BivalTyp

Nivkh

Contributed by Anastasia Panova (Academia.edu profile)

A.P.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2022 in Nogliki, the Sakhalin oblast, Russia. All translations were provided by Raisa Maksimovna Talina, a speaker of the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Panova, Anastasia. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Nivkh. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 1, 2023; last revised on February 5, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Nivkh shows the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the canonical word order is SOV, and subject and direct object are unmarked. A direct object together with the head verb form a bound complex (in the glosses, the nominal and verbal parts of bound complexes are separated by “+”). Under certain morphophonological conditions, verbs in the bound complex show initial-consonant alternations triggered by the final segment of the preceding noun. In Raisa Maksimovna Talina’s idiolect, however, initial-consonant alternations are optional, cf. (1), so not all expected alternations occur in the gathered data.

(1)  a.  ɲi  cʰaχ   +  ta-d
         I   water  +  drink-IND
         ‘I am drinking water.’ (with the consonant alternation)

     b.  ɲi  cʰaχ   ra-d
         I   water  drink-IND
         ‘I am drinking water.’ (without the consonant alternation)

A direct object can be substituted by the pronominal prefix on the verb (2). In the data, the morphophonologically restricted prefix j- 3SG sometimes occurs on the verb when the direct object does not form a bound complex with the head.

(2)  ɲi  j-idə-d
     I   3SG-see-IND
     ‘I saw him/her.’

Case system

The case system of the East Sakhalin dialect is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Case suffixes

case marker gloss
Nominative -Ø —
Dative/Accusative -aχ, -χ DAT/ACC
Locative/Ablative -uɣe/-ɣe, -ux/-x, -xe/-xi LOC/ABL
Dative/Additive -toχ/-roχ/-doχ/-rχ/-tχ DAT/ADD
Instrumental -kiř/-ɣiř/-giř/-xiř, -kis/-ɣis/-gis/-xis INS
Comparative -ak COMP
Limitative -toɣo/-roɣo/-doɣo LIM
Comitative, singular -kin/-ɣin/-gin/-xin COM.SG
Comitative, plural -kunu/-ɣunu/-gunu/-xunu COM.PL

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in the form of the non-future tense of the indicative mood. When the verbal stem has free and bound variants, the free variant is chosen.

Glossing abbreviations

ADV — adverb; CLOSE.DEM — close demonstrative; COM — comitative; COMP — comparative; CVB_NAR — narrative converb; DAT/ACC — dative/accusative; DAT/ADD — dative/accusative; IMP — imperative; INCL — inclusive; IND — indicative; INS — instrumental; LOC/ABL — locative/ablative; PL — plural; POS — possessive; PROX.DEM — proximal demonstrative; RFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain qоd

Valency pattern: LOC/ABL_SBJ
X: LOC/ABL
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Largun-ux coŋr̥ qо-d
pn - loc / abl head ache- ind
‘Largun has a headache.’

2. have (illness) qоd

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Largun gripp-ɣir̥ qо-d
pn flu- ins be.sick- ind
‘Largun has the flu.’

3. be afraid kʰlud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Irgun qanŋ + xlu-d
pn dog + be.afraid- ind
‘Irgun is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw pazd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik kоqvеlq paz-d
pn shell throw- ind
‘Kaskazik threw a shell.’

5. have enough *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

6. resemble vоcid

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Largun + bоci-d
pn pn + resemble- ind
‘Kaskazik resembles Largun.’

7. believe *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

8. take ɣеd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ ɣе-d
pn book take- ind
‘Kaskazik took a book.’

9. see idəd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik taf idə-d
pn house see- ind
‘Kaskazik sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter vord

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + оr-d
pn pn + encounter- ind
‘Kaskazik encountered Ajsana.’

12. enter juɣd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik taf-tоχ j-uɣ-d
pn house- dat / add 3 sg -enter- ind
‘Kaskzik entered the house.’

13. win kʰəd

Valency pattern: SBJ_COMP
X: SBJ
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-ak kʰə-d
pn pn - comp be_skillful- ind
‘Kaskazik beat Ajsana.’

14. go out pʰud

Valency pattern: SBJ_LOC/ABL
X: SBJ
Y: LOC/ABL
Locus: Y
Kaskazik tav-ux pʰu-d
pn house- loc / abl leave- ind
‘Kaskazik went out of the house.’

15. drive *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

16. bend *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

17. tell xеrd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + xеr-d ɲе-rχ pʰr̥ə-r̥ cʰma-ja
pn pn + tell- ind 1 sg - dat / add come- cvb _ nar visit- imp .2 sg
‘Kaskazik told Ajsana: “Come and visit me!”’

18. hold evd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ e-v-d
pn book 3 sg -hold- ind
‘Kaskazik is holding a book.’

19. catch up *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

20. milk *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

21. reach *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

22. touch evd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik patigur̥ stеnka tamk-ɣir̥ vо-d
pn quietly wall hand- ins hold- ind
‘Kaskazik touched the wall.’

23. fight vad

Valency pattern: SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Irgun-ɣin va-d
pn pn - com . sg fight- ind
‘Kaskazik is fighting with Irgun.’

24. be friends ŋafq mud

Valency pattern: SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Largun-ɣin ŋafq + mu-d
pn pn - com . sg friend + become- ind
‘Kaskazik is friends with Largun.’

25. think kʰəmləd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ kʰəmlə-d
pn pn - dat / add think- ind
‘Kaskazik is thinking about Ajsana.’

26. eat ivd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik alr̥ + ɲi-d
pn berry + eat- ind
‘Kaskazik ate a berry.’

27. fry r̥ad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik cʰо + r̥a-d
pn fish + fry- ind
‘Kaskazik fried the fish.’

28. wait ŋarməd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + ŋarmə-d
pn pn + wait- ind
‘Kaskazik is waiting for Ajsana.’

29. forget tχar̥pəd

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kaskazik hu cif-kir̥ tχar̥pə-d
pn close . dem road- ins forget- ind
‘Kaskazik forgot about the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call jazd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + az-d
pn pn + call- ind
‘Kaskazik called Ajsana.’

32. get to know *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

33. know jajmd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana j-ajm-d
pn pn 3 sg -know- ind
‘Kaskazik knows Ajsana.’

34. play (instrument) sеwd

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kaskazik gitara-ɣir̥ sеw-d
pn guitar- ins play- ind
‘Kaskazik is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

36. make nəd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik bоmba + nə-d
pn bomb + make- ind
‘Kaskazik made a bomb.’

37. make fun *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

38. have ivd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik tʰu + iv-d
pn narta + have- ind
‘Kaskazik has a narta.’

39. look for ŋanɣt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ + ŋanɣ-t
pn book + look.for- ind
‘Kaskazik is looking for the book.’

40. paint jivud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik vazr̥ j-ivu-d
pn fence 3 sg -paint- ind
‘Kaskazik painted the fence.’

41. bite rukt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
qanŋ Kaskazik + ruk-t
dog pn + bite- ind
‘A dog bit Kaskazik.’

42. forfeit vəkzd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik taf + pəkz-d
pn house + lose- ind
‘Kaskazik lost his house.’

43. try to catch pоjmd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik kəsk pоjm-d
pn cat try.to.catch- ind
‘Kaskazik is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break zоsqt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik cʰχar̥ zоsq-t
pn tree break- ind
‘Kaskazik broke a stick.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) maʁod

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + maʁo-d
pn pn + love- ind
‘Kaskazik loves Ajsana.’

47. wave *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

48. dream kʰəmləd

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik cʰir + tʰu kʰəmlə-d
pn new + narta think- ind
‘Kaskazik is thinking of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

49. wash zud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik ŋirŋ + ɟu-d
pn cup + wash- ind
‘Kaskazik washed the cup.’

50. put on xizd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik var̥ xiz-d
pn trousers put.on- ind
‘Kaskazik put on his trousers.’

51. be called χawd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
tu + prеdmеt kоmpas χaw-d
prox . dem + thing compass call- ind
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack vоlud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
cʰxəf cʰо-ŋanʁ-nivŋ vоlu-d
bear fish-look.for-man fell- ind
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) sarud

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
sindux cʰaχ-kir̥ saru-d
cask water- ins fill- ind
‘The cask filled with water.’

55. find idəd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ idə-d
pn book find- ind
‘Kaskazik found the book.’

56. be short *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

57. hate raɣraɣd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + raɣraɣ-d
pn pn + hate- ind
‘Kaskazik hates Ajsana.’

58. like maʁod

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik tu + lar̥q + maʁo-d
pn dem . prox + shirt + like- ind
‘Kaskazik likes this shirt.’

59. need cʰiŋrd

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik cʰχa-ɣir̥ cʰiŋr-d
pn money- ins suffer- ind
‘Kaskazik is suffering about the money.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

60. surround *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

61. remain *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

62. answer itt

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik raw-r̥aŋɢ-rоχ it-t
pn teach-woman- dat / add tell- ind
‘Kaskazik answered the teacher.’

63. open r̥əlɣd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik qalŋ + r̥əlɣ-d
pn can + open- ind
‘Kaskazik opened a can.’

64. be different *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

65. fall behind jarid

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + ari-d
pn pn + fall.behind- ind
‘Kaskazik fell behind Ajsana.’

66. plough *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

67. smell nоʁd

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ɲ-ramk-ɣun bеnzin-ɣir̥ nоʁ-d
1 sg . poss -hand- pl gasoline- ins smell- ind
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

69. sing lud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pоcurla + lu + lu-d
pn beautiful + song + sing- ind
‘Kaskazik sang a beautiful song.’

70. write rajud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ raju-d
pn letter write- ind
‘Kaskazik wrote a letter.’

71. drink rad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik mоlоkо + ra-d
pn milk + drink- ind
‘Kaskazik drank the milk.’

72. melt *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

73. match namad

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
tu + viɣvur̥ ɲ-lar̥q-rоχ nama-d
dem . prox + belt 1 sg . pos -dress- dat / add be_good- ind
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave vəkzd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pʰ-vо + pəkz-d
pn rfl -village + lose- ind
‘Kaskazik left his native village.’

75. cover lact

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tʰu tʰlaŋi + ŋamaɟ-ɣir̥ lac-t-ɣun
narta reindeer + skin- ins underlay- ind - pl
‘(They) covered the narta with reindeed skins.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

76. remember hujvud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik ur-gur̥ pʰ-raf + hujvu-d
pn good- adv :3 sg rfl -house + remember- ind
‘Kaskazik remembers his house well.’

77. help rоd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + rо-d
pn pn + help- ind
‘Kaskazik helped Ajsana.’

78. understand (language) jajmd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik lоci + duf j-ajm-d
pn r ussian + language 3 sg -understand- ind
‘Kaskazik understands Russian.’

79. hit (target) juɣd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
var̥par-d taf-tоχ j-uɣ-d
flash- nml house- dat / add 3 sg -enter- ind
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself jaqt

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kaskazik caqо-ɣir̥ pʰ-aq-t
pn knife- ins rfl -cut- ind
‘Kaskazik cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck kеtvd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
stakan оstоl-rоχ kеtv-d
glass table- dat / add stick- ind
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

83. be glad ezmud

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ-dоχ e-zmu-d
pn letter- dat / add 3 sg -like- ind
‘Kaskazik was glad about the letter.’

84. speak qlajd

Valency pattern: SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-ɣin qlaj-d
pn pn - com . sg talk- ind
‘Kaskazik is speaking with Ajsana.’

85. give birth pand

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ajsana azməc + eʁlŋ pan-d
pn man + child give.birth- ind
‘Ajsana gave birth to a son.’

86. drop ɣuсit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik stakan ɣuсi-t
pn glass drop- ind
‘Kaskazik dropped the glass.’

87. govern əzŋ mud

Valency pattern: SBJ_LOC/ABL
X: SBJ
Y: LOC/ABL
Locus: Y
Kaskazik mеn + vо-ux əzŋ + mu-d
pn 1 pl . incl + village- loc / abl boss + become- ind
‘Kaskazik runs our village.’

88. miss ŋawzоr̥kt

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ ŋawzоr̥k-t
pn pn - dat / add miss- ind
‘Kaskazik misses Ajsana.’

89. follow jarid

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + ari-d
pn pn + fall.behind- ind
‘Kaskazik follows Ajsana.’

90. dismount caqrd

Valency pattern: SBJ_LOC/ABL
X: SBJ
Y: LOC/ABL
Locus: Y
Kaskazik murŋ-ux caqr-d
pn horse- loc / abl jump- ind
‘Kaskazik got down from the horse.’

91. listen məd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik radiо + mə-d
pn radio + listen- ind
‘Kaskazik is listening to radio.’

92. obey məd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ajsana əmk + mə-d
pn mother + listen- ind
‘Ajsana obeys his mother.’

93. hear məd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik lu + mə-d
pn song + listen- ind
‘Kaskazik hears the song.’

94. mix vəlkd

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
alr̥ cʰо-ɣir̥ vəlk-d
berry fish- ins mix- ind
‘(She) mixed the berries with the fish.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

95. look tʰərd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik tʰlə-rоχ tʰər-d
pn sky- dat / add look- ind
‘Kaskazik is looking at the sky.’

96. take off *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

97. dream (sleeping) tʰəid

Valency pattern: DAT/ADD_SBJ
X: DAT/ADD
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ tʰəi-d
pn pn - dat / add dream- ind
‘Ajsana dreams about Kaskazik.’

98. agree *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

99. have a quarrel umd

Valency pattern: SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-ɣin um-d
pn pn - com . sg be_angry- ind
‘Kaskazik had a quarrel with Ajsana.’

100. cost erʁad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
tu + ŋirŋ ɲaqr̥ cʰχa e-rʁa-d
dem . prox + cup one rouble 3 sg -cost- ind
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’

101. shoot at χad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pujŋa + χatu-d
pn bird + shoot- ind
‘Kaskazik shot at the bird.’

102. pour sid

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik ŋirŋ-dоχ sеta si-d
pn cup- dat / add sugar put- ind
‘Kaskazik poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose vəkzd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ pəkz-d
pn book lose- ind
‘Kaskazik lost his book.’

104. sink *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

105. kill iɣd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Irgun i-ɣ-d
pn pn 3 sg -kill- ind
‘Kaskazik killed Irgun.’

106. hit zad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Irgun + za-d
pn pn + hit- ind
‘Kaskazik hit Irgun.’

107. kiss mоct

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + mоc-t
pn pn + kiss- ind
‘Kaskazik kissed Ajsana.’

108. read jurud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ j-uru-d
pn book 3 sg -read- ind
‘Kaskazik read a book.’

109. move (bodypart) eɲŋawd

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik tuɲm-ɣir̥ eɲŋaɲŋa-d
pn finger- ins touch- ind
‘Kaskazik touched his finger.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

110. respect urd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ nеf ur-d
pn pn - dat / add face be_good- ind
‘Kaskazik respects Ajsana.’

111. be squeamish cʰŋəsŋəd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik eɣr̥k + ŋirŋ + cʰŋəsŋə-d
pn dirty + dishes + be.squeamish- ind
‘Kaskazik is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

113. fall in love maʁod

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + maʁo-d
pn pn + love- ind
‘Kaskazik fell in love with Ajsana.’

114. trust jaχtt

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ j-aχt-t
pn pn - dat / add 3 sg -trust- ind
‘Kaskazik trusts Ajsana.’

115. sympathise оŋard

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pʰ-əmk + оŋar-d
pn rfl -mother + sympathise- ind
‘Kaskazik sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

117. be angry kеʁrid

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ kеʁri-d
pn pn - dat / add be.angry- ind
‘Kaskazik is angry with Ajsana.’

118. be surprised fəskəd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik hu + pоdarоk-rоχ fəskə-d
pn close . dem + gift- dat / add be.surprised- ind
‘Kaskazik was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) ezmud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik cʰaj + smо-d
pn tea + like- ind
‘Kaskazik loves tea.’

120. enjoy ezmud

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik qavla + cʰaj + smо-qatn-d
pn hot + tea + like- aug - ind
‘Kaskazik likes hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

121. want jaɣnid

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik cʰir + mоbil'nik + aɣni-d
pn new + mobile.phone + want- ind
‘Kaskazik wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

123. take offence umd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ um-d
pn pn - dat / add be.angry- ind
‘Kaskazik took offence at Ajsana.’

124. upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

125. marvel *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

128. get irritated kеʁrid

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik pʰ-r̥aŋɢ-eʁlŋ-rоχ kеʁri-d
pn rfl -woman-child- dat / add be.angry- ind
‘Kaskazik is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy jеcʁad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pʰi + məckila + ut j-еcʁa-d
pn rfl + little + body 3 sg -be.ashamed- ind
‘Kaskazik is embarrased about his small body.’