BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

Nanai

Contributed by Daria Mishchenko (Academia.edu profile)

D.M.'s photo

How to cite

Mischenko, Daria. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Nanai. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on February 28, 2021; last revised on October 26, 2021.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia ǯele-ni ənu.si-ni
pn head- p .3 sg be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) ənusi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia grippa-ǯi ənu.si-ni
pn flu- ins be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has the flu.’

3. be afraid ŋəələ-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia enda-ǯi ŋəələ-j-ni
pn dog- ins be_afraid- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw naŋgala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ǯolo-wa naŋga.la-xa-ni
pn stone- obl throw. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia threw a stone.’

5. have enough ələ

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
mindu suə=də ələ
i . dat you= part . emph be_enough
≈ ‘It is sufficient for me to have you.’ (lit. ‘You are enough for me.’)
Note: Children ask their mother for a little brother and she answers: ...

6. resemble bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_mat
X: NOM
Y: mat
Locus: Y
Petia Vasia=mat bi
pn pn =like be. npst
‘Petia resembles Vasia.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe agdača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa agda-ča-j-ni
pn pn - obl believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia believes Masha.’

8. take ǯapa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia polka-ǯea daŋsa-wa ǯapa-xa-ni
pn shelf- abl book- obl take- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took a book from the shelf.’

9. see icə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ǯoo-wa icə-j-ni
pn house- obl see- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter baači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi baače-la-xa-ni
pn pn - ins meet- pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia encountered Masha.’

12. enter iigu-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia ǯook-či ii-gu-xə-ni
pn house- dir enter- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia entered the house.’

13. win xətə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xətə-xə-ni
pn pn - obl win- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia beat Masha.’

14. go out niə-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia ǯoog-ǯeaǯi niə-xə-ni
pn house- abl go_out- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia went out of the house.’

15. drive puŋiə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia exa-mba sirgə-či puŋiə-j-ni
pn cow- obl hillock_by_river- dir drive- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend uriəwən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia suktu-wə uri.ə-wəŋ-ki-ni
pn branch- obl bend. intr - caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia bent the branch.’

17. tell un-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či uŋ-ki-ni
pn pn - dir tell- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia told Masha: ...’

18. hold ǯapača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ŋaala-do-i daŋsa-wa ǯapa-ča-j-ni
pn hand- dat - p . refl . sg book- obl grab- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up xaŋpan-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xaŋpaŋ-ki-ni
pn pn - obl catch_up- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia caught up with Masha.’

20. milk siri-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Maša exa-mba sere-xa-ni
pn cow- obl milk- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha milked the cow.’

21. reach esi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia bagea-wa ese-xa-ni
pn opposite_bank- obl reach- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia reached the bank.’

22. touch toŋala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia paǯera-mba toŋa.la-xa-ni
pn wall- obl touch. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia touched the wall.’

23. fight sorimači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Vasia-ǯi sore-mači-či
pn pn - ins fight- recp . npst - p .3 pl
‘Petia is fighting with Vasia.’

24. be friends andalača-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Vasia-ǯi anda-la-ča-j-ni
pn pn - ins friend- pfv - res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is friends with Vasia.’

25. think murči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa murči-ni
pn pn - obl think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat sea-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia jabloka-wa sea-xa-ni
pn apple- obl eat- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia ate an apple.’

27. fry čero-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia sogdata-wa čero-xa-ni
pn fish- obl fry- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fried the fish.’

28. wait xalači-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xala.či-ni
pn pn - obl wait. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is waiting for Masha.’

29. forget oŋbo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia goj-ǯema pokto-wa oŋbo-xa-ni
pn other- restr road- obl forget- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisela-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
əǯə-čə-u-ri zavisela-j-ni səə-ǯiəǯi
remember- res - imps - npst depend- npst - p .3 sg age- abl
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call xəərsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
totara Maša Petia-wə xəərsi-xə-ni
then pn pn - obl call- pst - p .3 sg
‘Then Masha called Petia.’

32. get to know takoali-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi tako-a-le-xa-ni əm ajŋane-ndo bi
pn pn - ins know- intr - pfv - pst - p .3 sg one year- dat be. npst
‘Petia got to know Masha a year ago.’

33. know saa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa saa-ri-ni
pn pn - obl know- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) kupi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia gitar(a)-ǯi kupi-ni
pn guitar- ins play. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid xoliači-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xole-a-či-ni
pn pn - obl walk_around- intr - ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia avoids Masha.’

36. make aŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia bomba-wa aŋgo-xa-ni
pn bomb- obl make- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia made a bomb.’

37. make fun siŋgərə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa siŋgərə-j-ni
pn pn - obl make_fun- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’

38. have bi-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petia-du mašina bi
pn - dat car be. npst
‘Petia has a car.’

39. look for gələgu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia anako-wa gələ-gu-j-ni
pn key- obl ask- rep - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is looking for his keys.’

40. paint niulə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia geasa-wa niulə-xə-ni
pn hedge- obl paint- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia painted the fence.’

41. bite səkpən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
enda Petia-wə səkpəŋ-ki-ni
dog pn - obl bite- pst - p .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petia.’

42. forfeit xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ǯo-i xuədə-xə-ni
pn house- p . refl . sg lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his house.’

43. try to catch ǯapajča-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia kəksə-wa ǯapa-jča-j-ni
pn cat- obl take- des - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break bojali-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia moka-mba boja.le-ха-ni
pn small_tree- obl break. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia broke a stick.’

45. flatter ojban-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia Maša-ǯi ojban-ǯi-ni
pn pn - ins fawn- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is fawning on Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

46. love (person) uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa uləsi-ni
pn pn - obl love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves Masha.’

47. wave xarxi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia puŋku-ǯi xarxi-ni
pn handkerchief- ins wave. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream murči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia sikun mašina-wa murči-ni
pn new car- obl think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash selko-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia kota-mba selko-xa-ni
pn cup- obl wash- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia washed the cup.’

50. put on tətu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia pəru-wə tətu-xə-ni
pn trousers- obl put_on- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia put on his trousers.’

51. be called gərbiəsiu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
əj ǯaka-wa kompasа-ǯi gərbiə-si-u-ri
this object- obl compass- ins call- ipfv - imps - npst
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish kəsuli-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia piktə-i kəsu.li-xə-ni
pn child- p . refl . sg punish. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia punished his son.’

53. attack xukču-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
mapa bota-mǯi-či xukču-xə-ni
bear fish- ag - dir attack- pst - p .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) teas o-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
muəlu muə-ǯi teas o-či-ni
bucket water- ins full become- pst - p .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find baogo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia anako-wa bao-go-xa-ni
pn key- obl find- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia found his keys.’

56. be short aoli-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
Petia-du əm tiəsə aoli-ni
pn - dat one rouble lack. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is one rouble short.’

57. hate čiurisi

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi čiuri.si-ni
pn pn - ins be_dismayed. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hates Masha.’

58. like ulə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia əj tətuə-wə ulə.si-ni
pn this garment- obl love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia likes this shirt.’

59. need gələ-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
əsi Petia ǯexa-wa gələ-j-ni
now pn money- obl ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia needs money.’

60. surround elisi-

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkendeli
X: NOM
Y: OBLkendeli
Locus: Y
xoto-mba kəndəli paǯeran ele-si-ni
town- obl around wall stand_up- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain osigo-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pətjə-du ǯoan tiəsə ose-go-xa-ni
pn - dat ten rouble become- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has ten roubles left.’

62. answer taodago-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Pətjə alo-si-mǯi-či taoda-go-xa-ni
pn teach- ipfv - ag - dir answer- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia answered the teacher.’

63. open nixəli-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Pətjə banka-wa nixə.li-xə-ni
pn can- obl open. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia opened a can.’

64. be different xaŋisila bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mi tətuə-i si-ŋgi-ǯia xaŋe.se-la bi
1 sg garment- p .1 sg 2 sg - poss . pred - abl side. dir - adv be. npst
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind xamila dərəǯi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯea xame-la-ni dərəǯi-xə-ni
pn pn - abl back- loc - p .3 sg remain- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fell behind Masha.’

66. plough anǯala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia daai usi-mba anǯa-la-j-ni
pn big vegetable_garden- obl plough- pfv - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is ploughing the field.’

67. smell puni ənə-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mi ŋaala-ǯea-i benzin pu-ni ənə-j-ni
1 sg hand- abl - p . refl . sg gasoline smell- p .3 sg go- npst - p .3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross dao-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia pokto-wa dao-xa-ni
pn road- obl cross- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia crossed the road.’

69. sing ǯari-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia gučkuli ǯare-mba ǯare-xa-ni
pn beautiful n anai_song- obl sing- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sang a beautiful song.’

70. write niru-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia bičxə-wə niru-xə-ni
pn leter- obl write- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia wrote a letter.’

71. drink omi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia moloko-wa ome-xa-ni
pn milk- obl drink- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia drank the milk.’

72. melt uumbuwən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia toǯa pase-wa-n’ uu-mbuwəŋ-ki-ni
pn lead piece- obl - p .3 sg melt- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ača-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
əj omol mi tətuə-či-i-wa ača-j-ni
this belt 1 sg garment- dir - p .1 sg - obl match- npst - p .3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave ənu-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia mənə xoto-nǯeaǯe-i ənu-xə-ni
pn refl town- abl - p . refl . sg leave- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia left his native city.’

75. cover dasi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Paǯeran dase-ko-ni pala-mba xəm dasi-xə-ni
wall close- instr - p .3 sg floor- obl whole close- pst - p .3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember əǯəčə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia mənə urə-xəm-bə ǯoo-wa ulə əǯə-čə-j-ni
pn refl grow- pst - obl house- obl good remember- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help bələči-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-du bələči-xə-ni
pn pn - dat help- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) otoli-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia francuskij xəsə-wə otoli-ni
pn f rench word- obl be_able. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia understands French.’

79. hit (target) tojko-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
agǯe tali-ni ǯoo-wa tojko-xa-ni
storm flash. npst - p .3 sg house- obl hit- pst - p .3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself xaga-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia britva-ǯi xaga-xa-ni
pn razor- ins cut_oneself- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck lakto-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
stakan dərə-či lakto-xa-ni
glass table- dir stick- pst - p .3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) pərə-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-du pərə-xə-ni
pn pn - dat lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost to Masha.’

83. be glad agda-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia bičxə-či agda-xa-ni
pn letter- dir rejoice- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was glad about the letter.’

84. speak gusərəndu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi gusərə-ndu-j-ni
pn pn - ins tell- soc - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth baa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Maša Petia-wa baa-xa-ni
pn pn - obl find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tugbu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia stakam-ba tug-bu-xə-ni
pn glass- obl fall- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dropped the glass.’

87. govern dala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia buə exo-mba dala-j-ni
pn 1 pl encampment- obl govern- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia runs our village.’

88. miss ǯoŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa ǯoŋ-go-j-ni
pn pn - obl mention- rep - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia misses Masha.’

89. follow ənə-

Valency pattern: NOM_xamila
X: NOM
Y: xamila
Locus: Y
Petia Maša xame-la-ni ənə-j-ni
pn pn back- loc - p .3 sg go- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia follows Masha.’

90. dismount xulun-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia moren oja-ǯea-ni xuluŋ-ki-ni
pn horse surface- abl - p .3 sg go_down- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia got down from the horse.’
Note: The ablative marker can also be attached attached directly to the Y-argument (‘the horse’).

91. listen dosiǯa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia radio-wa doseǯa-j-ni
pn radio- obl listen- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is listening to radio.’

92. obey dosiǯa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia əni-mbi doseǯa-j-ni
pn mother- p . refl . sg listen- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia obeys his mother.’

93. hear dolǯ-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia muzəka-wə dolǯi-ni
pn music- obl hear. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hears the music.’

94. mix kamorip-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
keakso moloko-ǯi kamori-k-pi-ni
honey milk- ins mix- pass - pst - p .3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Metathesis of [p] and [k] on morpheme boundary is a regular phenomenon.

95. look ičəǯə-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia təwəksə-či ičə-ǯə-j-ni
pn cloud- dir see- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off ačo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia tətuə-i ačo-xa-ni
pn garment- p . refl . sg take_off- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) tolkiči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa tolki.či-ni
pn pn - obl dream. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dreams about Masha.’

98. agree čexala-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi čexala-xa-ni
pn pn - ins agree- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel sorimači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi sore-mače-xa-ni
pn pn - ins fight- recp - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost sali-

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
əj aleo əm tiəsə sali-ni
this tableware one rouble cost. npst - p .3 sg
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’

101. shoot at meočala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia niəčə-mbə meoča-la-xa-ni
pn bird- obl gun- pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia shot at the bird.’

102. pour nəə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia seata-wa aleo-či nəə-xə-ni
pn sugar- obl tableware- dir put- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia anoko-wa xuədə-xə-ni
pn key- obl lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his keys.’

104. sink ii-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
moo muə-či ii-xə-ni
wood water- dir enter- pst - p .3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill waa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa waa-xa-ni
pn pn - obl kill- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia killed Masha.’

106. hit pačila-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa pače.la-xa-ni
pn pn - obl hit. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hit Masha.’

107. kiss oǯo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa oǯo-xa-ni
pn pn - obl kiss- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia kissed Masha.’

108. read xola-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ərdəŋgə daŋgsa-wa xola-xa-ni
pn womderful book- obl read- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) tujŋku-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia čumčuən-ǯi-i tujŋku-xə-ni
pn finger- ins - p . refl . sg sway- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia moved his finger.’

110. respect *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

111. be squeamish irbasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia jaŋgsa aleo-ǯi erbasi-ni
pn dirt tableware- ins be_squeamish. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content agdanasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia piktə-ǯi-i agda-nasi-ni
pn child- ins - p .3 sg rejoice- att . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is satisfied with his son.’

113. fall in love uləsilu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa uləsi-lu-xə-ni
pn pn - obl love. ipfv - inch 1- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust agdača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wə agda-ča-j-ni
pn pn - obl believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise guǯiəsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ənim-bi guǯiə.si-ni
pn mother- p . refl . sg sympathise. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy ananasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či anana.si-ni
pn pn - dir jealousy. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia envies Masha.’

117. be angry ajaktači-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či ajakta.či-ni
pn pn - dir anger. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is angry with Masha.’

118. be surprised ərdəŋgə baa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia əj daŋsa-wa ərdəŋgə baa-xa-ni
pn this book- obl wonderful find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was surprised at this book.’

119. love (tea) uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia čaj-wa uləsi-ni
pn tea- obl love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia do-ni ulə o-či-ni pəku čaj-wa omi-do-i
pn inside- p .3 sg good become- pst - p .3 sg heat tea- obl drink. npst - dat - p . refl . sg
‘Petia’s soul filled with joy when he drank hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

121. want gələ-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia sikun mobil’nika-wa gələ-j-ni
pn new mobile_phone- obl ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ajakta-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či ajakta.či-ni
pn pn - dir hold_a_grudge. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia holds a grudge against Masha.’

123. take offence aksa-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či aksa-xa-ni
pn pn - dir take_offence- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took offence at Masha.’

124. upset orkila opowan-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia Maša do-ni orke-la o-powaŋ-ki-ni
pn pn inside- p .3 sg bad- adv become- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia greatly upset Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel xal-xal o-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia əj xoto-nǯi xal-xal ose-xa-ni
pn this town- ins embarrassed become- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was embarrassed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise čukisi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa čuki-si-ni
pn pn - obl bad- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia despises Masha.’

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia do-ni orki-la o-či-ni mənə piktə-i turgun-ǯiə-ni
pn inside- p .3 sg bad- adv become- pst - p .3 sg refl child- p . refl . sg reason- abl - p .3 sg
‘Petia’s mood got down because of his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated ajaktači-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia əktə piktə-či-i ajakta-či-ni
pn woman child- dir - p . refl . sg anger- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy elaǯi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia mənə gogda-ǯi-i elaǯi-ni
pn refl high- ins - p . refl . sg be_shy. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is embarrased about his height.’