BivalTyp

Nanai

Contributed by Daria Mishchenko (Academia.edu profile) and Sofia Oskolskaya (Academia.edu profile)

D.M.'s photo S.O.'s photo

The data were collected in 2013 in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. Most of the data were gathered from speakers living in the villages of Naikhin and Daerga, who spoke the Naikhin variety, which is the basis of standard Nanai. Some data were also verified with two consultants from Dzhuen, who spoke a Dzhuen variety of Nanai that is very close to Naikhin Nanai.

How to cite

Mischenko, Daria & Sofia Oskolskaya. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Nanai. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on February 28, 2021; last revised on October 26, 2021.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

The default linear order in Nanai is SOV, although it is not very strict. The nominal subject is expressed with an unmarked form and agrees with the predicate in person and number. The direct object can be expressed with an unmarked form (1), accusative form (2) or a destinative form (3) depending on its semantic and referential parameters (known as Differential Object Marking). However, examples with an unmarked object were absent from the questionnaire since the stimuli contained highly referential objects. Additionally, examples with the destinative form are also absent due to the lack of appropriate contexts.

(1)  ʒele  puju-u-ri
     head  boil-IMPS-NPST
     ‘They boil a head (of a hunted animal)’ (text, recorded in Sinda in 2011)

(2)  Petia  ǯolo-wa    naŋga.la-xa-ni
     PN     stone-OBL  throw.PFV-PST-P.3SG
     ‘Petia threw a stone.’

(3)  N'oani  ǯea-go-i               gələ-j-ni.
     3SG     friend-DEST-P.REFL.SG  ask-NPST-P.3SG
     ‘He is looking for a friend’.

All other verbal arguments are expressed with other case forms or with postpositional phrases.

TAM-features are indexed on the verb forms and do not affect argument encoding.

Case system

Nanai has 9 cases. The list of case suffixes is given below in Table 1.

Table 1. Nanai case system

Case Marker Gloss
Nominative unmarked
Accusative -wa/-~-ba/-bə OBL
Destinative -go / -gu DEST
Instrumental -ǯi INS
Dative/Essive -do/-du DAT
Locative -la/-~-dola/-dulə LOC
Directive -či DIR
Ablative -ǯia(ǯi)/-ǯiə(ǯi) ABL

The accusative suffix does not occur in a form with a reflexive possessive marker. The destinative case always occurs with a possessive suffix indicating a future possessor of an object, see (3). The oblique case forms of the personal possessive paradigm include the same suffix as the accusative case, which is glossed as oblique (OBL), see the personal possessive declension of ogda ‘boat’ in Table 2 (only forms of 2SG are given).

Table 2. Case forms of ogda-si ‘your (SG) boat’

Case form gloss
NOM ogda-si boat-P.2SG
ACC (ABL) ogda-wa-si boat-OBL-P.2SG
DEST ogda-go-a-si boat-DEST-OBL-P.2SG
INS ogda-ǯi-a-si boat-INS-OBL-P.2SG
DAT ogda-do-a-si boat-DAT-OBL-P.2SG
LOC ogda-la-si boat-LOC-P.2SG
DIR ogda-či-a-si boat-DIR-OBL-P.2SG
abl ogda-ʒiaʒi-a-si boat-ABL-OBL-P.2SG

Verb lemmas

Verbs are presented in their bare stem form, including valency-changing, aspect, and modality markers, but excluding tense and person-number affixes.

Glossing abbreviations

1, 2, 3 — 1, 2, 3 person; ABL — ablative; ADV — adverbializer; AG — agent; ATT — attenuative; CAUS — causative; DAT — dative; DES — desiderative; DEST — destinative; DIR — directive; IMPS — impersonal; INCH1 — first inchoative; INS — instrumental; INSTR — proprietive; INTR — intransitive; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; NPST — non-past; OBL — oblique (accusative); P — possessive; PART.EMPH — emphatic particle; PASS — passive; PFV — perfective; PN — proper name; POSS.PRED — predicative possession; PST — past; RECP — reciprocal; REFL — reflexive; REP — repetitive; RES — resultative; RESTR — restrictive; SG — singular; SOC— sociative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia ǯele-ni ənu.si-ni
pn head- p .3 sg be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) ənusi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia grippa-ǯi ənu.si-ni
pn flu- ins be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has the flu.’

3. be afraid ŋəələ-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia enda-ǯi ŋəələ-j-ni
pn dog- ins be_afraid- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw naŋgala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ǯolo-wa naŋga.la-xa-ni
pn stone- obl throw. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia threw a stone.’

5. have enough ələ

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
mindu suə=də ələ
i . dat you= part . emph be_enough
≈ ‘It is sufficient for me to have you.’ (lit. ‘You are enough for me.’)
Note: Children ask their mother for a little brother and she answers: ...

6. resemble bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_mat
X: NOM
Y: mat
Locus: Y
Petia Vasia=mat bi
pn pn =like be. npst
‘Petia resembles Vasia.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe agdača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa agda-ča-j-ni
pn pn - obl believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia believes Masha.’

8. take ǯapa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia polka-ǯea daŋsa-wa ǯapa-xa-ni
pn shelf- abl book- obl take- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took a book from the shelf.’

9. see icə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ǯoo-wa icə-j-ni
pn house- obl see- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter baači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi baače-la-xa-ni
pn pn - ins meet- pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia encountered Masha.’

12. enter iigu-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia ǯook-či ii-gu-xə-ni
pn house- dir enter- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia entered the house.’

13. win xətə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xətə-xə-ni
pn pn - obl win- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia beat Masha.’

14. go out niə-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia ǯoog-ǯeaǯi niə-xə-ni
pn house- abl go_out- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia went out of the house.’

15. drive puŋiə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia exa-mba sirgə-či puŋiə-j-ni
pn cow- obl hillock_by_river- dir drive- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend uriəwən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia suktu-wə uri.ə-wəŋ-ki-ni
pn branch- obl bend. intr - caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia bent the branch.’

17. tell un-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či uŋ-ki-ni
pn pn - dir tell- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia told Masha: ...’

18. hold ǯapača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ŋaala-do-i daŋsa-wa ǯapa-ča-j-ni
pn hand- dat - p . refl . sg book- obl grab- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up xaŋpan-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xaŋpaŋ-ki-ni
pn pn - obl catch_up- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia caught up with Masha.’

20. milk siri-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Maša exa-mba sere-xa-ni
pn cow- obl milk- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha milked the cow.’

21. reach esi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia bagea-wa ese-xa-ni
pn opposite_bank- obl reach- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia reached the bank.’

22. touch toŋala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia paǯera-mba toŋa.la-xa-ni
pn wall- obl touch. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia touched the wall.’

23. fight sorimači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Vasia-ǯi sore-mači-či
pn pn - ins fight- recp . npst - p .3 pl
‘Petia is fighting with Vasia.’

24. be friends andalača-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Vasia-ǯi anda-la-ča-j-ni
pn pn - ins friend- pfv - res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is friends with Vasia.’

25. think murči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa murči-ni
pn pn - obl think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat sea-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia jabloka-wa sea-xa-ni
pn apple- obl eat- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia ate an apple.’

27. fry čero-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia sogdata-wa čero-xa-ni
pn fish- obl fry- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fried the fish.’

28. wait xalači-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xala.či-ni
pn pn - obl wait. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is waiting for Masha.’

29. forget oŋbo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia goj-ǯema pokto-wa oŋbo-xa-ni
pn other- restr road- obl forget- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisela-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
əǯə-čə-u-ri zavisela-j-ni səə-ǯiəǯi
remember- res - imps - npst depend- npst - p .3 sg age- abl
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call xəərsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
totara Maša Petia-wə xəərsi-xə-ni
then pn pn - obl call- pst - p .3 sg
‘Then Masha called Petia.’

32. get to know takoali-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi tako-a-le-xa-ni əm ajŋane-ndo bi
pn pn - ins know- intr - pfv - pst - p .3 sg one year- dat be. npst
‘Petia got to know Masha a year ago.’

33. know saa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa saa-ri-ni
pn pn - obl know- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) kupi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia gitar(a)-ǯi kupi-ni
pn guitar- ins play. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid xoliači-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xole-a-či-ni
pn pn - obl walk_around- intr - ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia avoids Masha.’

36. make aŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia bomba-wa aŋgo-xa-ni
pn bomb- obl make- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia made a bomb.’

37. make fun siŋgərə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa siŋgərə-j-ni
pn pn - obl make_fun- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’

38. have bi-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petia-du mašina bi
pn - dat car be. npst
‘Petia has a car.’

39. look for gələgu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia anako-wa gələ-gu-j-ni
pn key- obl ask- rep - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is looking for his keys.’

40. paint niulə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia geasa-wa niulə-xə-ni
pn hedge- obl paint- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia painted the fence.’

41. bite səkpən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
enda Petia-wə səkpəŋ-ki-ni
dog pn - obl bite- pst - p .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petia.’

42. forfeit xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ǯo-i xuədə-xə-ni
pn house- p . refl . sg lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his house.’

43. try to catch ǯapajča-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia kəksə-wa ǯapa-jča-j-ni
pn cat- obl take- des - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break bojali-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia moka-mba boja.le-ха-ni
pn small_tree- obl break. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia broke a stick.’

45. flatter ojban-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia Maša-ǯi ojban-ǯi-ni
pn pn - ins fawn- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is fawning on Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

46. love (person) uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa uləsi-ni
pn pn - obl love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves Masha.’

47. wave xarxi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia puŋku-ǯi xarxi-ni
pn handkerchief- ins wave. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream murči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia sikun mašina-wa murči-ni
pn new car- obl think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash selko-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia kota-mba selko-xa-ni
pn cup- obl wash- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia washed the cup.’

50. put on tətu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia pəru-wə tətu-xə-ni
pn trousers- obl put_on- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia put on his trousers.’

51. be called gərbiəsiu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
əj ǯaka-wa kompasа-ǯi gərbiə-si-u-ri
this object- obl compass- ins call- ipfv - imps - npst
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish kəsuli-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia piktə-i kəsu.li-xə-ni
pn child- p . refl . sg punish. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia punished his son.’

53. attack xukču-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
mapa bota-mǯi-či xukču-xə-ni
bear fish- ag - dir attack- pst - p .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) teas o-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
muəlu muə-ǯi teas o-či-ni
bucket water- ins full become- pst - p .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find baogo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia anako-wa bao-go-xa-ni
pn key- obl find- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia found his keys.’

56. be short aoli-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
Petia-du əm tiəsə aoli-ni
pn - dat one rouble lack. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is one rouble short.’

57. hate čiurisi

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi čiuri.si-ni
pn pn - ins be_dismayed. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hates Masha.’

58. like ulə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia əj tətuə-wə ulə.si-ni
pn this garment- obl love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia likes this shirt.’

59. need gələ-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
əsi Petia ǯexa-wa gələ-j-ni
now pn money- obl ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia needs money.’

60. surround elisi-

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkendeli
X: NOM
Y: OBLkendeli
Locus: Y
xoto-mba kəndəli paǯeran ele-si-ni
town- obl around wall stand_up- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain osigo-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pətjə-du ǯoan tiəsə ose-go-xa-ni
pn - dat ten rouble become- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has ten roubles left.’

62. answer taodago-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Pətjə alo-si-mǯi-či taoda-go-xa-ni
pn teach- ipfv - ag - dir answer- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia answered the teacher.’

63. open nixəli-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Pətjə banka-wa nixə.li-xə-ni
pn can- obl open. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia opened a can.’

64. be different xaŋisila bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mi tətuə-i si-ŋgi-ǯia xaŋe.se-la bi
1 sg garment- p .1 sg 2 sg - poss . pred - abl side. dir - adv be. npst
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind xamila dərəǯi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯea xame-la-ni dərəǯi-xə-ni
pn pn - abl back- loc - p .3 sg remain- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fell behind Masha.’

66. plough anǯala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia daai usi-mba anǯa-la-j-ni
pn big vegetable_garden- obl plough- pfv - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is ploughing the field.’

67. smell puni ənə-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mi ŋaala-ǯea-i benzin pu-ni ənə-j-ni
1 sg hand- abl - p . refl . sg gasoline smell- p .3 sg go- npst - p .3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross dao-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia pokto-wa dao-xa-ni
pn road- obl cross- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia crossed the road.’

69. sing ǯari-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia gučkuli ǯare-mba ǯare-xa-ni
pn beautiful n anai_song- obl sing- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sang a beautiful song.’

70. write niru-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia bičxə-wə niru-xə-ni
pn leter- obl write- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia wrote a letter.’

71. drink omi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia moloko-wa ome-xa-ni
pn milk- obl drink- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia drank the milk.’

72. melt uumbuwən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia toǯa pase-wa-n’ uu-mbuwəŋ-ki-ni
pn lead piece- obl - p .3 sg melt- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ača-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
əj omol mi tətuə-či-i-wa ača-j-ni
this belt 1 sg garment- dir - p .1 sg - obl match- npst - p .3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave ənu-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia mənə xoto-nǯeaǯe-i ənu-xə-ni
pn refl town- abl - p . refl . sg leave- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia left his native city.’

75. cover dasi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Paǯeran dase-ko-ni pala-mba xəm dasi-xə-ni
wall close- instr - p .3 sg floor- obl whole close- pst - p .3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember əǯəčə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia mənə urə-xəm-bə ǯoo-wa ulə əǯə-čə-j-ni
pn refl grow- pst - obl house- obl good remember- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help bələči-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-du bələči-xə-ni
pn pn - dat help- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) otoli-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia francuskij xəsə-wə otoli-ni
pn f rench word- obl be_able. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia understands French.’

79. hit (target) tojko-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
agǯe tali-ni ǯoo-wa tojko-xa-ni
storm flash. npst - p .3 sg house- obl hit- pst - p .3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself xaga-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia britva-ǯi xaga-xa-ni
pn razor- ins cut_oneself- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck lakto-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
stakan dərə-či lakto-xa-ni
glass table- dir stick- pst - p .3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) pərə-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-du pərə-xə-ni
pn pn - dat lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost to Masha.’

83. be glad agda-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia bičxə-či agda-xa-ni
pn letter- dir rejoice- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was glad about the letter.’

84. speak gusərəndu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi gusərə-ndu-j-ni
pn pn - ins tell- soc - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth baa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Maša Petia-wa baa-xa-ni
pn pn - obl find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tugbu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia stakam-ba tug-bu-xə-ni
pn glass- obl fall- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dropped the glass.’

87. govern dala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia buə exo-mba dala-j-ni
pn 1 pl encampment- obl govern- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia runs our village.’

88. miss ǯoŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa ǯoŋ-go-j-ni
pn pn - obl mention- rep - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia misses Masha.’

89. follow ənə-

Valency pattern: NOM_xamila
X: NOM
Y: xamila
Locus: Y
Petia Maša xame-la-ni ənə-j-ni
pn pn back- loc - p .3 sg go- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia follows Masha.’

90. dismount xulun-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia moren oja-ǯea-ni xuluŋ-ki-ni
pn horse surface- abl - p .3 sg go_down- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia got down from the horse.’
Note: The ablative marker can also be attached attached directly to the Y-argument (‘the horse’).

91. listen dosiǯa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia radio-wa doseǯa-j-ni
pn radio- obl listen- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is listening to radio.’

92. obey dosiǯa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia əni-mbi doseǯa-j-ni
pn mother- p . refl . sg listen- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia obeys his mother.’

93. hear dolǯ-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia muzəka-wə dolǯi-ni
pn music- obl hear. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hears the music.’

94. mix kamorip-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
keakso moloko-ǯi kamori-k-pi-ni
honey milk- ins mix- pass - pst - p .3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Metathesis of [p] and [k] on morpheme boundary is a regular phenomenon.

95. look ičəǯə-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia təwəksə-či ičə-ǯə-j-ni
pn cloud- dir see- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off ačo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia tətuə-i ačo-xa-ni
pn garment- p . refl . sg take_off- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) tolkiči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa tolki.či-ni
pn pn - obl dream. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dreams about Masha.’

98. agree čexala-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi čexala-xa-ni
pn pn - ins agree- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel sorimači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi sore-mače-xa-ni
pn pn - ins fight- recp - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost sali-

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
əj aleo əm tiəsə sali-ni
this tableware one rouble cost. npst - p .3 sg
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’

101. shoot at meočala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia niəčə-mbə meoča-la-xa-ni
pn bird- obl gun- pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia shot at the bird.’

102. pour nəə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia seata-wa aleo-či nəə-xə-ni
pn sugar- obl tableware- dir put- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia anoko-wa xuədə-xə-ni
pn key- obl lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his keys.’

104. sink ii-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
moo muə-či ii-xə-ni
wood water- dir enter- pst - p .3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill waa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa waa-xa-ni
pn pn - obl kill- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia killed Masha.’

106. hit pačila-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa pače.la-xa-ni
pn pn - obl hit. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hit Masha.’

107. kiss oǯo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa oǯo-xa-ni
pn pn - obl kiss- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia kissed Masha.’

108. read xola-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ərdəŋgə daŋgsa-wa xola-xa-ni
pn womderful book- obl read- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) tujŋku-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia čumčuən-ǯi-i tujŋku-xə-ni
pn finger- ins - p . refl . sg sway- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia moved his finger.’

110. respect *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

111. be squeamish irbasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia jaŋgsa aleo-ǯi erbasi-ni
pn dirt tableware- ins be_squeamish. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content agdanasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia piktə-ǯi-i agda-nasi-ni
pn child- ins - p .3 sg rejoice- att . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is satisfied with his son.’

113. fall in love uləsilu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa uləsi-lu-xə-ni
pn pn - obl love. ipfv - inch 1- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust agdača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wə agda-ča-j-ni
pn pn - obl believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise guǯiəsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ənim-bi guǯiə.si-ni
pn mother- p . refl . sg sympathise. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy ananasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či anana.si-ni
pn pn - dir jealousy. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia envies Masha.’

117. be angry ajaktači-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či ajakta.či-ni
pn pn - dir anger. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is angry with Masha.’

118. be surprised ərdəŋgə baa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia əj daŋsa-wa ərdəŋgə baa-xa-ni
pn this book- obl wonderful find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was surprised at this book.’

119. love (tea) uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia čaj-wa uləsi-ni
pn tea- obl love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia do-ni ulə o-či-ni pəku čaj-wa omi-do-i
pn inside- p .3 sg good become- pst - p .3 sg heat tea- obl drink. npst - dat - p . refl . sg
‘Petia’s soul filled with joy when he drank hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

121. want gələ-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia sikun mobil’nika-wa gələ-j-ni
pn new mobile_phone- obl ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ajakta-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či ajakta.či-ni
pn pn - dir hold_a_grudge. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia holds a grudge against Masha.’

123. take offence aksa-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či aksa-xa-ni
pn pn - dir take_offence- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took offence at Masha.’

124. upset orkila opowan-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia Maša do-ni orke-la o-powaŋ-ki-ni
pn pn inside- p .3 sg bad- adv become- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia greatly upset Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel xal-xal o-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia əj xoto-nǯi xal-xal ose-xa-ni
pn this town- ins embarrassed become- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was embarrassed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise čukisi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa čuki-si-ni
pn pn - obl bad- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia despises Masha.’

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia do-ni orki-la o-či-ni mənə piktə-i turgun-ǯiə-ni
pn inside- p .3 sg bad- adv become- pst - p .3 sg refl child- p . refl . sg reason- abl - p .3 sg
‘Petia’s mood got down because of his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated ajaktači-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia əktə piktə-či-i ajakta-či-ni
pn woman child- dir - p . refl . sg anger- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy elaǯi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia mənə gogda-ǯi-i elaǯi-ni
pn refl high- ins - p . refl . sg be_shy. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is embarrased about his height.’