BivalTyp

Kalderash Romani

Contributed by Kirill Kozhanov (Academia.edu profile)

K.K.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2012. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Kozhanov, Kirill. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Kalderash Romani. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 25, 2023; last revised on June 07, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; ACC — accusative; ART — article; CL — clitic; DAT — dative; DEF — definite; DIR — direct; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INS — instrumental; LOC — locative; M — masculine; NEG — negatiion; NOM — nominative; OBL — oblique; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain dukhal

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
man dukha-l ma o šər-o
i . acc ache- prs .3 sg i . cl art . m . dir . sg head- nom . sg
‘I have a headache.’

2. have (illness) sy

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
les-te sy les grib-o
he- loc be. prs .3 he. cl flu- nom . sg
‘He has the flu.’

3. be afraid daral

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a dara-l kata źukəl
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg fear- prs .3 sg from dog[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw śudel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a śuď-a bař
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg throw- pst .3 sg stone[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša threw a stone.’

5. have enough arəsəl

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
les-te arəs-əl les love
he- loc suffice- prs .3 sg he. cl money[ nom . pl ]
‘He has enough money.’
Note:

6. resemble mʼa(zo)l

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a mʼa-l pe les-te
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg resemble- prs .3 sg on he- loc
‘Murša resembles him.’
Note: The preposition is obligatory with pronouns. With nominal Y’s the binominative construction is possible.

7. believe paťal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a paťa-l la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg believe- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša believes Marijka.’

8. take lel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ľ-a ə knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg take- pst .3 sg art . f . dir . sg book- acc . sg
‘Murša took a book.’

9. see dikhəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a dikh-əl o khər
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg see- prs .3 sg art . m . dir . sg house[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša sees a house.’

10. influence vliil

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
le bərš vlii-n p-o pamiť-o
art . pl year[ nom . pl ] influence- prs .3 pl on- art . m . dir . sg memory- nom . sg
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: There is no inherited verb, the Russian verb is used.

11. encounter dikhəlpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a dikh-ľ-a-pe la Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg encounter- pst -3 sg - refl art . f . obl . sg pn - ins . sg
‘Murša encountered Marijka.’

12. enter śolpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o Murš-a śu-ť-a-pe man-de arati and-o khər
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg enter- pst -3 sg - refl i - loc yesterday in- art . m . dir . sg house. nom . sg
‘Murša came into my house yesterday.’

13. win lel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a ľ-a les-tar and-o futbol-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg take- pst .3 sg he- abl in- art . m . dir . sg soccer- nom . sg
‘Murša beat him at soccer.’

14. go out anklel

Valency pattern: NOM_anda
X: NOM
Y: anda
Locus: Y
o Murš-a ankl-ist-o anda khər
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg go_out- pst -3 sg . m from house. nom . sg
‘Murša went out of the house.’

15. drive našavel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a našav-el la gurumnʼ-a pe poľa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg drive- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg cow- acc . sg on field. nom . sg
‘Murša is driving the cow to the field.’

16. bend banďarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a banďar-ď-a ə salk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg bend- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg tree- acc . sg
‘Murša bent the tree.’

17. tell phenel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
o Murš-a phen-ď-a man-gə
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg tell- pst -3 sg i - dat
‘Murša told me.’

18. hold nikərəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a nikər-əl ə knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg hold- prs .3 sg art . f . dir . sg book- acc . sg
‘Murša is holding a book.’

19. catch up dugunil

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a duguni-sarď-a la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg catch_up- pst -3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša caught up with Marijka.’

20. milk strangol

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ə Marijk-a strango-sarď-a la gurumnʼ-a
art . f . dir . sg pn - nom . sg milk- pst -3 sg art . f . obl . sg cow- acc . sg
‘Marijka milked the cow.’

21. reach arəsəl

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pa duj ćas-urʼa o Murš-a arəs-l-o man-de
through two. nom hour- nom . pl art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg reach- pst -3 sg . m i - loc
‘In two hours, Murša reached me.’

22. touch azbal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a azba-ď-a o zyd-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg touch- pst -3 sg art . m . dir . sg wall- acc . sg
‘Murša touched the wall.’

23. fight marəlpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a mar-əl-pe la Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg fight- prs .3 sg - refl art . f . obl . sg pn - ins . sg
‘Murša is fighting with Marijka.’

24. be friends družyl

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a družy-l la Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg be_friends- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - ins . sg
‘Murša is friends with Marijka.’

25. think gyndilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_pa
X: NOM
Y: pa
Locus: Y
gynd-iv-ma pa la-te
think- prs .1 sg - refl with she- loc
‘I am thinking about her.’

26. eat xal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a xa-ľ-a ə phabaj
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg eat- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg apple[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša ate an apple.’

27. fry pekəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a pek-ľ-a maś-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg fry- pst -3 sg fish- acc . sg
‘Murša fried the fish.’

28. wait aźukərəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a aźukər-əl la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg wait- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša is waiting for Marijka.’

29. forget bystrəl

Valency pattern: NOM_pa
X: NOM
Y: pa
Locus: Y
o Murš-a bystər-ď-a pa kod-o drom
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg forget- pst -3 sg with that- m . dir . sg road[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisil

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o pamiť-o zavis-il kata l bərš
art . m . dir . sg memory- nom . sg depend- prs .3 sg from art . pl year[ nom . pl ]
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call akharəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a akhar-ď-a la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg call- pst -3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša called Marijka.’

32. get to know znakomilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a znakomi-sajl-o la Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn . nom . sg get_to_know- pst . refl -3 sg . m art . f . obl . sg pn - ins . sg
‘Murša got to know Marijka.’

33. know źanel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a źan-el la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg know- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša knows Marijka.’

34. play (instrument) dilabal

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a dilaba-l pe gitar-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg sing- prs .3 sg in guitar- nom . sg
‘Murša is playing the guitar.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the pe + locative case (LOC) would be used.

35. avoid našəl

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a našə-l kata Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg run- prs .3 sg from pn - nom . sg
‘Murša avoids Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

36. make laśarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a laśar-ď-a bomb-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg make- pst -3 sg bomb- acc . sg
‘Murša made a bomb.’

37. make fun asal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a asa-l kata Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg laugh- prs .3 sg from pn - nom . sg
‘Murša is making fun of Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

38. have sy

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
les-te sy les mator-a
he- loc be. prs .3 he. cl car- nom . sg
‘He has a car.’

39. look for rodel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a rod-el le te-i
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg look_for- prs .3 sg art . pl key- acc . pl
‘Murša is looking for his keys.’

40. paint makhəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a makh-ľ-a ə bar
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg paint- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša painted the fence.’

41. bite dandarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o źukəl dandar-ď-a le Murš-as
art . m . dir . sg dog[ nom . sg ] bite- pst -3 sg art . m . obl pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Murša.’

42. forfeit xasarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a xasar-ď-a o khər
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg lose- pst -3 sg art . m . dir . sg house[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša lost his house.’

43. try to catch astarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a astar-əl la myc-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg catch- prs .3 sg def . f . obl cat- acc . sg
‘Murša is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break phagəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a phag-ľ-a ə řaj
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg break- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg stick[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša broke a stick.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) phařol

Valency pattern: NOM_pala
X: NOM
Y: pala
Locus: Y
o Murš-a phařo-l pala Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg desire- prs .3 sg for pn - nom . sg
‘Murša loves Marijka.’

47. wave trintil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a trinti-l la dyrz-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg wave- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg rag- ins . sg
‘Murša is waving a rag.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

49. wash xalavel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ə Marijk-a xala-ď-a ə kuć-i
art . f . dir . sg pn - nom . sg wash- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg cup- acc . sg
‘Marijka washed the cup.’

50. put on lel pe peste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ľ-a pe pes-te kalc-y
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg take- pst .3 sg on oneself- loc trousers- acc . pl
‘Murša put on his trousers.’

51. be called buśol

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
kad-o buśo-l kompas-o
this- m . dir . sg be_called- prs .3 sg compass- nom . sg
‘This is called a compass.’

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack xuťol

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o riś xut-il-o p-o Murš-a
art . m . dir . sg bear. nom . sg jump- pst -3 sg . m on- art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg
‘A bear attacked Murša.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used.

54. fill (intr) pherďol

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
ə vadr-a pherd-il-i paj
art . f . dir . sg bucket- nom . sg fill- pst -3 sg . f water[ nom . sg ]
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find arakhəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a arakh-ľ-a le te-i
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg find- pst -3 sg art . pl key- acc . pl
‘Murša found his keys.’

56. be short ći arəsəl

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: LOC
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
les-te ći arəs-ľ-a les jekh řubl-a
he- loc neg suffice- pst -3 sg he. cl one. nom rouble- nom . sg
‘He was one rouble short.’
Note: The verb has always the 3SG form.

57. hate ći navidil

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ći navidi-l la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg neg love- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša hates Marijka.’
Note: This verb can only be used with negation.

58. like plaćal

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
le Murš-as plaća-l les kad-o gad
art . m . obl pn - acc . sg like- prs .3 sg he. cl this- m . dir . sg shirt[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša likes this shirt.’

59. need trubul

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: ACC
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
les trubu-l les love
he. acc need- prs .3 sg he. cl money- nom . pl
‘He needs money.’
Note: The verb has usually the 3SG form.

60. surround ankolil

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
le zyd-uri ankoli-n o for-o
art . pl wall- nom . pl surround- prs .3 pl art . m . dir . sg city- acc . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain aśel

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ka Murš-a aš-il-e les deš řubl-i
at pn - nom . sg remain- pst -3 pl he. cl ten rouble- nom . pl
‘Murša has ten roubles left.’
Note: With a pronominal X argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used.

62. answer *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
o Murš-a phen-ď-a la ućiteľnic-akə
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg say- pst -3 sg art . f . obl . sg teacher(female)- dat . sg
‘Murša told the (female) teacher.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

63. open pytrəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a pytər-ď-a ə bank-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg open- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg can- acc . sg
‘Murša opened a can.’

64. be different ći mʼa(zo)l

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
muř-o gad ći mʼa-l pe tir-o
my- m . dir . sg shirt[ nom . sg ] neg resemble- prs .3 sg on your- m . dir . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure would be NOM_peLOC.

65. fall behind aśel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a aš-il-o kata Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg fall_behind- pst -3 sg . m from pn - nom . sg
‘Murša fell behind Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

66. plough vunavel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a vunav-el ə phuv
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg plough- prs -3 sg art . f . dir . sg ground[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša is ploughing the field.’

67. smell khandel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
muř-ə vast khand-en kata binzin-o
my- pl hand. nom smell- prs .3 pl from gasoline- nom . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

68. cross nakhəl

Valency pattern: NOM_intal
X: NOM
Y: intal
Locus: TR
o Murš-a nakh-ľ-a inťal o drom
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg go- pst -3 sg through art . m . dir . sg road[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša crossed the road.’
Note: The word inťal ‘across’ can be dropped.

69. sing dilabal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a dilaba-ď-a šukar dil-i
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg sing- pst -3 sg beautiful song- acc . sg
‘Murša sang a beautiful song.’

70. write ramol

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ramo-sarď-a pisʼmo
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg write- pst -3 sg letter[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša wrote a letter.’

71. drink pel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a pi-ľ-a thud
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg drink- pst -3 sg milk[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša drank the milk.’

72. melt bilavel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a bila-ď-a kotor molivi
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg melt- pst -3 sg piece[ acc . sg ] lead[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša melted a piece of lead.’

73. match malaďol

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
kad-o brićinar-i malaďo-l ka j kaď-a plaťj-a
this- m . nom . sg belt- nom . sg pass- prs .3 sg at art . f . dir . sg this- f . dir . sg dress- nom . sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave mekəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a mek-ľ-a pehk-o for-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg leave- pst -3 sg one’s- m . dir . sg city- acc . sg
‘Murša left his city.’

75. cover vuśaravel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ə ponʼav-a vuśara-ď-a sa o pol-o
art . f . dir . sg carpet- nom . sg cover- pst -3 sg all art . m . dir . sg floor- acc . sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember sərəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a mišto sərə-l khər
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg well remember- prs .3 sg house[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša remembers the house well.’

77. help aźutil

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a aźuti-sarď-a la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn [ m ]- nom . sg help- prs -3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn [ f ]- acc . sg
‘Murša helped Marijka.’

78. understand (language) aťarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a aťarə-l francusko śib
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg understand- prs .3 sg f rench language[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša understands French.’

79. hit (target) del

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
ə molnij-a ď-a and-o khər
art . f . dir . sg lighnting- nom . sg give- pst .3 sg in- art . m . dir . sg house[ nom . sg ]
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself śinelpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a śin-ď-a-pe la britv-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg cut_oneself- pst -3 sg - refl art . f . obl . sg razor- ins . sg
‘Murša cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck astarďol

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o stakan-o astard-il-o pe skafed-i
art . m . dir . sg glass- nom . sg stick- pst -3 sg . m on table- nom . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) xasarəl

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
o Murš-a xasar-ď-a la Marijk-akə
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg lose- pst -3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - dat . sg
‘Murša lost to Marijka.’

83. be glad raduilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a radui-sajl-o kata la Marijk-ak-o pisʼmo
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg rejoice- pst -3 sg . m from art . f . obl . sg pn - gen . sg - m . dir . sg letter. nom . sg
‘Murša was glad about Marijka’s letter.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

84. speak divinil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a divini-l la Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg speak- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - ins . sg
‘Murša is speaking with Marijka.’

85. give birth arakhavel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ə Marijk-a arakha-ď-a le śav-es
art . f . dir . sg pn - nom . sg give_birth- pst -3 sg art . m . obl son- obl . sg
‘Marijka gave birth to a son.’

86. drop peravel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a pera-ď-a o stakan-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg drop- pst -3 sg art . m . dir . sg glass- acc . sg
‘Murša dropped the glass.’

87. govern rukavadil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a rukavadi-l amar-ə kyrd-osa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg govern- prs .3 sg our- m . obl village- ins . sg
‘Murša runs our village.’

88. miss lel doro

Valency pattern: ACC_pa
X: ACC
Y: pa
Locus: XY
le Murš-as l-el doro pa Marijk-a
art . m . obl pn - acc . sg take- prs -3 sg sadness with pn - nom . sg
‘Murša misses Marijka.’

89. follow źal

Valency pattern: NOM_pala
X: NOM
Y: pala
Locus: Y
o Murš-a źa-l pala Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg go- prs .3 sg behind pn - nom . sg
‘Murša follows Marijka.’

90. dismount hulel

Valency pattern: NOM_pa
X: NOM
Y: pa
Locus: Y
o Murš-a hul-ist-o pa grast
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg dismount- pst -3 sg . m from horse[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša got down from the horse.’

91. listen ašunel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ašun-el radiva
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg listen- prs .3 sg radio[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša is listening to radio.’

92. obey kandel o muj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
o Murš-a kand-el o muj pesk-a d-ak-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg listen- prs .3 sg art . m . dir . sg mouth[ acc . sg ] one’s- f . obl . sg mother- gen . sg - m . dir . sg
‘Murša always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear ašunel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ašun-el muzyk-a
art . m . nom pn - nom . sg listen- prs .3 sg music- acc . sg
‘Murša hears the music.’

94. mix amisavel

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o mʼod-o amis-ajl-o le thud-esa
art . m . dir . sg honey- nom . sg mix- pst -3 sg . m art . m . obl . sg milk- ins . sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look dikhəl

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a dikhə-l p-o ćeri
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg look- prs .3 sg on- art . m . dir . sg sky[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša is looking at the sky.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the NOM_peLOC structure would be used.

96. take off śudel pa peste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a śuď-a o gad pa pes-te
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg throw- pst .3 sg art . m . dir . sg shirt[ acc . sg ] from oneself- loc
‘Murša took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sykaďol ando suno

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ə Marijk-a sykaďo-l le Murš-askə and-o sun-o
art . f . dir . sg pn - nom . sg appear- prs .3 sg art . m . obl pn - dat . sg in- art . m . dir . sg dream- nom . sg
‘Murša dreams about Marijka.’

98. agree saglasilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a saglasi-sajl-o la Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg agree- pst . refl -3 sg . m art . f . obl . sg pn - ins . sg
‘Murša agreed with Marijka.’

99. have a quarrel xalpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a xa-ľ-a-pe la Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg have_quarrel- pst -3 sg - refl art . f . obl . sg pn - ins . sg
‘Murša had a quarrel with Marijka.’

100. cost kərəl

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
kaď-a kuć-i kərə-l jekh řubl-a
this- f . dir . sg cup- nom . sg cost- prs .3 sg one rouble- nom . sg
‘This cup costs one rouble.’

101. shoot at del jag

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o Murš-a ď-a jag ande ćirikl-i
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg give- pst .3 sg fire in bird- nom . sg
‘Murša shot at the bird.’

102. pour śorəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a śor-ď-a zar-o ande kuć-i
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg pour- pst -3 sg sugar- acc . sg in cup- nom . sg
‘Murša poured the sugar into the mug.’

103. lose xasarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a xasar-ď-a le te-i
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg lose- pst -3 sg art . pl key- acc . pl
‘Murša lost his keys.’

104. sink tasol

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o kašt tas-ul-o and-o paj
art . m . dir . sg log[ nom . sg ] sink- pst -3 sg . m in- art . m . dir . sg water[ nom . sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill mudarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a mudar-ď-a le źukl-es
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg kill- pst -3 sg art . m . obl dog- acc . sg
‘Murša killed a dog.’

106. hit del

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o Murš-a ď-a ande man-de
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg give- pst .3 sg in i - loc
‘Murša hit me.’

107. kiss ćumindel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ćuminď-a la Marijk-a ande buk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg kiss- pst .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg in cheek- nom . sg
‘Murša kissed Marijka on the cheek.’

108. read dinel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a din-ď-a knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg read- pst -3 sg book- acc . sg
‘Murša read a book.’

109. move (bodypart) mištil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a mišti-l le naj-anca
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg move- prs .3 sg art . pl finger- ins . pl
‘Murša is moving his fingers.’

110. respect thol laźav

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a tho-l laźav pe Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg set- prs .3 sg shame on pn - nom . sg
‘Murša respects Marijka.’

111. be squeamish grecolpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a greco-l-pe kata melal-i pasud-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg be_squeamish- prs .3 sg - refl from dirty- f . dir . sg dishes- nom . sg
‘Murša is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

112. be content mišto

Valency pattern: DAT_pala
X: DAT
Y: pala
Locus: XY
le Murš-ahkə mišto pala pehk-o śav
art . m . obl pn - dat . sg well for one’s- m . dir . sg son[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love vľubilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o Murš-a vľubi-sajl-o ande Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg fall_in_love- pst -3 sg . m in pn - nom . sg
‘Murša fell in love with Marijka.’

114. trust paťalpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o Murš-a paťa-l-pe ande Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg believe- prs .3 sg - refl in pn - nom . sg
‘Murša trusts Marijka.’

115. sympathise mila

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
le Murš-ahkə mila kata Marijk-a
art . m . obl pn - dat . sg sorry from pn - nom . sg
‘Murša sympathises with Marijka.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

116. envy xal xoli

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a xa-l xoli pe Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg eat- prs .3 sg spite on pn - nom . sg
‘Murša envies Marijka.’

117. be angry xoľavel

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a xoľave-l pe Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg be_angry- prs .3 sg on pn - nom . sg
‘Murša is angry with Marijka.’

118. be surprised udivilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a udivi-sajl-o kata padark-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg be_surprised- pst . refl -3 sg . m from gift- nom . sg
‘Murša was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) plaćal

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
le Murš-as plaća-n le phab-a
art . m . obl . sg pn - acc . sg like- prs .3 pl art . pl apple- nom . pl
‘Murša loves apples.’

120. enjoy mišto

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
le Murš-ahkə mišto kata ćaj
art . m . dir . sg pn - dat . sg well from tea[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša enjoys the tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

121. want kamel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a kam-el nev-o tilifon-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg want- prs .3 sg new- m . dir . sg telephone- acc . sg
‘Murša wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge xoľavel

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a xoľ-ajl-o pe Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg be_angry- pst -3 sg . m on pn - nom . sg
‘Murša holds a grudge against Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the NOM_peLOC structure would be used.

123. take offence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

124. upset xoľarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a xoľar-ď-a la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg upset- pst -3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša greatly upset Marijka.’

125. marvel diľavel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a diľ-ajl-o kata kad-o for-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg go_crazy- pst -3 sg . m from this- m . dir . sg town- nom . sg
‘Murša was impressed by this town.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

128. get irritated nervićilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a nervići-sajl-o pe la-te
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg get_irritated- pst -3 sg . m on she- loc
‘Murša is getting irritated with her.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy laźal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a laźa-l kata pesk-o rost-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg be_ashamed- prs .3 sg from one’s- m . dir . sg height- nom . sg
‘Murša is embarrased about his height.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.