BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

Brazilian Portuguese

Contributed by Max Kłoczenko

M.K.'s photo

Caio Barros provided the data in 2021 in the capacity of a native speaker of Brazilian Portuguese. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Kłoczenko, Max. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Brazilian Portuguese. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on August 05, 2021; last revised on June 23, 2022.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Portuguese generally displays the nominative-accusative alignment. The subject (A- or S- argument) is unflagged, while the direct object (P-argument) is usually indicated only by word order (SVO) in case of nouns (but see the “Differential object marking” section). However, pronominal arguments differentiate between subjects and direct objects. Besides, clauses with with personal pronouns as direct objects normally display the SOV pattern. The person, number, and sometimes also gender, of the subject are indexed on the verb, depending on the combination of tense and aspect.

Case system

Portuguese has no morphological case on nouns. Personal pronouns have four case-like forms: subject form, direct object form, indirect object form, and prepositional form.

Differential object marking

Traditionally, Portuguese has been described as having differential object marking in certain contexts, mostly confined to fossilized expressions. Modern Brazilian Portuguese, however, rarely features differential object marking, and it is almost non-existent in the spoken language. In the data collected, there are no cases of differential object marking.

The differential object marking, inasmuch as it is possible in Portuguese, is realized by means of the preposition a before the direct object. Worth noting is that in Brazilian Portuguese, the usage of this preposition is generally less frequent these days than in the past, and that in the data collected, it occurs only twice, where one coccurrence is a fossilized expression.

Copulae ser and estar

As most other languages of Iberia (Basque as spoken in Spain, Catalan, Spanish, and others) Portuguese features two copula verbs, viz. ser and estar (glossed as COP_HAB and COP_PROG respectively). The verb ser is generally used to describe inherent, permanent, and habitual characteristics of a subject, while estar is used to encode temporary characteristics. These copulae can be contrasted, cf. (1) and (2):

(1)  Pedro  é                louc-o
     PN(M)  COP_HAB.3SG.PRS  crazy-M
     ‘Pedro is crazy (in general).’

(2)  Pedro  está              louc-o
     PN(M)  COP_PROG.3SG.PRS  crazy-M
     ‘Pedro is being/acting crazy.’

Verb lemmas

Verbs are shown in the infinitive form. For reflexive verbs, the citation form with the enclitical reflexive pronoun is used.

Glossing abbreviations

1, 2, 3 — first, second, third person; COP — copula; DEF — definite; DEM — demonstrative; F — feminine; HAB — habitual; INDF — indefinite; M — masculine; MED — medial; PL — plural; PN — person name; PTCP — participle; POSS — possessive; PROG — progressive; PROX — proximal; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain estar com dor

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro está com dor de cabeça
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs with pain( f ) of head( f )
‘Pedro has a headache.’

2. have (illness) estar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro está com gripe
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs with flu( f )
‘Pedro has a flu.’

3. be afraid ter medo

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro tem medo de cachorro
pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs fear( m ) of dog( m )
‘Pedro is afraid of a dog.’

4. throw jogar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro jog-ou um-a pedra
pn ( m ) throw-3 sg . pst indf - f stone( f )
‘Pedro threw a stone.’

5. have enough ter

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
agora Pedro tem dinheiro
now pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs money( m )
‘Now Pedro has money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation is semantically inaccurate.

6. resemble parecer-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro se parec-e com Miguel
pn ( m ) refl look_like-3 sg . prs with pn ( m )
‘Pedro resembles Miguel.’

7. believe acreditar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro acredit-a em Miguel
pn ( m ) believe-3 sg . prs in pn ( m )
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’

8. take pegar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro peg-ou o livro
pn ( m ) take-3 sg . pst def . m book( m )
‘Pedro took a book.’

9. see ver

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro a casa
pn ( m ) see.3 sg . prs def . f house( f )
‘Pedro sees a house.’

10. influence influenciar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
a idade influenci-a a memória
def . f age( f ) influence-3 sg . prs def . f memory( f )
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter encontrar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro encontr-ou com Miguel
pn ( m ) meet-3 sg . pst with pn ( m )
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’

12. enter entrar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro entr-ou em casa
pn ( m ) enter-3 sg . pst in house( f )
‘Pedro entered a house.’

13. win vencer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro venc-eu Miguel
pn ( m ) win-3 sg . pst pn ( m )
‘Pedro won over Miguel.’

14. go out sair

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro sa-iu de casa
pn ( m ) exit-3 sg . pst of house( f )
‘Pedro exited a house.’

15. drive conduzir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro conduz a vaca
pn ( m ) lead.3 sg . prs def . f cow( f )
‘Pedro is driving the cow.’

16. bend dobrar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro dobr-ou o galho
pn ( m ) bend-3 sg . pst def . m branch( m )
‘Pedro bent the branch.’

17. tell dizer

Valency pattern: SBJ_para
X: SBJ
Y: para
Locus: Y
Pedro disse para Miguel: «…»
pn ( m ) say.3 sg . pst towards pn ( m )
‘Pedro told Miguel: ‘…’.’

18. hold segurar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro segur-a o livro
pn ( m ) hold-3 sg . prs def . m book( m )
‘Pedro is holding a book.’

19. catch up alcançar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro alcanç-ou Maria
pn ( m ) reach-3 sg . pst pn ( f )
‘Pedro caught up with Maria.’

20. milk ordenhar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ordenh-ou a vaca
pn ( m ) milk-3 sg . pst def . f cow( f )
‘Pedro milked the cow.’

21. reach alcançar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro alcanç-ou a-s margen-s
pn ( m ) reach-3 sg . pst def . f - pl shore( f )- pl
‘Pedro reached the coast.’

22. touch encostar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro encost-ou na parede
pn ( m ) lean-3 sg . pst in+ def . f wall( f )
‘Pedro touched the wall.’

23. fight brigar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro está brig-ando com Miguel
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs fight- prog with pn ( m )
‘Pedro is fighting with Miguel.’

24. be friends ter amizade

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro tem amizade com Maria
pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs friendship( f ) with pn ( f )
‘Pedro is friends with Maria.’

25. think pensar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro pens-a em Miguel
pn ( m ) think-3 sg . prs in pn ( m )
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’

26. eat comer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro com-eu um-a maçã
pn ( m ) eat-3 sg . pst indf - f apple( f )
‘Pedro ate an apple.’

27. fry cozinhar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro cozinh-ou o peixe
pn ( m ) cook-3 sg . pst def . m fish( m )
‘Pedro cooked the fish.’

28. wait esperar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro está esper-ando Miguel
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs wait- prog pn ( m )
‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’

29. forget esquecer-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro se esquec-eu do outr-o caminho
pn ( m ) refl forget-3 sg . pst of+ def . m other- m way( m )
‘Pedro forgot about the other way.’

30. depend depender

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
a memória depende da idade
def . f memory( f ) depend-3 sg . prs of+ def . f age( f )
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call chamar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro cham-ou Miguel
pn ( m ) call-3 sg . pst pn ( m )
‘Pedro called Miguel.’

32. get to know conhecer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro conhec-eu Miguel um ano atrás
pn ( m ) know_someone-3 sg . pst pn ( m ) indf year( m ) ago
‘Pedro got to know Miguel a year ago.’

33. know conhecer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro conhec-e Miguel
pn ( m ) know_someone-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’

34. play (instrument) tocar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro toc-a violão
pn ( m ) play-3 sg . prs guitar( m )
‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid evitar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro evit-a Miguel
pn ( m ) avoid-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’

36. make construir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro constru-iu um-a ratoeira
pn ( m ) build-3 sg . pst indf - f mousetrap( f )
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun caçoar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro caço-a de Miguel
pn ( m ) mock-3 sg . prs of pn ( m )
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’

38. have ter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro tem um carro
pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs indf car( m )
‘Pedro has a car.’

39. look for procurar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro está procur-ando a-s chave-s
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs seek- prog def . f - pl key( f )- pl
‘Pedro is looking for his keys.’

40. paint pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro pint-ou a cerca
pn ( m ) paint-3 sg . pst def . f fence( f )
‘Pedro painted the fence.’

41. bite morder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o cachorro mord-eu Pedro
def . m dog( m ) bite-3 sg . pst pn ( m )
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

42. forfeit perder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro perd-eu sua casa
pn ( m ) lose-3 sg . pst poss .3. f house( f )
‘Pedro lost his house.’

43. try to catch apanhar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro está apanh-ando o gato
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs catch- prog def . m cat( m )
‘Pedro is catching the cat.’

44. break quebrar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro quebr-ou o bastão
pn ( m ) break-3 sg . pst def . m stick( m )
‘Pedro broke the stick.’

45. flatter bajular

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro bajul-a Maria
pn ( m ) flatter-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Pedro is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person) amar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro am-a Maria
pn ( m ) love-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Pedro loves Maria.’

47. wave acenar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro acen-a com um lenço
pn ( m ) wave-3 sg . prs with indf handkerchief( m )
‘Pedro is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream sonhar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro sonh-a com um carro
pn ( m ) dream-3 sg . prs with indf car( m )
‘Pedro is dreaming of a car.’

49. wash lavar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro lav-ou a xícara
pn ( m ) wash-3 sg . pst def . f cup( f )
‘Pedro washed the cup.’

50. put on vestir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro vest-iu a-s calça-s
pn ( m ) put_on-3 sg . pst def . f - pl sock( f )- pl
‘Pedro put on his trousers.’

51. be called chamar-se

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ess-e instrumento se cham-a bússola
dem . med - m instrument( m ) refl call-3 sg . prs compass( f )
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish castigar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro castig-ou seu filho
pn ( m ) punish-3 sg . pst poss .3. m son( m )
‘Pedro punished his son.’

53. attack atacar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o urso atac-ou o pescador
def . m bear( m ) attack-3 sg . pst def . m fisherman( m )
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) encher-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
o balde se ench-eu de água
def . m bucket( m ) refl fill-3 sg . pst of water( f )
‘The bucket filled up with water.’

55. find achar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ach-ou a-s chave-s
pn ( m ) find-3 sg . pst def . f - pl key( f )- pl
‘Pedro found the keys.’

56. be short faltar

Valency pattern: para_SBJ
X: para
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
falt-a um dólar para Pedro
lack-3 sg . prs indf dollar( m ) towards pn ( m )
‘Pedro is one dollar short.’

57. hate odiar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro odei-a Miguel
pn ( m ) hate-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro hates Miguel.’

58. like gostar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro gost-a dess-a camisa
pn ( m ) like-3 sg . prs of+ dem . med - f shirt( f )
‘Pedro likes this shirt.’

59. need precisar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro precis-a de dinheiro
pn ( m ) need-3 sg . prs of money( m )
‘Pedro needs money.’

60. surround cercar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o-s muro-s cerc-am a cidade
def . m - pl wall( m )- pl surround-3 pl . prs def . f city( f )
‘The walls surround the city.’

61. remain ficar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro fic-ou com dez dólar-es
pn ( m ) get-3 sg . pst with 10 dollar( m )- pl
‘Pedro has ten dollars left.’

62. answer responder

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pedro respond-eu ao professor
pn ( m ) answer-3 sg . pst to+ def . m professor( m )
‘Pedro answered the teacher.’

63. open abrir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro abr-iu a lata
pn ( m ) open-3 sg . pst def . f can( f )
‘Pedro opened the can.’

64. be different ser diferente

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
minha camisa é diferente da sua
poss .1 sg . f shirt( f ) cop _ hab .3 sg . prs different of+ def . f poss .3. f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind ficar para trás

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro fic-ou para trás de Miguel
pn ( m ) get-3 sg . pst towards behind of pn ( m )
‘Pedro fell behind Miguel.’

66. plough arar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ar-a o campo
pn ( m ) plough-3 sg . prs def . m field( m )
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’

67. smell cheirar

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
minha-s mão-s cheir-am a gasolina
poss .1 sg . f - pl hand( f )- pl smell-3 pl . prs to petrol( f )
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross atravessar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro atravess-ou a rua
pn ( m ) cross-3 sg . pst def . f street( f )
‘Pedro crossed the street.’

69. sing cantar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro cant-ou um-a bel-a canção
pn ( m ) sing-3 sg . pst indf - f beautiful- f song( f )
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’

70. write escrever

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro escrev-eu um-a carta
pn ( m ) write-3 sg . pst indf - f letter( f )
‘Pedro wrote a letter.’

71. drink beber

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro beb-eu o leite
pn ( m ) drink-3 sg . pst def . m milk( f )
‘Pedro drank the milk.’

72. melt derreter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro derret-eu um pedaço de chumbo
pn ( m ) melt-3 sg . pst indf piece( m ) of lead( m )
‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’

73. match combinar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
est-e cinto combin-a com meu vestido
dem . prox - m belt( m ) go_together-3 sg . prs with poss .1 sg . m dress( m )
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave abandonar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro abandon-ou sua cidade natal
pn ( m ) leave-3 sg . pst poss .3. f city( f ) native
‘Pedro left his native city.’

75. cover cobrir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o tapete cobr-e tod-o o chão
def . m carpet( m ) cover-3 sg . pst all- m def . m floor( m )
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember lembrar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro se lembr-a bem da casa
pn ( m ) refl remember-3 sg . prs well of+ def . f house( f )
‘Pedro remembers the house well.’

77. help ajudar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ajud-ou Miguel
pn ( m ) help-3 sg . pst pn ( m )
‘Pedro helped Miguel.’

78. understand (language) entender

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro entend-e francês
pn ( m ) understand-3 sg . prs f rench( m )
‘Pedro understands French.’

79. hit (target) atingir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o raio ating-iu a casa
def . m lightning( m ) strike-3 sg . pst def . f house( f )
‘The lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself cortar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro se cort-ou com a lâmina
pn ( m ) refl cut-3 sg . pst with def . f blade( f )
‘Pedro cut himself with the razor.’

81. get stuck ficar grudado

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
o copo fic-ou grud-ad-o na mesa
def . m glass( m ) get-3 sg . pst stick- ptcp - m in+ def . f table( f )
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) perder

Valency pattern: SBJ_para
X: SBJ
Y: para
Locus: Y
Pedro perd-eu para Miguel
pn ( m ) lose-3 sg . pst towards pn ( m )
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’

83. be glad alegrar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro alegr-ou-se com a carta
pn ( m ) gladden-3 sg . pst - refl with def . f letter( f )
‘Pedro was glad about the letter.’

84. speak conversar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro está convers-ando com Miguel
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs talk- prog with pn ( m )
‘Pedro is talking to Miguel.’

85. give birth dar à luz

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Maria deu à luz um filho
pn ( f ) give.3 sg . pst to+ def . f light( f ) indf son( m )
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop derrubar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro derrub-ou um copo
pn ( m ) topple-3 sg . pst indf glass( m )
‘Pedro toppled a glass.’

87. govern comandar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro comand-a nossa vila
pn ( m ) rule-3 sg . prs poss .1 pl . f city( f )
‘Pedro runs our town.’

88. miss sentir falta

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro sent-e falta de Maria
pn ( m ) feel-3 sg . prs lack( f ) of pn ( f )
‘Pedro misses Maria.’

89. follow seguir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro segu-e Miguel
pn ( m ) follow-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro follows Miguel.’

90. dismount desmontar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro desmont-a do cavalo
pn ( m ) dismount-3 sg . prs of+ def . m horse( m )
‘Pedro dismounted the horse.’

91. listen escutar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro escut-a o rádio
pn ( m ) listen-3 sg . prs def . m radio( m )
‘Pedro is listening to the radio.’

92. obey obedecer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro obedec-e sua mãe
pn ( m ) obey-3 sg . prs poss .3. f mother( f )
‘Pedro obeys his mother.’

93. hear ouvir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ouv-e música
pn ( m ) hear-3 sg . prs music( f )
‘Pedro hears the music.’

94. mix misturar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
o mel se mistur-a com o leite
def . m honey( m ) refl mix-3 sg . prs with def . m milk( f )
‘The honey is mixing with the milk.’

95. look olhar

Valency pattern: SBJ_para
X: SBJ
Y: para
Locus: Y
Pedro olh-a para a nuvem
pn ( m ) look-3 sg . prs towards def . f cloud( f )
‘Pedro is looking at the cloud.’

96. take off tirar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro tir-ou a camisa
pn ( m ) remove-3 sg . pst def . f shirt( f )
‘Pedro took off the shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sonhar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro sonh-a com Maria
pn ( m ) dream-3 sg . prs with pn ( f )
‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’

98. agree concordar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro concord-a com Maria
pn ( m ) agree-3 sg . prs with pn ( f )
‘Pedro agrees with Maria.’

99. have a quarrel discutir

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro discut-iu com Maria
pn ( m ) argue-3 sg . pst with pn ( f )
‘Pedro had a quarrel with Maria.’

100. cost custar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ess-a xícar-a cust-a um dólar
dem . med - f cup( f ) cost-3 sg . prs indf dollar( m )
‘This cup costs a dollar.’

101. shoot at atirar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro atir-ou no pássaro
pn ( m ) shoot-3 sg . pst in+ def . m bird( m )
‘Pedro shot at the bird.’

102. pour colocar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro coloc-a açúcar
pn ( m ) place-3 sg . prs sugar( m )
‘Pedro poured some sugar.’

103. lose perder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro perd-eu a-s chave-s
pn ( m ) lose-3 sg . pst def . f - pl key( f )- pl
‘Pedro lost the keys.’

104. sink afundar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
o galho afund-ou na água
def . m branch( m ) sink-3 sg . pst in+ def . f water( f )
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill matar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro mat-ou Miguel
pn ( m ) kill-3 sg . pst pn ( m )
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’

106. hit bater

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro bat-eu em Miguel
pn ( m ) hit-3 sg . pst in pn ( m )
‘Pedro hit Miguel.’

107. kiss beijar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro beij-ou Maria
pn ( m ) kiss-3 sg . pst pn ( f )
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’

108. read ler

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro l-eu um livro interessante
pn ( m ) read-3 sg . pst indf book( m ) interesting
‘Pedro read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) mover

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro mov-eu o dedo
pn ( m ) move-3 sg . pst def . m finger( m )
‘Pedro moved the finger.’

110. respect respeitar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro respeit-a Miguel
pn ( m ) respect-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro respects Miguel.’

111. be squeamish ter nojo

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro tem nojo de louça suj-a
pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs disgust( m ) of tableware( f ) dirty- f
‘Pedro is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content estar satisfeito

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro está satisfeit-o com seu filho
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs pleased- m with poss .3. m son( m )
‘Pedro is pleased with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love apaixonar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_por
X: SBJ
Y: por
Locus: Y
Pedro se apaixon-ou por Maria
pn ( m ) refl fall_in_love-3 sg . pst by pn ( f )
‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’

114. trust confiar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro confi-a em Maria
pn ( m ) trust-3 sg . prs in pn ( f )
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’

115. sympathise estar triste

Valency pattern: SBJ_por
X: SBJ
Y: por
Locus: Y
Pedro está triste por sua mãe
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs sad by poss .3. f mother( f )
‘Pedro feels sorry for his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy invejar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro invej-a Miguel
pn ( m ) envy-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’

117. be angry estar bravo

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro está brav-o com Miguel
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs angry- m with pn ( m )
‘Pedro is angry with Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised ficar surpreso

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro fic-ou surpres-o com ess-e presente
pn ( m ) get-3 sg . pst surprised- m with dem . med - m gift( m )
‘Pedro got surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) adorar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ador-a chá
pn ( m ) love-3 sg . prs tea( m )
‘Pedro loves tea.’

120. enjoy desfrutar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro desfrut-a de um chá quente
pn ( m ) enjoy-3 sg . prs of indf tea( m ) hot
‘Pedro is enjoying a hot tea.’

121. want querer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro quer um nov-o celular
pn ( m ) want.3 sg . prs indf new- m mobile_phone( m )
‘Pedro wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge estar bravo

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro está brav-o com Miguel
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs angry- m with pn ( m )
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence ofender-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro se ofend-eu com Miguel
pn ( m ) refl offend-3 sg . pst with pn ( m )
‘Pedro got offended at Miguel.’

124. upset ficar chateado

Valency pattern: com_SBJ
X: com
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Miguel fic-ou muito chate-ad-o com Pedro
pn ( m ) get-3 sg . pst very annoy- ptcp - m with pn ( m )
‘Miguel got very upset with Pedro.’

125. marvel ficar impressionado

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro fic-ou impression-ad-o com ess-a cidade
pn ( m ) get-3 sg . pst impress- ptcp - m with dem . med - f city( f )
‘Pedro was very impressed by this city.’

126. despise desprezar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro desprez-a Miguel
pn ( m ) despise-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro despises Miguel.’

127. get upset decepcionar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro se decepcion-ou com seu filho
pn ( m ) refl get_upset-3 sg . pst with poss .3. m son( m )
‘Pedro got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated irritar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro se irrit-a com sua filha
pn ( m ) refl be_irritated-3 sg . prs with poss .3. f daughter( f )
‘Pedro is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond simpatizar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro simpatiz-a com Miguel
pn ( m ) be_fond-3 sg . prs with pn ( m )
‘Pedro is fond of Miguel.’

130. be shy ter vergonha

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro tem vergonha de sua altura
pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs shame( f ) of poss .3. f height( f )
‘Pedro is shy about his height.’