Nanai

Contributed by Daria Mishchenko (Academia.edu profile) and Sofia Oskolskaya (Academia.edu profile)

D.M.'s photo S.O.'s photo

The data were collected in 2013 in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. Most of the data were gathered from speakers living in the villages of Naikhin and Daerga, who spoke the Naikhin variety, which is the basis of standard Nanai. Some data were also verified with two consultants from Dzhuen, who spoke a Dzhuen variety of Nanai that is very close to Naikhin Nanai.

How to cite

Mischenko, Daria & Sofia Oskolskaya. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Nanai. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on February 28, 2021; last revised on October 26, 2021.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 49.28, 136.47.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Altaic, genus: Tungusic.
Macro-area: North and Central Asia.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

The default linear order in Nanai is SOV, although it is not very strict. The nominal subject is expressed with an unmarked form and agrees with the predicate in person and number. The direct object can be expressed with an unmarked form (1), accusative form (2) or a destinative form (3) depending on its semantic and referential parameters (known as Differential Object Marking). However, examples with an unmarked object were absent from the questionnaire since the stimuli contained highly referential objects. Additionally, examples with the destinative form are also absent due to the lack of appropriate contexts.

(1)  ʒele  puju-u-ri
     head  boil-IMPS-NPST
     ‘They boil a head (of a hunted animal)’ (text, recorded in Sinda in 2011)

(2)  Petia  ǯolo-wa    naŋga.la-xa-ni
     PN     stone-OBL  throw.PFV-PST-P.3SG
     ‘Petia threw a stone.’

(3)  N'oani  ǯea-go-i               gələ-j-ni.
     3SG     friend-DEST-P.REFL.SG  ask-NPST-P.3SG
     ‘He is looking for a friend’.

All other verbal arguments are expressed with other case forms or with postpositional phrases.

TAM-features are indexed on the verb forms and do not affect argument encoding.

Case system

Nanai has 9 cases. The list of case suffixes is given below in Table 1.

Table 1. Nanai case system

Case	Marker	Gloss
Nominative	unmarked	—
Accusative	-wa/-wə~-ba/-bə	OBL
Destinative	-go / -gu	DEST
Instrumental	-ǯi	INS
Dative/Essive	-do/-du	DAT
Locative	-la/-lə~-dola/-dulə	LOC
Directive	-či	DIR
Ablative	-ǯia(ǯi)/-ǯiə(ǯi)	ABL

The accusative suffix does not occur in a form with a reflexive possessive marker. The destinative case always occurs with a possessive suffix indicating a future possessor of an object, see (3). The oblique case forms of the personal possessive paradigm include the same suffix as the accusative case, which is glossed as oblique (OBL), see the personal possessive declension of ogda ‘boat’ in Table 2 (only forms of 2SG are given).

Table 2. Case forms of ogda-si ‘your (SG) boat’

Case	form	gloss
NOM	ogda-si	boat-P.2SG
ACC (ABL)	ogda-wa-si	boat-OBL-P.2SG
DEST	ogda-go-a-si	boat-DEST-OBL-P.2SG
INS	ogda-ǯi-a-si	boat-INS-OBL-P.2SG
DAT	ogda-do-a-si	boat-DAT-OBL-P.2SG
LOC	ogda-la-si	boat-LOC-P.2SG
DIR	ogda-či-a-si	boat-DIR-OBL-P.2SG
abl	ogda-ʒiaʒi-a-si	boat-ABL-OBL-P.2SG

Verb lemmas

Verbs are presented in their bare stem form, including valency-changing, aspect, and modality markers, but excluding tense and person-number affixes.

Glossing abbreviations

1, 2, 3 — 1, 2, 3 person; ABL — ablative; ADV — adverbializer; AG — agent; ATT — attenuative; CAUS — causative; DAT — dative; DES — desiderative; DEST — destinative; DIR — directive; IMPS — impersonal; INCH1 — first inchoative; INS — instrumental; INSTR — proprietive; INTR — intransitive; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; NPST — non-past; OBL — oblique (accusative); P — possessive; PART.EMPH — emphatic particle; PASS — passive; PFV — perfective; PN — proper name; POSS.PRED — predicative possession; PST — past; RECP — reciprocal; REFL — reflexive; REP — repetitive; RES — resultative; RESTR — restrictive; SG — singular; SOC— sociative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	ǯele-ni	ənu.si-ni
pn	head- p .3 sg	be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) ənusi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	grippa-ǯi	ənu.si-ni
pn	flu- ins	be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has the flu.’

3. be afraid ŋəələ-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	enda-ǯi	ŋəələ-j-ni
pn	dog- ins	be_afraid- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw naŋgala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ǯolo-wa	naŋga.la-xa-ni
pn	stone- obl	throw. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia threw a stone.’

5. have enough ələ

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: DAT

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

mindu	suə=də	ələ
i . dat	you= part . emph	be_enough
≈ ‘It is sufficient for me to have you.’ (lit. ‘You are enough for me.’)
Note: Children ask their mother for a little brother and she answers: ...

6. resemble bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_mat

X: NOM

Y: mat

Locus: Y

Petia	Vasia=mat	bi
pn	pn =like	be. npst
‘Petia resembles Vasia.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe agdača-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	agda-ča-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia believes Masha.’

8. take ǯapa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	polka-ǯea	daŋsa-wa	ǯapa-xa-ni
pn	shelf- abl	book- obl	take- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took a book from the shelf.’

9. see icə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ǯoo-wa	icə-j-ni
pn	house- obl	see- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter baači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	baače-la-xa-ni
pn	pn - ins	meet- pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia encountered Masha.’

12. enter iigu-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	ǯook-či	ii-gu-xə-ni
pn	house- dir	enter- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia entered the house.’

13. win xətə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xətə-xə-ni
pn	pn - obl	win- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia beat Masha.’

14. go out niə-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	ǯoog-ǯeaǯi	niə-xə-ni
pn	house- abl	go_out- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia went out of the house.’

15. drive puŋiə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	exa-mba	sirgə-či	puŋiə-j-ni
pn	cow- obl	hillock_by_river- dir	drive- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend uriəwən-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	suktu-wə	uri.ə-wəŋ-ki-ni
pn	branch- obl	bend. intr - caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia bent the branch.’

17. tell un-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	uŋ-ki-ni
pn	pn - dir	tell- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia told Masha: ...’

18. hold ǯapača-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ŋaala-do-i	daŋsa-wa	ǯapa-ča-j-ni
pn	hand- dat - p . refl . sg	book- obl	grab- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up xaŋpan-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xaŋpaŋ-ki-ni
pn	pn - obl	catch_up- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia caught up with Masha.’

20. milk siri-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Maša	exa-mba	sere-xa-ni
pn	cow- obl	milk- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha milked the cow.’

21. reach esi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	bagea-wa	ese-xa-ni
pn	opposite_bank- obl	reach- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia reached the bank.’

22. touch toŋala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	paǯera-mba	toŋa.la-xa-ni
pn	wall- obl	touch. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia touched the wall.’

23. fight sorimači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Vasia-ǯi	sore-mači-či
pn	pn - ins	fight- recp . npst - p .3 pl
‘Petia is fighting with Vasia.’

24. be friends andalača-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Vasia-ǯi	anda-la-ča-j-ni
pn	pn - ins	friend- pfv - res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is friends with Vasia.’

25. think murči-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	murči-ni
pn	pn - obl	think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat sea-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	jabloka-wa	sea-xa-ni
pn	apple- obl	eat- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia ate an apple.’

27. fry čero-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	sogdata-wa	čero-xa-ni
pn	fish- obl	fry- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fried the fish.’

28. wait xalači-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xala.či-ni
pn	pn - obl	wait. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is waiting for Masha.’

29. forget oŋbo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	goj-ǯema	pokto-wa	oŋbo-xa-ni
pn	other- restr	road- obl	forget- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisela-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

əǯə-čə-u-ri	zavisela-j-ni	səə-ǯiəǯi
remember- res - imps - npst	depend- npst - p .3 sg	age- abl
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call xəərsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

totara	Maša	Petia-wə	xəərsi-xə-ni
then	pn	pn - obl	call- pst - p .3 sg
‘Then Masha called Petia.’

32. get to know takoali-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	tako-a-le-xa-ni	əm	ajŋane-ndo	bi
pn	pn - ins	know- intr - pfv - pst - p .3 sg	one	year- dat	be. npst
‘Petia got to know Masha a year ago.’

33. know saa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	saa-ri-ni
pn	pn - obl	know- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) kupi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	gitar(a)-ǯi	kupi-ni
pn	guitar- ins	play. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid xoliači-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xole-a-či-ni
pn	pn - obl	walk_around- intr - ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia avoids Masha.’

36. make aŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	bomba-wa	aŋgo-xa-ni
pn	bomb- obl	make- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia made a bomb.’

37. make fun siŋgərə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	siŋgərə-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	make_fun- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’

38. have bi-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petia-du	mašina	bi
pn - dat	car	be. npst
‘Petia has a car.’

39. look for gələgu-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	anako-wa	gələ-gu-j-ni
pn	key- obl	ask- rep - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is looking for his keys.’

40. paint niulə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	geasa-wa	niulə-xə-ni
pn	hedge- obl	paint- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia painted the fence.’

41. bite səkpən-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

enda	Petia-wə	səkpəŋ-ki-ni
dog	pn - obl	bite- pst - p .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petia.’

42. forfeit xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ǯo-i	xuədə-xə-ni
pn	house- p . refl . sg	lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his house.’

43. try to catch ǯapajča-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	kəksə-wa	ǯapa-jča-j-ni
pn	cat- obl	take- des - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break bojali-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	moka-mba	boja.le-ха-ni
pn	small_tree- obl	break. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia broke a stick.’

45. flatter ojban-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	Maša-ǯi	ojban-ǯi-ni
pn	pn - ins	fawn- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is fawning on Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

46. love (person) uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	uləsi-ni
pn	pn - obl	love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves Masha.’

47. wave xarxi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	puŋku-ǯi	xarxi-ni
pn	handkerchief- ins	wave. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream murči-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	sikun	mašina-wa	murči-ni
pn	new	car- obl	think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash selko-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	kota-mba	selko-xa-ni
pn	cup- obl	wash- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia washed the cup.’

50. put on tətu-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	pəru-wə	tətu-xə-ni
pn	trousers- obl	put_on- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia put on his trousers.’

51. be called gərbiəsiu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

əj	ǯaka-wa	kompasа-ǯi	gərbiə-si-u-ri
this	object- obl	compass- ins	call- ipfv - imps - npst
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish kəsuli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	piktə-i	kəsu.li-xə-ni
pn	child- p . refl . sg	punish. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia punished his son.’

53. attack xukču-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

mapa	bota-mǯi-či	xukču-xə-ni
bear	fish- ag - dir	attack- pst - p .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) teas o-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

muəlu	muə-ǯi	teas	o-či-ni
bucket	water- ins	full	become- pst - p .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find baogo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	anako-wa	bao-go-xa-ni
pn	key- obl	find- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia found his keys.’

56. be short aoli-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: DAT

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

Petia-du	əm	tiəsə	aoli-ni
pn - dat	one	rouble	lack. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is one rouble short.’

57. hate čiurisi

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	čiuri.si-ni
pn	pn - ins	be_dismayed. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hates Masha.’

58. like ulə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	əj	tətuə-wə	ulə.si-ni
pn	this	garment- obl	love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia likes this shirt.’

59. need gələ-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

əsi	Petia	ǯexa-wa	gələ-j-ni
now	pn	money- obl	ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia needs money.’

60. surround elisi-

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkendeli

X: NOM

Y: OBLkendeli

Locus: Y

xoto-mba	kəndəli	paǯeran	ele-si-ni
town- obl	around	wall	stand_up- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain osigo-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pətjə-du	ǯoan	tiəsə	ose-go-xa-ni
pn - dat	ten	rouble	become- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has ten roubles left.’

62. answer taodago-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Pətjə	alo-si-mǯi-či	taoda-go-xa-ni
pn	teach- ipfv - ag - dir	answer- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia answered the teacher.’

63. open nixəli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Pətjə	banka-wa	nixə.li-xə-ni
pn	can- obl	open. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia opened a can.’

64. be different xaŋisila bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mi	tətuə-i	si-ŋgi-ǯia	xaŋe.se-la	bi
1 sg	garment- p .1 sg	2 sg - poss . pred - abl	side. dir - adv	be. npst
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind xamila dərəǯi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯea	xame-la-ni	dərəǯi-xə-ni
pn	pn - abl	back- loc - p .3 sg	remain- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fell behind Masha.’

66. plough anǯala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	daai	usi-mba	anǯa-la-j-ni
pn	big	vegetable_garden- obl	plough- pfv - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is ploughing the field.’

67. smell puni ənə-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mi	ŋaala-ǯea-i	benzin	pu-ni	ənə-j-ni
1 sg	hand- abl - p . refl . sg	gasoline	smell- p .3 sg	go- npst - p .3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross dao-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	pokto-wa	dao-xa-ni
pn	road- obl	cross- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia crossed the road.’

69. sing ǯari-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	gučkuli	ǯare-mba	ǯare-xa-ni
pn	beautiful	n anai_song- obl	sing- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sang a beautiful song.’

70. write niru-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	bičxə-wə	niru-xə-ni
pn	leter- obl	write- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia wrote a letter.’

71. drink omi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	moloko-wa	ome-xa-ni
pn	milk- obl	drink- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia drank the milk.’

72. melt uumbuwən-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	toǯa	pase-wa-n’	uu-mbuwəŋ-ki-ni
pn	lead	piece- obl - p .3 sg	melt- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ača-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

əj	omol	mi	tətuə-či-i-wa	ača-j-ni
this	belt	1 sg	garment- dir - p .1 sg - obl	match- npst - p .3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave ənu-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	mənə	xoto-nǯeaǯe-i	ənu-xə-ni
pn	refl	town- abl - p . refl . sg	leave- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia left his native city.’

75. cover dasi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Paǯeran	dase-ko-ni	pala-mba	xəm	dasi-xə-ni
wall	close- instr - p .3 sg	floor- obl	whole	close- pst - p .3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember əǯəčə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	mənə	urə-xəm-bə	ǯoo-wa	ulə	əǯə-čə-j-ni
pn	refl	grow- pst - obl	house- obl	good	remember- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help bələči-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-du	bələči-xə-ni
pn	pn - dat	help- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) otoli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	francuskij	xəsə-wə	otoli-ni
pn	f rench	word- obl	be_able. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia understands French.’

79. hit (target) tojko-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

agǯe	tali-ni	ǯoo-wa	tojko-xa-ni
storm	flash. npst - p .3 sg	house- obl	hit- pst - p .3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself xaga-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	britva-ǯi	xaga-xa-ni
pn	razor- ins	cut_oneself- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck lakto-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

stakan	dərə-či	lakto-xa-ni
glass	table- dir	stick- pst - p .3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) pərə-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-du	pərə-xə-ni
pn	pn - dat	lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost to Masha.’

83. be glad agda-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	bičxə-či	agda-xa-ni
pn	letter- dir	rejoice- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was glad about the letter.’

84. speak gusərəndu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	gusərə-ndu-j-ni
pn	pn - ins	tell- soc - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth baa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Maša	Petia-wa	baa-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tugbu-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	stakam-ba	tug-bu-xə-ni
pn	glass- obl	fall- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dropped the glass.’

87. govern dala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	buə	exo-mba	dala-j-ni
pn	1 pl	encampment- obl	govern- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia runs our village.’

88. miss ǯoŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	ǯoŋ-go-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	mention- rep - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia misses Masha.’

89. follow ənə-

Valency pattern: NOM_xamila

X: NOM

Y: xamila

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša	xame-la-ni	ənə-j-ni
pn	pn	back- loc - p .3 sg	go- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia follows Masha.’

90. dismount xulun-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	moren	oja-ǯea-ni	xuluŋ-ki-ni
pn	horse	surface- abl - p .3 sg	go_down- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia got down from the horse.’
Note: The ablative marker can also be attached attached directly to the Y-argument (‘the horse’).

91. listen dosiǯa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	radio-wa	doseǯa-j-ni
pn	radio- obl	listen- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is listening to radio.’

92. obey dosiǯa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	əni-mbi	doseǯa-j-ni
pn	mother- p . refl . sg	listen- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia obeys his mother.’

93. hear dolǯ-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	muzəka-wə	dolǯi-ni
pn	music- obl	hear. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hears the music.’

94. mix kamorip-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

keakso	moloko-ǯi	kamori-k-pi-ni
honey	milk- ins	mix- pass - pst - p .3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Metathesis of [p] and [k] on morpheme boundary is a regular phenomenon.

95. look ičəǯə-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	təwəksə-či	ičə-ǯə-j-ni
pn	cloud- dir	see- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off ačo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	tətuə-i	ačo-xa-ni
pn	garment- p . refl . sg	take_off- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) tolkiči-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	tolki.či-ni
pn	pn - obl	dream. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dreams about Masha.’

98. agree čexala-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	čexala-xa-ni
pn	pn - ins	agree- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel sorimači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	sore-mače-xa-ni
pn	pn - ins	fight- recp - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost sali-

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

əj	aleo	əm	tiəsə	sali-ni
this	tableware	one	rouble	cost. npst - p .3 sg
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’

101. shoot at meočala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	niəčə-mbə	meoča-la-xa-ni
pn	bird- obl	gun- pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia shot at the bird.’

102. pour nəə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	seata-wa	aleo-či	nəə-xə-ni
pn	sugar- obl	tableware- dir	put- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	anoko-wa	xuədə-xə-ni
pn	key- obl	lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his keys.’

104. sink ii-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

moo	muə-či	ii-xə-ni
wood	water- dir	enter- pst - p .3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill waa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	waa-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	kill- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia killed Masha.’

106. hit pačila-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	pače.la-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	hit. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hit Masha.’

107. kiss oǯo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	oǯo-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	kiss- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia kissed Masha.’

108. read xola-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ərdəŋgə	daŋgsa-wa	xola-xa-ni
pn	womderful	book- obl	read- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) tujŋku-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	čumčuən-ǯi-i	tujŋku-xə-ni
pn	finger- ins - p . refl . sg	sway- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia moved his finger.’

110. respect *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

111. be squeamish irbasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	jaŋgsa	aleo-ǯi	erbasi-ni
pn	dirt	tableware- ins	be_squeamish. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content agdanasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	piktə-ǯi-i	agda-nasi-ni
pn	child- ins - p .3 sg	rejoice- att . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is satisfied with his son.’

113. fall in love uləsilu-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	uləsi-lu-xə-ni
pn	pn - obl	love. ipfv - inch 1- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust agdača-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wə	agda-ča-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise guǯiəsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ənim-bi	guǯiə.si-ni
pn	mother- p . refl . sg	sympathise. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy ananasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	anana.si-ni
pn	pn - dir	jealousy. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia envies Masha.’

117. be angry ajaktači-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	ajakta.či-ni
pn	pn - dir	anger. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is angry with Masha.’

118. be surprised ərdəŋgə baa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	əj	daŋsa-wa	ərdəŋgə	baa-xa-ni
pn	this	book- obl	wonderful	find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was surprised at this book.’

119. love (tea) uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	čaj-wa	uləsi-ni
pn	tea- obl	love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	do-ni	ulə	o-či-ni	pəku	čaj-wa	omi-do-i
pn	inside- p .3 sg	good	become- pst - p .3 sg	heat	tea- obl	drink. npst - dat - p . refl . sg
‘Petia’s soul filled with joy when he drank hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

121. want gələ-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	sikun	mobil’nika-wa	gələ-j-ni
pn	new	mobile_phone- obl	ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ajakta-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	ajakta.či-ni
pn	pn - dir	hold_a_grudge. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia holds a grudge against Masha.’

123. take offence aksa-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	aksa-xa-ni
pn	pn - dir	take_offence- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took offence at Masha.’

124. upset orkila opowan-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	Maša	do-ni	orke-la	o-powaŋ-ki-ni
pn	pn	inside- p .3 sg	bad- adv	become- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia greatly upset Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel xal-xal o-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	əj	xoto-nǯi	xal-xal	ose-xa-ni
pn	this	town- ins	embarrassed	become- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was embarrassed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise čukisi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	čuki-si-ni
pn	pn - obl	bad- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia despises Masha.’

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	do-ni	orki-la	o-či-ni	mənə	piktə-i	turgun-ǯiə-ni
pn	inside- p .3 sg	bad- adv	become- pst - p .3 sg	refl	child- p . refl . sg	reason- abl - p .3 sg
‘Petia’s mood got down because of his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated ajaktači-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	əktə	piktə-či-i	ajakta-či-ni
pn	woman	child- dir - p . refl . sg	anger- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy elaǯi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	mənə	gogda-ǯi-i	elaǯi-ni
pn	refl	high- ins - p . refl . sg	be_shy. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is embarrased about his height.’