–6). In this variety, these prepositions are used exclusively for grammatical case marking.


(5)  o             Murš-a     dar-al        kata  źukəl
     ART.M.DIR.SG  PN-NOM.SG  fear-PRS.3SG  from  dog.NOM.SG
     ‘Murša is afraid of the dog.’

(6)  o             Murš-a     dar-al        lestar
     ART.M.DIR.SG  PN-NOM.SG  fear-PRS.3SG  he.ABL
     ‘Murša is afraid of it/him.’

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in the 3rd singular present form.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; ACC — accusative; ART — article; CL — clitic; DAT — dative; DEF — definite; DIR — direct; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INS — instrumental; LOC — locative; M — masculine; NEG — negatiion; NOM — nominative; OBL — oblique; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain dukhal

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

man	dukha-l	ma	o	šər-o
i . acc	ache- prs .3 sg	i . cl	art . m . dir . sg	head- nom . sg
‘I have a headache.’

2. have (illness) sy

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

les-te	sy	les	grib-o
he- loc	be. prs .3	he. cl	flu- nom . sg
‘He has the flu.’

3. be afraid daral

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	dara-l	kata	źukəl
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	fear- prs .3 sg	from	dog[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw śudel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	śuď-a	bař
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	throw- pst .3 sg	stone[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša threw a stone.’

5. have enough arəsəl

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

les-te	arəs-əl	les	love
he- loc	suffice- prs .3 sg	he. cl	money[ nom . pl ]
‘He has enough money.’
Note:

6. resemble mʼa(zo)l

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	mʼa-l	pe	les-te
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	resemble- prs .3 sg	on	he- loc
‘Murša resembles him.’
Note: The preposition is obligatory with pronouns. With nominal Y’s the binominative construction is possible.

7. believe paťal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	paťa-l	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	believe- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša believes Marijka.’

8. take lel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	ľ-a	ə	knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	take- pst .3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	book- acc . sg
‘Murša took a book.’

9. see dikhəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	dikh-əl	o	khər
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	see- prs .3 sg	art . m . dir . sg	house[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša sees a house.’

10. influence vliil

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

le	bərš	vlii-n	p-o	pamiť-o
art . pl	year[ nom . pl ]	influence- prs .3 pl	on- art . m . dir . sg	memory- nom . sg
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: There is no inherited verb, the Russian verb is used.

11. encounter dikhəlpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	dikh-ľ-a-pe	la	Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	encounter- pst -3 sg - refl	art . f . obl . sg	pn - ins . sg
‘Murša encountered Marijka.’

12. enter śolpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ande

X: NOM

Y: ande

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	śu-ť-a-pe	man-de	arati	and-o	khər
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	enter- pst -3 sg - refl	i - loc	yesterday	in- art . m . dir . sg	house. nom . sg
‘Murša came into my house yesterday.’

13. win lel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	ľ-a	les-tar	and-o	futbol-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	take- pst .3 sg	he- abl	in- art . m . dir . sg	soccer- nom . sg
‘Murša beat him at soccer.’

14. go out anklel

Valency pattern: NOM_anda

X: NOM

Y: anda

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	ankl-ist-o	anda	khər
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	go_out- pst -3 sg . m	from	house. nom . sg
‘Murša went out of the house.’

15. drive našavel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	našav-el	la	gurumnʼ-a	pe	poľa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	drive- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	cow- acc . sg	on	field. nom . sg
‘Murša is driving the cow to the field.’

16. bend banďarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	banďar-ď-a	ə	salk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	bend- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	tree- acc . sg
‘Murša bent the tree.’

17. tell phenel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	phen-ď-a	man-gə
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	tell- pst -3 sg	i - dat
‘Murša told me.’

18. hold nikərəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	nikər-əl	ə	knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	hold- prs .3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	book- acc . sg
‘Murša is holding a book.’

19. catch up dugunil

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	duguni-sarď-a	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	catch_up- pst -3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša caught up with Marijka.’

20. milk strangol

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ə	Marijk-a	strango-sarď-a	la	gurumnʼ-a
art . f . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	milk- pst -3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	cow- acc . sg
‘Marijka milked the cow.’

21. reach arəsəl

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pa	duj	ćas-urʼa	o	Murš-a	arəs-l-o	man-de
through	two. nom	hour- nom . pl	art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	reach- pst -3 sg . m	i - loc
‘In two hours, Murša reached me.’

22. touch azbal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	azba-ď-a	o	zyd-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	touch- pst -3 sg	art . m . dir . sg	wall- acc . sg
‘Murša touched the wall.’

23. fight marəlpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	mar-əl-pe	la	Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	fight- prs .3 sg - refl	art . f . obl . sg	pn - ins . sg
‘Murša is fighting with Marijka.’

24. be friends družyl

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	družy-l	la	Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	be_friends- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - ins . sg
‘Murša is friends with Marijka.’

25. think gyndilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_pa

X: NOM

Y: pa

Locus: Y

gynd-iv-ma	pa	la-te
think- prs .1 sg - refl	with	she- loc
‘I am thinking about her.’

26. eat xal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	xa-ľ-a	ə	phabaj
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	eat- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	apple[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša ate an apple.’

27. fry pekəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	pek-ľ-a	maś-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	fry- pst -3 sg	fish- acc . sg
‘Murša fried the fish.’

28. wait aźukərəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	aźukər-əl	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	wait- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša is waiting for Marijka.’

29. forget bystrəl

Valency pattern: NOM_pa

X: NOM

Y: pa

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	bystər-ď-a	pa	kod-o	drom
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	forget- pst -3 sg	with	that- m . dir . sg	road[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisil

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	pamiť-o	zavis-il	kata	l	bərš
art . m . dir . sg	memory- nom . sg	depend- prs .3 sg	from	art . pl	year[ nom . pl ]
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call akharəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	akhar-ď-a	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	call- pst -3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša called Marijka.’

32. get to know znakomilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	znakomi-sajl-o	la	Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn . nom . sg	get_to_know- pst . refl -3 sg . m	art . f . obl . sg	pn - ins . sg
‘Murša got to know Marijka.’

33. know źanel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	źan-el	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	know- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša knows Marijka.’

34. play (instrument) dilabal

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	dilaba-l	pe	gitar-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	sing- prs .3 sg	in	guitar- nom . sg
‘Murša is playing the guitar.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the pe + locative case (LOC) would be used.

35. avoid našəl

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	našə-l	kata	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	run- prs .3 sg	from	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša avoids Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

36. make laśarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	laśar-ď-a	bomb-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	make- pst -3 sg	bomb- acc . sg
‘Murša made a bomb.’

37. make fun asal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	asa-l	kata	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	laugh- prs .3 sg	from	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša is making fun of Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

38. have sy

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

les-te	sy	les	mator-a
he- loc	be. prs .3	he. cl	car- nom . sg
‘He has a car.’

39. look for rodel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	rod-el	le	te-i
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	look_for- prs .3 sg	art . pl	key- acc . pl
‘Murša is looking for his keys.’

40. paint makhəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	makh-ľ-a	ə	bar
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	paint- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša painted the fence.’

41. bite dandarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	źukəl	dandar-ď-a	le	Murš-as
art . m . dir . sg	dog[ nom . sg ]	bite- pst -3 sg	art . m . obl	pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Murša.’

42. forfeit xasarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	xasar-ď-a	o	khər
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	lose- pst -3 sg	art . m . dir . sg	house[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša lost his house.’

43. try to catch astarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	astar-əl	la	myc-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	catch- prs .3 sg	def . f . obl	cat- acc . sg
‘Murša is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break phagəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	phag-ľ-a	ə	řaj
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	break- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	stick[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša broke a stick.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) phařol

Valency pattern: NOM_pala

X: NOM

Y: pala

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	phařo-l	pala	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	desire- prs .3 sg	for	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša loves Marijka.’

47. wave trintil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	trinti-l	la	dyrz-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	wave- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	rag- ins . sg
‘Murša is waving a rag.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

49. wash xalavel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ə	Marijk-a	xala-ď-a	ə	kuć-i
art . f . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	wash- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	cup- acc . sg
‘Marijka washed the cup.’

50. put on lel pe peste

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	ľ-a	pe	pes-te	kalc-y
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	take- pst .3 sg	on	oneself- loc	trousers- acc . pl
‘Murša put on his trousers.’

51. be called buśol

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

kad-o	buśo-l	kompas-o
this- m . dir . sg	be_called- prs .3 sg	compass- nom . sg
‘This is called a compass.’

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack xuťol

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	riś	xut-il-o	p-o	Murš-a
art . m . dir . sg	bear. nom . sg	jump- pst -3 sg . m	on- art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg
‘A bear attacked Murša.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used.

54. fill (intr) pherďol

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

ə	vadr-a	pherd-il-i	paj
art . f . dir . sg	bucket- nom . sg	fill- pst -3 sg . f	water[ nom . sg ]
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find arakhəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	arakh-ľ-a	le	te-i
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	find- pst -3 sg	art . pl	key- acc . pl
‘Murša found his keys.’

56. be short ći arəsəl

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: LOC

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

les-te	ći	arəs-ľ-a	les	jekh	řubl-a
he- loc	neg	suffice- pst -3 sg	he. cl	one. nom	rouble- nom . sg
‘He was one rouble short.’
Note: The verb has always the 3SG form.

57. hate ći navidil

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	ći	navidi-l	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	neg	love- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša hates Marijka.’
Note: This verb can only be used with negation.

58. like plaćal

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

le	Murš-as	plaća-l	les	kad-o	gad
art . m . obl	pn - acc . sg	like- prs .3 sg	he. cl	this- m . dir . sg	shirt[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša likes this shirt.’

59. need trubul

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: ACC

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

les	trubu-l	les	love
he. acc	need- prs .3 sg	he. cl	money- nom . pl
‘He needs money.’
Note: The verb has usually the 3SG form.

60. surround ankolil

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

le	zyd-uri	ankoli-n	o	for-o
art . pl	wall- nom . pl	surround- prs .3 pl	art . m . dir . sg	city- acc . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain aśel

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ka	Murš-a	aš-il-e	les	deš	řubl-i
at	pn - nom . sg	remain- pst -3 pl	he. cl	ten	rouble- nom . pl
‘Murša has ten roubles left.’
Note: With a pronominal X argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used.

62. answer *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

o	Murš-a	phen-ď-a	la	ućiteľnic-akə
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	say- pst -3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	teacher(female)- dat . sg
‘Murša told the (female) teacher.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

63. open pytrəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	pytər-ď-a	ə	bank-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	open- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	can- acc . sg
‘Murša opened a can.’

64. be different ći mʼa(zo)l

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

muř-o	gad	ći	mʼa-l	pe	tir-o
my- m . dir . sg	shirt[ nom . sg ]	neg	resemble- prs .3 sg	on	your- m . dir . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure would be NOM_peLOC.

65. fall behind aśel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	aš-il-o	kata	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	fall_behind- pst -3 sg . m	from	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša fell behind Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

66. plough vunavel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	vunav-el	ə	phuv
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	plough- prs -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	ground[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša is ploughing the field.’

67. smell khandel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

muř-ə	vast	khand-en	kata	binzin-o
my- pl	hand. nom	smell- prs .3 pl	from	gasoline- nom . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

68. cross nakhəl

Valency pattern: NOM_intal

X: NOM

Y: intal

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	nakh-ľ-a	inťal	o	drom
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	go- pst -3 sg	through	art . m . dir . sg	road[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša crossed the road.’
Note: The word inťal ‘across’ can be dropped.

69. sing dilabal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	dilaba-ď-a	šukar	dil-i
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	sing- pst -3 sg	beautiful	song- acc . sg
‘Murša sang a beautiful song.’

70. write ramol

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	ramo-sarď-a	pisʼmo
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	write- pst -3 sg	letter[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša wrote a letter.’

71. drink pel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	pi-ľ-a	thud
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	drink- pst -3 sg	milk[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša drank the milk.’

72. melt bilavel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	bila-ď-a	kotor	molivi
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	melt- pst -3 sg	piece[ acc . sg ]	lead[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša melted a piece of lead.’

73. match malaďol

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

kad-o	brićinar-i	malaďo-l	ka	j	kaď-a	plaťj-a
this- m . nom . sg	belt- nom . sg	pass- prs .3 sg	at	art . f . dir . sg	this- f . dir . sg	dress- nom . sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave mekəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	mek-ľ-a	pehk-o	for-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	leave- pst -3 sg	one’s- m . dir . sg	city- acc . sg
‘Murša left his city.’

75. cover vuśaravel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ə	ponʼav-a	vuśara-ď-a	sa	o	pol-o
art . f . dir . sg	carpet- nom . sg	cover- pst -3 sg	all	art . m . dir . sg	floor- acc . sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember sərəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	mišto	sərə-l	khər
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	well	remember- prs .3 sg	house[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša remembers the house well.’

77. help aźutil

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	aźuti-sarď-a	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn [ m ]- nom . sg	help- prs -3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn [ f ]- acc . sg
‘Murša helped Marijka.’

78. understand (language) aťarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	aťarə-l	francusko	śib
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	understand- prs .3 sg	f rench	language[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša understands French.’

79. hit (target) del

Valency pattern: NOM_ande

X: NOM

Y: ande

Locus: Y

ə	molnij-a	ď-a	and-o	khər
art . f . dir . sg	lighnting- nom . sg	give- pst .3 sg	in- art . m . dir . sg	house[ nom . sg ]
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself śinelpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	śin-ď-a-pe	la	britv-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	cut_oneself- pst -3 sg - refl	art . f . obl . sg	razor- ins . sg
‘Murša cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck astarďol

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	stakan-o	astard-il-o	pe	skafed-i
art . m . dir . sg	glass- nom . sg	stick- pst -3 sg . m	on	table- nom . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) xasarəl

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	xasar-ď-a	la	Marijk-akə
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	lose- pst -3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Murša lost to Marijka.’

83. be glad raduilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	radui-sajl-o	kata	la	Marijk-ak-o	pisʼmo
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	rejoice- pst -3 sg . m	from	art . f . obl . sg	pn - gen . sg - m . dir . sg	letter. nom . sg
‘Murša was glad about Marijka’s letter.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

84. speak divinil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	divini-l	la	Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	speak- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - ins . sg
‘Murša is speaking with Marijka.’

85. give birth arakhavel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ə	Marijk-a	arakha-ď-a	le	śav-es
art . f . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	give_birth- pst -3 sg	art . m . obl	son- obl . sg
‘Marijka gave birth to a son.’

86. drop peravel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	pera-ď-a	o	stakan-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	drop- pst -3 sg	art . m . dir . sg	glass- acc . sg
‘Murša dropped the glass.’

87. govern rukavadil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	rukavadi-l	amar-ə	kyrd-osa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	govern- prs .3 sg	our- m . obl	village- ins . sg
‘Murša runs our village.’

88. miss lel doro

Valency pattern: ACC_pa

X: ACC

Y: pa

Locus: XY

le	Murš-as	l-el	doro	pa	Marijk-a
art . m . obl	pn - acc . sg	take- prs -3 sg	sadness	with	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša misses Marijka.’

89. follow źal

Valency pattern: NOM_pala

X: NOM

Y: pala

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	źa-l	pala	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	go- prs .3 sg	behind	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša follows Marijka.’

90. dismount hulel

Valency pattern: NOM_pa

X: NOM

Y: pa

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	hul-ist-o	pa	grast
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	dismount- pst -3 sg . m	from	horse[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša got down from the horse.’

91. listen ašunel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	ašun-el	radiva
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	listen- prs .3 sg	radio[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša is listening to radio.’

92. obey kandel o muj

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

o	Murš-a	kand-el	o	muj	pesk-a	d-ak-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	listen- prs .3 sg	art . m . dir . sg	mouth[ acc . sg ]	one’s- f . obl . sg	mother- gen . sg - m . dir . sg
‘Murša always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear ašunel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	ašun-el	muzyk-a
art . m . nom	pn - nom . sg	listen- prs .3 sg	music- acc . sg
‘Murša hears the music.’

94. mix amisavel

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	mʼod-o	amis-ajl-o	le	thud-esa
art . m . dir . sg	honey- nom . sg	mix- pst -3 sg . m	art . m . obl . sg	milk- ins . sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look dikhəl

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	dikhə-l	p-o	ćeri
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	look- prs .3 sg	on- art . m . dir . sg	sky[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša is looking at the sky.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the NOM_peLOC structure would be used.

96. take off śudel pa peste

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	śuď-a	o	gad	pa	pes-te
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	throw- pst .3 sg	art . m . dir . sg	shirt[ acc . sg ]	from	oneself- loc
‘Murša took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sykaďol ando suno

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ə	Marijk-a	sykaďo-l	le	Murš-askə	and-o	sun-o
art . f . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	appear- prs .3 sg	art . m . obl	pn - dat . sg	in- art . m . dir . sg	dream- nom . sg
‘Murša dreams about Marijka.’

98. agree saglasilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	saglasi-sajl-o	la	Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	agree- pst . refl -3 sg . m	art . f . obl . sg	pn - ins . sg
‘Murša agreed with Marijka.’

99. have a quarrel xalpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	xa-ľ-a-pe	la	Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	have_quarrel- pst -3 sg - refl	art . f . obl . sg	pn - ins . sg
‘Murša had a quarrel with Marijka.’

100. cost kərəl

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

kaď-a	kuć-i	kərə-l	jekh	řubl-a
this- f . dir . sg	cup- nom . sg	cost- prs .3 sg	one	rouble- nom . sg
‘This cup costs one rouble.’

101. shoot at del jag

Valency pattern: NOM_ande

X: NOM

Y: ande

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	ď-a	jag	ande	ćirikl-i
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	give- pst .3 sg	fire	in	bird- nom . sg
‘Murša shot at the bird.’

102. pour śorəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	śor-ď-a	zar-o	ande	kuć-i
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	pour- pst -3 sg	sugar- acc . sg	in	cup- nom . sg
‘Murša poured the sugar into the mug.’

103. lose xasarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	xasar-ď-a	le	te-i
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	lose- pst -3 sg	art . pl	key- acc . pl
‘Murša lost his keys.’

104. sink tasol

Valency pattern: NOM_ande

X: NOM

Y: ande

Locus: Y

o	kašt	tas-ul-o	and-o	paj
art . m . dir . sg	log[ nom . sg ]	sink- pst -3 sg . m	in- art . m . dir . sg	water[ nom . sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill mudarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	mudar-ď-a	le	źukl-es
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	kill- pst -3 sg	art . m . obl	dog- acc . sg
‘Murša killed a dog.’

106. hit del

Valency pattern: NOM_ande

X: NOM

Y: ande

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	ď-a	ande	man-de
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	give- pst .3 sg	in	i - loc
‘Murša hit me.’

107. kiss ćumindel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	ćuminď-a	la	Marijk-a	ande	buk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	kiss- pst .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg	in	cheek- nom . sg
‘Murša kissed Marijka on the cheek.’

108. read dinel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	din-ď-a	knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	read- pst -3 sg	book- acc . sg
‘Murša read a book.’

109. move (bodypart) mištil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	mišti-l	le	naj-anca
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	move- prs .3 sg	art . pl	finger- ins . pl
‘Murša is moving his fingers.’

110. respect thol laźav

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	tho-l	laźav	pe	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	set- prs .3 sg	shame	on	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša respects Marijka.’

111. be squeamish grecolpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	greco-l-pe	kata	melal-i	pasud-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	be_squeamish- prs .3 sg - refl	from	dirty- f . dir . sg	dishes- nom . sg
‘Murša is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

112. be content mišto

Valency pattern: DAT_pala

X: DAT

Y: pala

Locus: XY

le	Murš-ahkə	mišto	pala	pehk-o	śav
art . m . obl	pn - dat . sg	well	for	one’s- m . dir . sg	son[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love vľubilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ande

X: NOM

Y: ande

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	vľubi-sajl-o	ande	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	fall_in_love- pst -3 sg . m	in	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša fell in love with Marijka.’

114. trust paťalpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ande

X: NOM

Y: ande

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	paťa-l-pe	ande	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	believe- prs .3 sg - refl	in	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša trusts Marijka.’

115. sympathise mila

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL

X: DAT

Y: ABL

Locus: XY

le	Murš-ahkə	mila	kata	Marijk-a
art . m . obl	pn - dat . sg	sorry	from	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša sympathises with Marijka.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

116. envy xal xoli

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	xa-l	xoli	pe	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	eat- prs .3 sg	spite	on	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša envies Marijka.’

117. be angry xoľavel

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	xoľave-l	pe	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	be_angry- prs .3 sg	on	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša is angry with Marijka.’

118. be surprised udivilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	udivi-sajl-o	kata	padark-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	be_surprised- pst . refl -3 sg . m	from	gift- nom . sg
‘Murša was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) plaćal

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

le	Murš-as	plaća-n	le	phab-a
art . m . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg	like- prs .3 pl	art . pl	apple- nom . pl
‘Murša loves apples.’

120. enjoy mišto

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL

X: DAT

Y: ABL

Locus: XY

le	Murš-ahkə	mišto	kata	ćaj
art . m . dir . sg	pn - dat . sg	well	from	tea[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša enjoys the tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

121. want kamel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	kam-el	nev-o	tilifon-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	want- prs .3 sg	new- m . dir . sg	telephone- acc . sg
‘Murša wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge xoľavel

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	xoľ-ajl-o	pe	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	be_angry- pst -3 sg . m	on	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša holds a grudge against Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the NOM_peLOC structure would be used.

123. take offence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

124. upset xoľarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	xoľar-ď-a	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	upset- pst -3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša greatly upset Marijka.’

125. marvel diľavel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	diľ-ajl-o	kata	kad-o	for-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	go_crazy- pst -3 sg . m	from	this- m . dir . sg	town- nom . sg
‘Murša was impressed by this town.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

128. get irritated nervićilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	nervići-sajl-o	pe	la-te
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	get_irritated- pst -3 sg . m	on	she- loc
‘Murša is getting irritated with her.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy laźal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	laźa-l	kata	pesk-o	rost-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	be_ashamed- prs .3 sg	from	one’s- m . dir . sg	height- nom . sg
‘Murša is embarrased about his height.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.