Nivkh
Contributed by Anastasia Panova (Academia.edu profile )
The data were gathered in 2022 in Nogliki, the Sakhalin oblast, Russia. All translations were provided by Raisa Maksimovna Talina, a speaker of the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.
How to cite
Panova, Anastasia. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Nivkh.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on January 1, 2023;
last revised on February 5, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on
Basic info
Coordinates: 51.8, 143.14 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Nivkh, genus: Nivkh.
Macro-area: North and Central Asia.
Grammar notes
Basic clause structure and the transitive construction
Nivkh shows the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the canonical word order is SOV, and subject and direct object are unmarked. A direct object together with the head verb form a bound complex (in the glosses, the nominal and verbal parts of bound complexes are separated by “+”). Under certain morphophonological conditions, verbs in the bound complex show initial-consonant alternations triggered by the final segment of the preceding noun. In Raisa Maksimovna Talina’s idiolect, however, initial-consonant alternations are optional, cf. (1), so not all expected alternations occur in the gathered data.
(1) a. ɲi cʰaχ + ta-d
I water + drink-IND
‘I am drinking water.’ (with the consonant alternation)
b. ɲi cʰaχ ra-d
I water drink-IND
‘I am drinking water.’ (without the consonant alternation)
A direct object can be substituted by the pronominal prefix on the verb (2). In the data, the morphophonologically restricted prefix j- 3SG sometimes occurs on the verb when the direct object does not form a bound complex with the head.
(2) ɲi j-idə-d
I 3SG-see-IND
‘I saw him/her.’
Case system
The case system of the East Sakhalin dialect is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Case suffixes
case
marker
gloss
Nominative
-Ø
—
Dative/Accusative
-aχ , -χ
DAT/ACC
Locative/Ablative
-uɣe /-ɣe , -ux /-x , -xe /-xi
LOC/ABL
Dative/Additive
-toχ /-roχ /-doχ /-rχ /-tχ
DAT/ADD
Instrumental
-kiř /-ɣiř /-giř /-xiř , -kis /-ɣis /-gis /-xis
INS
Comparative
-ak
COMP
Limitative
-toɣo /-roɣo /-doɣo
LIM
Comitative, singular
-kin /-ɣin /-gin /-xin
COM.SG
Comitative, plural
-kunu /-ɣunu /-gunu /-xunu
COM.PL
Verb lemmas
Verbs are cited in the form of the non-future tense of the indicative mood. When the verbal stem has free and bound variants, the free variant is chosen.
Glossing abbreviations
ADV — adverb; CLOSE.DEM — close demonstrative; COM — comitative; COMP — comparative; CVB_NAR — narrative converb; DAT/ACC — dative/accusative; DAT/ADD — dative/accusative; IMP — imperative; INCL — inclusive; IND — indicative; INS — instrumental; LOC/ABL — locative/ablative; PL — plural; POS — possessive; PROX.DEM — proximal demonstrative; RFL — reflexive; SG — singular.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
DAT/ADD_SBJ
LOC/ABL_SBJ
SBJ_COM
SBJ_COMP
SBJ_DAT/ADD
SBJ_INS
SBJ_LOC/ABL
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
Y
Valency pattern:
LOC/ABL_SBJ
X: LOC/ABL
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Largun-ux
coŋr̥
qо-d
pn
-
loc
/
abl
head
ache-
ind
‘Largun has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Largun
gripp-ɣir̥
qо-d
pn
flu-
ins
be.sick-
ind
‘Largun has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Irgun
qanŋ
+
xlu-d
pn
dog
+
be.afraid-
ind
‘Irgun is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
kоqvеlq
paz-d
pn
shell
throw-
ind
‘Kaskazik threw a shell.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Largun
+
bоci-d
pn
pn
+
resemble-
ind
‘Kaskazik resembles Largun.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pitɣəŋ
ɣе-d
pn
book
take-
ind
‘Kaskazik took a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
taf
idə-d
pn
house
see-
ind
‘Kaskazik sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
оr-d
pn
pn
+
encounter-
ind
‘Kaskazik encountered Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
taf-tоχ
j-uɣ-d
pn
house-
dat
/
add
3
sg
-enter-
ind
‘Kaskzik entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COMP
X: SBJ
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Ajsana-ak
kʰə-d
pn
pn
-
comp
be_skillful-
ind
‘Kaskazik beat Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_LOC/ABL
X: SBJ
Y: LOC/ABL
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
tav-ux
pʰu-d
pn
house-
loc
/
abl
leave-
ind
‘Kaskazik went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
xеr-d
ɲе-rχ
pʰr̥ə-r̥
cʰma-ja
pn
pn
+
tell-
ind
1
sg
-
dat
/
add
come-
cvb
_
nar
visit-
imp
.2
sg
‘Kaskazik told Ajsana: “Come and visit me!”’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pitɣəŋ
e-v-d
pn
book
3
sg
-hold-
ind
‘Kaskazik is holding a book.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
patigur̥
stеnka
tamk-ɣir̥
vо-d
pn
quietly
wall
hand-
ins
hold-
ind
‘Kaskazik touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Irgun-ɣin
va-d
pn
pn
-
com
.
sg
fight-
ind
‘Kaskazik is fighting with Irgun.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Largun-ɣin
ŋafq
+
mu-d
pn
pn
-
com
.
sg
friend
+
become-
ind
‘Kaskazik is friends with Largun.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Ajsana-rоχ
kʰəmlə-d
pn
pn
-
dat
/
add
think-
ind
‘Kaskazik is thinking about Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
alr̥
+
ɲi-d
pn
berry
+
eat-
ind
‘Kaskazik ate a berry.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
cʰо
+
r̥a-d
pn
fish
+
fry-
ind
‘Kaskazik fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
ŋarmə-d
pn
pn
+
wait-
ind
‘Kaskazik is waiting for Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
hu
cif-kir̥
tχar̥pə-d
pn
close
.
dem
road-
ins
forget-
ind
‘Kaskazik forgot about the other road.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
az-d
pn
pn
+
call-
ind
‘Kaskazik called Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
j-ajm-d
pn
pn
3
sg
-know-
ind
‘Kaskazik knows Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
gitara-ɣir̥
sеw-d
pn
guitar-
ins
play-
ind
‘Kaskazik is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
bоmba
+
nə-d
pn
bomb
+
make-
ind
‘Kaskazik made a bomb.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
tʰu
+
iv-d
pn
narta
+
have-
ind
‘Kaskazik has a narta.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pitɣəŋ
+
ŋanɣ-t
pn
book
+
look.for-
ind
‘Kaskazik is looking for the book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
vazr̥
j-ivu-d
pn
fence
3
sg
-paint-
ind
‘Kaskazik painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
qanŋ
Kaskazik
+
ruk-t
dog
pn
+
bite-
ind
‘A dog bit Kaskazik.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
taf
+
pəkz-d
pn
house
+
lose-
ind
‘Kaskazik lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
kəsk
pоjm-d
pn
cat
try.to.catch-
ind
‘Kaskazik is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
cʰχar̥
zоsq-t
pn
tree
break-
ind
‘Kaskazik broke a stick.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
maʁo-d
pn
pn
+
love-
ind
‘Kaskazik loves Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik
cʰir
+
tʰu
kʰəmlə-d
pn
new
+
narta
think-
ind
‘Kaskazik is thinking of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
ŋirŋ
+
ɟu-d
pn
cup
+
wash-
ind
‘Kaskazik washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
var̥
xiz-d
pn
trousers
put.on-
ind
‘Kaskazik put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
tu
+
prеdmеt
kоmpas
χaw-d
prox
.
dem
+
thing
compass
call-
ind
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
cʰxəf
cʰо-ŋanʁ-nivŋ
vоlu-d
bear
fish-look.for-man
fell-
ind
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
sindux
cʰaχ-kir̥
saru-d
cask
water-
ins
fill-
ind
‘The cask filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pitɣəŋ
idə-d
pn
book
find-
ind
‘Kaskazik found the book.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
raɣraɣ-d
pn
pn
+
hate-
ind
‘Kaskazik hates Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
tu
+
lar̥q
+
maʁo-d
pn
dem
.
prox
+
shirt
+
like-
ind
‘Kaskazik likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik
cʰχa-ɣir̥
cʰiŋr-d
pn
money-
ins
suffer-
ind
‘Kaskazik is suffering about the money.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
raw-r̥aŋɢ-rоχ
it-t
pn
teach-woman-
dat
/
add
tell-
ind
‘Kaskazik answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
qalŋ
+
r̥əlɣ-d
pn
can
+
open-
ind
‘Kaskazik opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
ari-d
pn
pn
+
fall.behind-
ind
‘Kaskazik fell behind Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ɲ-ramk-ɣun
bеnzin-ɣir̥
nоʁ-d
1
sg
.
poss
-hand-
pl
gasoline-
ins
smell-
ind
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pоcurla
+
lu
+
lu-d
pn
beautiful
+
song
+
sing-
ind
‘Kaskazik sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pitɣəŋ
raju-d
pn
letter
write-
ind
‘Kaskazik wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
mоlоkо
+
ra-d
pn
milk
+
drink-
ind
‘Kaskazik drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
tu
+
viɣvur̥
ɲ-lar̥q-rоχ
nama-d
dem
.
prox
+
belt
1
sg
.
pos
-dress-
dat
/
add
be_good-
ind
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pʰ-vо
+
pəkz-d
pn
rfl
-village
+
lose-
ind
‘Kaskazik left his native village.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tʰu
tʰlaŋi
+
ŋamaɟ-ɣir̥
lac-t-ɣun
narta
reindeer
+
skin-
ins
underlay-
ind
-
pl
‘(They) covered the narta with reindeed skins.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
ur-gur̥
pʰ-raf
+
hujvu-d
pn
good-
adv
:3
sg
rfl
-house
+
remember-
ind
‘Kaskazik remembers his house well.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
rо-d
pn
pn
+
help-
ind
‘Kaskazik helped Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
lоci
+
duf
j-ajm-d
pn
r
ussian
+
language
3
sg
-understand-
ind
‘Kaskazik understands Russian.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
var̥par-d
taf-tоχ
j-uɣ-d
flash-
nml
house-
dat
/
add
3
sg
-enter-
ind
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
caqо-ɣir̥
pʰ-aq-t
pn
knife-
ins
rfl
-cut-
ind
‘Kaskazik cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
stakan
оstоl-rоχ
kеtv-d
glass
table-
dat
/
add
stick-
ind
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
pitɣəŋ-dоχ
e-zmu-d
pn
letter-
dat
/
add
3
sg
-like-
ind
‘Kaskazik was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Ajsana-ɣin
qlaj-d
pn
pn
-
com
.
sg
talk-
ind
‘Kaskazik is speaking with Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ajsana
azməc
+
eʁlŋ
pan-d
pn
man
+
child
give.birth-
ind
‘Ajsana gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
stakan
ɣuсi-t
pn
glass
drop-
ind
‘Kaskazik dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_LOC/ABL
X: SBJ
Y: LOC/ABL
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
mеn
+
vо-ux
əzŋ
+
mu-d
pn
1
pl
.
incl
+
village-
loc
/
abl
boss
+
become-
ind
‘Kaskazik runs our village.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Ajsana-rоχ
ŋawzоr̥k-t
pn
pn
-
dat
/
add
miss-
ind
‘Kaskazik misses Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
ari-d
pn
pn
+
fall.behind-
ind
‘Kaskazik follows Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_LOC/ABL
X: SBJ
Y: LOC/ABL
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
murŋ-ux
caqr-d
pn
horse-
loc
/
abl
jump-
ind
‘Kaskazik got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
radiо
+
mə-d
pn
radio
+
listen-
ind
‘Kaskazik is listening to radio.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ajsana
əmk
+
mə-d
pn
mother
+
listen-
ind
‘Ajsana obeys his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
lu
+
mə-d
pn
song
+
listen-
ind
‘Kaskazik hears the song.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
alr̥
cʰо-ɣir̥
vəlk-d
berry
fish-
ins
mix-
ind
‘(She) mixed the berries with the fish.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
tʰlə-rоχ
tʰər-d
pn
sky-
dat
/
add
look-
ind
‘Kaskazik is looking at the sky.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
DAT/ADD_SBJ
X: DAT/ADD
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kaskazik
Ajsana-rоχ
tʰəi-d
pn
pn
-
dat
/
add
dream-
ind
‘Ajsana dreams about Kaskazik.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Ajsana-ɣin
um-d
pn
pn
-
com
.
sg
be_angry-
ind
‘Kaskazik had a quarrel with Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
tu
+
ŋirŋ
ɲaqr̥
cʰχa
e-rʁa-d
dem
.
prox
+
cup
one
rouble
3
sg
-cost-
ind
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pujŋa
+
χatu-d
pn
bird
+
shoot-
ind
‘Kaskazik shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
ŋirŋ-dоχ
sеta
si-d
pn
cup-
dat
/
add
sugar
put-
ind
‘Kaskazik poured the sugar into the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pitɣəŋ
pəkz-d
pn
book
lose-
ind
‘Kaskazik lost his book.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Irgun
i-ɣ-d
pn
pn
3
sg
-kill-
ind
‘Kaskazik killed Irgun.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Irgun
+
za-d
pn
pn
+
hit-
ind
‘Kaskazik hit Irgun.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
mоc-t
pn
pn
+
kiss-
ind
‘Kaskazik kissed Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pitɣəŋ
j-uru-d
pn
book
3
sg
-read-
ind
‘Kaskazik read a book.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik
tuɲm-ɣir̥
eɲŋaɲŋa-d
pn
finger-
ins
touch-
ind
‘Kaskazik touched his finger.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Ajsana-rоχ
nеf
ur-d
pn
pn
-
dat
/
add
face
be_good-
ind
‘Kaskazik respects Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
eɣr̥k
+
ŋirŋ
+
cʰŋəsŋə-d
pn
dirty
+
dishes
+
be.squeamish-
ind
‘Kaskazik is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
Ajsana
+
maʁo-d
pn
pn
+
love-
ind
‘Kaskazik fell in love with Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Ajsana-rоχ
j-aχt-t
pn
pn
-
dat
/
add
3
sg
-trust-
ind
‘Kaskazik trusts Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pʰ-əmk
+
оŋar-d
pn
rfl
-mother
+
sympathise-
ind
‘Kaskazik sympathises with his mother.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Ajsana-rоχ
kеʁri-d
pn
pn
-
dat
/
add
be.angry-
ind
‘Kaskazik is angry with Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
hu
+
pоdarоk-rоχ
fəskə-d
pn
close
.
dem
+
gift-
dat
/
add
be.surprised-
ind
‘Kaskazik was surprised at this gift.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
cʰaj
+
smо-d
pn
tea
+
like-
ind
‘Kaskazik loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik
qavla
+
cʰaj
+
smо-qatn-d
pn
hot
+
tea
+
like-
aug
-
ind
‘Kaskazik likes hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
cʰir
+
mоbil'nik
+
aɣni-d
pn
new
+
mobile.phone
+
want-
ind
‘Kaskazik wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
Ajsana-rоχ
um-d
pn
pn
-
dat
/
add
be.angry-
ind
‘Kaskazik took offence at Ajsana.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik
pʰ-r̥aŋɢ-eʁlŋ-rоχ
kеʁri-d
pn
rfl
-woman-child-
dat
/
add
be.angry-
ind
‘Kaskazik is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik
pʰi
+
məckila
+
ut
j-еcʁa-d
pn
rfl
+
little
+
body
3
sg
-be.ashamed-
ind
‘Kaskazik is embarrased about his small body.’
