Nanai
Contributed by Daria Mishchenko (Academia.edu profile )
How to cite
Mischenko, Daria. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Nanai.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS.
(Data first published on February 28, 2021;
last revised on October 26, 2021.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on .)
Basic info
Coordinates: 48.43, 134.8 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Altaic, genus: Tungusic.
Macro-area: North and Central Asia.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
DAT_NOM
DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
NOM_ABL
NOM_DAT
NOM_DIR
NOM_INS
NOM_mat
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
NOM_OBLkendeli
NOM_xamila
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia
ǯele-ni
ənu.si-ni
pn
head-
p
.3
sg
be_sick.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
grippa-ǯi
ənu.si-ni
pn
flu-
ins
be_sick.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
enda-ǯi
ŋəələ-j-ni
pn
dog-
ins
be_afraid-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
ǯolo-wa
naŋga.la-xa-ni
pn
stone-
obl
throw.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
mindu
suə=də
ələ
i
.
dat
you=
part
.
emph
be_enough
≈ ‘It is sufficient for me to have you.’ (lit. ‘You are enough for me.’)
Note: Children ask their mother for a little brother and she answers: ...
Valency pattern:
NOM_mat
X: NOM
Y: mat
Locus: Y
Petia
Vasia=mat
bi
pn
pn
=like
be.
npst
‘Petia resembles Vasia.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
agda-ča-j-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
believe-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia believes Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
polka-ǯea
daŋsa-wa
ǯapa-xa-ni
pn
shelf-
abl
book-
obl
take-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia took a book from the shelf.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
ǯoo-wa
icə-j-ni
pn
house-
obl
see-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-ǯi
baače-la-xa-ni
pn
pn
-
ins
meet-
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia encountered Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia
ǯook-či
ii-gu-xə-ni
pn
house-
dir
enter-
rep
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
xətə-xə-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
win-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia beat Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia
ǯoog-ǯeaǯi
niə-xə-ni
pn
house-
abl
go_out-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
exa-mba
sirgə-či
puŋiə-j-ni
pn
cow-
obl
hillock_by_river-
dir
drive-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is driving the cow to the pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
suktu-wə
uri.ə-wəŋ-ki-ni
pn
branch-
obl
bend.
intr
-
caus
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-či
uŋ-ki-ni
pn
pn
-
dir
tell-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia told Masha: ...’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
ŋaala-do-i
daŋsa-wa
ǯapa-ča-j-ni
pn
hand-
dat
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
book-
obl
grab-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
xaŋpaŋ-ki-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
catch_up-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia caught up with Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Maša
exa-mba
sere-xa-ni
pn
cow-
obl
milk-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Masha milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
bagea-wa
ese-xa-ni
pn
opposite_bank-
obl
reach-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
paǯera-mba
toŋa.la-xa-ni
pn
wall-
obl
touch.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
Vasia-ǯi
sore-mači-či
pn
pn
-
ins
fight-
recp
.
npst
-
p
.3
pl
‘Petia is fighting with Vasia.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
Vasia-ǯi
anda-la-ča-j-ni
pn
pn
-
ins
friend-
pfv
-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is friends with Vasia.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
murči-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
think.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
jabloka-wa
sea-xa-ni
pn
apple-
obl
eat-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
sogdata-wa
čero-xa-ni
pn
fish-
obl
fry-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
xala.či-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
wait.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is waiting for Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
goj-ǯema
pokto-wa
oŋbo-xa-ni
pn
other-
restr
road-
obl
forget-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia forgot about the other road.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
əǯə-čə-u-ri
zavisela-j-ni
səə-ǯiəǯi
remember-
res
-
imps
-
npst
depend-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
age-
abl
‘Memory depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
totara
Maša
Petia-wə
xəərsi-xə-ni
then
pn
pn
-
obl
call-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Then Masha called Petia.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-ǯi
tako-a-le-xa-ni
əm
ajŋane-ndo
bi
pn
pn
-
ins
know-
intr
-
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
one
year-
dat
be.
npst
‘Petia got to know Masha a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
saa-ri-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
know-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia knows Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
gitar(a)-ǯi
kupi-ni
pn
guitar-
ins
play.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
xole-a-či-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
walk_around-
intr
-
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia avoids Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
bomba-wa
aŋgo-xa-ni
pn
bomb-
obl
make-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia made a bomb.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
siŋgərə-j-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
make_fun-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petia-du
mašina
bi
pn
-
dat
car
be.
npst
‘Petia has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
anako-wa
gələ-gu-j-ni
pn
key-
obl
ask-
rep
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is looking for his keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
geasa-wa
niulə-xə-ni
pn
hedge-
obl
paint-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
enda
Petia-wə
səkpəŋ-ki-ni
dog
pn
-
obl
bite-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘A dog bit Petia.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
ǯo-i
xuədə-xə-ni
pn
house-
p
.
refl
.
sg
lose-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
kəksə-wa
ǯapa-jča-j-ni
pn
cat-
obl
take-
des
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
moka-mba
boja.le-ха-ni
pn
small_tree-
obl
break.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia broke a stick.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia
Maša-ǯi
ojban-ǯi-ni
pn
pn
-
ins
fawn-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is fawning on Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
uləsi-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
love.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia loves Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
puŋku-ǯi
xarxi-ni
pn
handkerchief-
ins
wave.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
sikun
mašina-wa
murči-ni
pn
new
car-
obl
think.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is dreaming of a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
kota-mba
selko-xa-ni
pn
cup-
obl
wash-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
pəru-wə
tətu-xə-ni
pn
trousers-
obl
put_on-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
əj
ǯaka-wa
kompasа-ǯi
gərbiə-si-u-ri
this
object-
obl
compass-
ins
call-
ipfv
-
imps
-
npst
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
piktə-i
kəsu.li-xə-ni
pn
child-
p
.
refl
.
sg
punish.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
mapa
bota-mǯi-či
xukču-xə-ni
bear
fish-
ag
-
dir
attack-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
muəlu
muə-ǯi
teas
o-či-ni
bucket
water-
ins
full
become-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
anako-wa
bao-go-xa-ni
pn
key-
obl
find-
rep
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia found his keys.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
Petia-du
əm
tiəsə
aoli-ni
pn
-
dat
one
rouble
lack.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is one rouble short.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-ǯi
čiuri.si-ni
pn
pn
-
ins
be_dismayed.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia hates Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
əj
tətuə-wə
ulə.si-ni
pn
this
garment-
obl
love.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
əsi
Petia
ǯexa-wa
gələ-j-ni
now
pn
money-
obl
ask-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia needs money.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLkendeli
X: NOM
Y: OBLkendeli
Locus: Y
xoto-mba
kəndəli
paǯeran
ele-si-ni
town-
obl
around
wall
stand_up-
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pətjə-du
ǯoan
tiəsə
ose-go-xa-ni
pn
-
dat
ten
rouble
become-
rep
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia has ten roubles left.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Pətjə
alo-si-mǯi-či
taoda-go-xa-ni
pn
teach-
ipfv
-
ag
-
dir
answer-
rep
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Pətjə
banka-wa
nixə.li-xə-ni
pn
can-
obl
open.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mi
tətuə-i
si-ŋgi-ǯia
xaŋe.se-la
bi
1
sg
garment-
p
.1
sg
2
sg
-
poss
.
pred
-
abl
side.
dir
-
adv
be.
npst
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-ǯea
xame-la-ni
dərəǯi-xə-ni
pn
pn
-
abl
back-
loc
-
p
.3
sg
remain-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia fell behind Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
daai
usi-mba
anǯa-la-j-ni
pn
big
vegetable_garden-
obl
plough-
pfv
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mi
ŋaala-ǯea-i
benzin
pu-ni
ənə-j-ni
1
sg
hand-
abl
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
gasoline
smell-
p
.3
sg
go-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
pokto-wa
dao-xa-ni
pn
road-
obl
cross-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
gučkuli
ǯare-mba
ǯare-xa-ni
pn
beautiful
n
anai_song-
obl
sing-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
bičxə-wə
niru-xə-ni
pn
leter-
obl
write-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
moloko-wa
ome-xa-ni
pn
milk-
obl
drink-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
toǯa
pase-wa-n’
uu-mbuwəŋ-ki-ni
pn
lead
piece-
obl
-
p
.3
sg
melt-
caus
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
əj
omol
mi
tətuə-či-i-wa
ača-j-ni
this
belt
1
sg
garment-
dir
-
p
.1
sg
-
obl
match-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia
mənə
xoto-nǯeaǯe-i
ənu-xə-ni
pn
refl
town-
abl
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
leave-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Paǯeran
dase-ko-ni
pala-mba
xəm
dasi-xə-ni
wall
close-
instr
-
p
.3
sg
floor-
obl
whole
close-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
mənə
urə-xəm-bə
ǯoo-wa
ulə
əǯə-čə-j-ni
pn
refl
grow-
pst
-
obl
house-
obl
good
remember-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia remembers the house where he grew up well.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-du
bələči-xə-ni
pn
pn
-
dat
help-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia helped Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
francuskij
xəsə-wə
otoli-ni
pn
f
rench
word-
obl
be_able.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia understands French.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
agǯe
tali-ni
ǯoo-wa
tojko-xa-ni
storm
flash.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
house-
obl
hit-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
britva-ǯi
xaga-xa-ni
pn
razor-
ins
cut_oneself-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
stakan
dərə-či
lakto-xa-ni
glass
table-
dir
stick-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-du
pərə-xə-ni
pn
pn
-
dat
lose-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia lost to Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia
bičxə-či
agda-xa-ni
pn
letter-
dir
rejoice-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-ǯi
gusərə-ndu-j-ni
pn
pn
-
ins
tell-
soc
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Maša
Petia-wa
baa-xa-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
find-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
stakam-ba
tug-bu-xə-ni
pn
glass-
obl
fall-
caus
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
buə
exo-mba
dala-j-ni
pn
1
pl
encampment-
obl
govern-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia runs our village.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
ǯoŋ-go-j-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
mention-
rep
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia misses Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_xamila
X: NOM
Y: xamila
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša
xame-la-ni
ənə-j-ni
pn
pn
back-
loc
-
p
.3
sg
go-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia follows Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia
moren
oja-ǯea-ni
xuluŋ-ki-ni
pn
horse
surface-
abl
-
p
.3
sg
go_down-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia got down from the horse.’
Note: The ablative marker can also be attached attached directly to the Y-argument (‘the horse’).
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
radio-wa
doseǯa-j-ni
pn
radio-
obl
listen-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is listening to radio.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
əni-mbi
doseǯa-j-ni
pn
mother-
p
.
refl
.
sg
listen-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia obeys his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
muzəka-wə
dolǯi-ni
pn
music-
obl
hear.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
keakso
moloko-ǯi
kamori-k-pi-ni
honey
milk-
ins
mix-
pass
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Metathesis of [p] and [k] on morpheme boundary is a regular phenomenon.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia
təwəksə-či
ičə-ǯə-j-ni
pn
cloud-
dir
see-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
tətuə-i
ačo-xa-ni
pn
garment-
p
.
refl
.
sg
take_off-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
tolki.či-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
dream.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia dreams about Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-ǯi
čexala-xa-ni
pn
pn
-
ins
agree-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia agreed with Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-ǯi
sore-mače-xa-ni
pn
pn
-
ins
fight-
recp
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia had a quarrel with Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
əj
aleo
əm
tiəsə
sali-ni
this
tableware
one
rouble
cost.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
niəčə-mbə
meoča-la-xa-ni
pn
bird-
obl
gun-
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
seata-wa
aleo-či
nəə-xə-ni
pn
sugar-
obl
tableware-
dir
put-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia poured the sugar into the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
anoko-wa
xuədə-xə-ni
pn
key-
obl
lose-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
moo
muə-či
ii-xə-ni
wood
water-
dir
enter-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
waa-xa-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
kill-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia killed Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
pače.la-xa-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
hit.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia hit Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
oǯo-xa-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
kiss-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia kissed Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
ərdəŋgə
daŋgsa-wa
xola-xa-ni
pn
womderful
book-
obl
read-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
čumčuən-ǯi-i
tujŋku-xə-ni
pn
finger-
ins
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
sway-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
jaŋgsa
aleo-ǯi
erbasi-ni
pn
dirt
tableware-
ins
be_squeamish.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia
piktə-ǯi-i
agda-nasi-ni
pn
child-
ins
-
p
.3
sg
rejoice-
att
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is satisfied with his son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
uləsi-lu-xə-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
love.
ipfv
-
inch
1-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia fell in love with Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wə
agda-ča-j-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
believe-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia trusts Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
ənim-bi
guǯiə.si-ni
pn
mother-
p
.
refl
.
sg
sympathise.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia sympathises with his mother.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-či
anana.si-ni
pn
pn
-
dir
jealousy.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia envies Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-či
ajakta.či-ni
pn
pn
-
dir
anger.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is angry with Masha.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
əj
daŋsa-wa
ərdəŋgə
baa-xa-ni
pn
this
book-
obl
wonderful
find-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia was surprised at this book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
čaj-wa
uləsi-ni
pn
tea-
obl
love.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia
do-ni
ulə
o-či-ni
pəku
čaj-wa
omi-do-i
pn
inside-
p
.3
sg
good
become-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
heat
tea-
obl
drink.
npst
-
dat
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
‘Petia’s soul filled with joy when he drank hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
sikun
mobil’nika-wa
gələ-j-ni
pn
new
mobile_phone-
obl
ask-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-či
ajakta.či-ni
pn
pn
-
dir
hold_a_grudge.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia holds a grudge against Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia
Maša-či
aksa-xa-ni
pn
pn
-
dir
take_offence-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia took offence at Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia
Maša
do-ni
orke-la
o-powaŋ-ki-ni
pn
pn
inside-
p
.3
sg
bad-
adv
become-
caus
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia greatly upset Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
əj
xoto-nǯi
xal-xal
ose-xa-ni
pn
this
town-
ins
embarrassed
become-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia was embarrassed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia
Maša-wa
čuki-si-ni
pn
pn
-
obl
bad-
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia despises Masha.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia
do-ni
orki-la
o-či-ni
mənə
piktə-i
turgun-ǯiə-ni
pn
inside-
p
.3
sg
bad-
adv
become-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
refl
child-
p
.
refl
.
sg
reason-
abl
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia’s mood got down because of his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia
əktə
piktə-či-i
ajakta-či-ni
pn
woman
child-
dir
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
anger-
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia
mənə
gogda-ǯi-i
elaǯi-ni
pn
refl
high-
ins
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
be_shy.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
‘Petia is embarrased about his height.’