Nanai

Contributed by Daria Mishchenko (Academia.edu profile)

D.M.'s photo

How to cite

Mischenko, Daria. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Nanai. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on February 28, 2021; last revised on October 26, 2021.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 48.43, 134.8.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Altaic, genus: Tungusic.
Macro-area: North and Central Asia.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	ǯele-ni	ənu.si-ni
pn	head- p .3 sg	be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) ənusi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	grippa-ǯi	ənu.si-ni
pn	flu- ins	be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has the flu.’

3. be afraid ŋəələ-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	enda-ǯi	ŋəələ-j-ni
pn	dog- ins	be_afraid- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw naŋgala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ǯolo-wa	naŋga.la-xa-ni
pn	stone- obl	throw. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia threw a stone.’

5. have enough ələ

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: DAT

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

mindu	suə=də	ələ
i . dat	you= part . emph	be_enough
≈ ‘It is sufficient for me to have you.’ (lit. ‘You are enough for me.’)
Note: Children ask their mother for a little brother and she answers: ...

6. resemble bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_mat

X: NOM

Y: mat

Locus: Y

Petia	Vasia=mat	bi
pn	pn =like	be. npst
‘Petia resembles Vasia.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe agdača-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	agda-ča-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia believes Masha.’

8. take ǯapa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	polka-ǯea	daŋsa-wa	ǯapa-xa-ni
pn	shelf- abl	book- obl	take- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took a book from the shelf.’

9. see icə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ǯoo-wa	icə-j-ni
pn	house- obl	see- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter baači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	baače-la-xa-ni
pn	pn - ins	meet- pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia encountered Masha.’

12. enter iigu-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	ǯook-či	ii-gu-xə-ni
pn	house- dir	enter- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia entered the house.’

13. win xətə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xətə-xə-ni
pn	pn - obl	win- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia beat Masha.’

14. go out niə-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	ǯoog-ǯeaǯi	niə-xə-ni
pn	house- abl	go_out- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia went out of the house.’

15. drive puŋiə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	exa-mba	sirgə-či	puŋiə-j-ni
pn	cow- obl	hillock_by_river- dir	drive- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend uriəwən-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	suktu-wə	uri.ə-wəŋ-ki-ni
pn	branch- obl	bend. intr - caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia bent the branch.’

17. tell un-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	uŋ-ki-ni
pn	pn - dir	tell- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia told Masha: ...’

18. hold ǯapača-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ŋaala-do-i	daŋsa-wa	ǯapa-ča-j-ni
pn	hand- dat - p . refl . sg	book- obl	grab- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up xaŋpan-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xaŋpaŋ-ki-ni
pn	pn - obl	catch_up- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia caught up with Masha.’

20. milk siri-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Maša	exa-mba	sere-xa-ni
pn	cow- obl	milk- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha milked the cow.’

21. reach esi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	bagea-wa	ese-xa-ni
pn	opposite_bank- obl	reach- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia reached the bank.’

22. touch toŋala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	paǯera-mba	toŋa.la-xa-ni
pn	wall- obl	touch. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia touched the wall.’

23. fight sorimači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Vasia-ǯi	sore-mači-či
pn	pn - ins	fight- recp . npst - p .3 pl
‘Petia is fighting with Vasia.’

24. be friends andalača-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Vasia-ǯi	anda-la-ča-j-ni
pn	pn - ins	friend- pfv - res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is friends with Vasia.’

25. think murči-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	murči-ni
pn	pn - obl	think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat sea-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	jabloka-wa	sea-xa-ni
pn	apple- obl	eat- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia ate an apple.’

27. fry čero-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	sogdata-wa	čero-xa-ni
pn	fish- obl	fry- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fried the fish.’

28. wait xalači-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xala.či-ni
pn	pn - obl	wait. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is waiting for Masha.’

29. forget oŋbo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	goj-ǯema	pokto-wa	oŋbo-xa-ni
pn	other- restr	road- obl	forget- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisela-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

əǯə-čə-u-ri	zavisela-j-ni	səə-ǯiəǯi
remember- res - imps - npst	depend- npst - p .3 sg	age- abl
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call xəərsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

totara	Maša	Petia-wə	xəərsi-xə-ni
then	pn	pn - obl	call- pst - p .3 sg
‘Then Masha called Petia.’

32. get to know takoali-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	tako-a-le-xa-ni	əm	ajŋane-ndo	bi
pn	pn - ins	know- intr - pfv - pst - p .3 sg	one	year- dat	be. npst
‘Petia got to know Masha a year ago.’

33. know saa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	saa-ri-ni
pn	pn - obl	know- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) kupi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	gitar(a)-ǯi	kupi-ni
pn	guitar- ins	play. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid xoliači-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xole-a-či-ni
pn	pn - obl	walk_around- intr - ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia avoids Masha.’

36. make aŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	bomba-wa	aŋgo-xa-ni
pn	bomb- obl	make- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia made a bomb.’

37. make fun siŋgərə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	siŋgərə-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	make_fun- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’

38. have bi-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petia-du	mašina	bi
pn - dat	car	be. npst
‘Petia has a car.’

39. look for gələgu-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	anako-wa	gələ-gu-j-ni
pn	key- obl	ask- rep - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is looking for his keys.’

40. paint niulə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	geasa-wa	niulə-xə-ni
pn	hedge- obl	paint- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia painted the fence.’

41. bite səkpən-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

enda	Petia-wə	səkpəŋ-ki-ni
dog	pn - obl	bite- pst - p .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petia.’

42. forfeit xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ǯo-i	xuədə-xə-ni
pn	house- p . refl . sg	lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his house.’

43. try to catch ǯapajča-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	kəksə-wa	ǯapa-jča-j-ni
pn	cat- obl	take- des - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break bojali-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	moka-mba	boja.le-ха-ni
pn	small_tree- obl	break. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia broke a stick.’

45. flatter ojban-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	Maša-ǯi	ojban-ǯi-ni
pn	pn - ins	fawn- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is fawning on Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

46. love (person) uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	uləsi-ni
pn	pn - obl	love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves Masha.’

47. wave xarxi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	puŋku-ǯi	xarxi-ni
pn	handkerchief- ins	wave. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream murči-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	sikun	mašina-wa	murči-ni
pn	new	car- obl	think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash selko-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	kota-mba	selko-xa-ni
pn	cup- obl	wash- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia washed the cup.’

50. put on tətu-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	pəru-wə	tətu-xə-ni
pn	trousers- obl	put_on- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia put on his trousers.’

51. be called gərbiəsiu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

əj	ǯaka-wa	kompasа-ǯi	gərbiə-si-u-ri
this	object- obl	compass- ins	call- ipfv - imps - npst
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish kəsuli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	piktə-i	kəsu.li-xə-ni
pn	child- p . refl . sg	punish. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia punished his son.’

53. attack xukču-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

mapa	bota-mǯi-či	xukču-xə-ni
bear	fish- ag - dir	attack- pst - p .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) teas o-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

muəlu	muə-ǯi	teas	o-či-ni
bucket	water- ins	full	become- pst - p .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find baogo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	anako-wa	bao-go-xa-ni
pn	key- obl	find- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia found his keys.’

56. be short aoli-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: DAT

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

Petia-du	əm	tiəsə	aoli-ni
pn - dat	one	rouble	lack. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is one rouble short.’

57. hate čiurisi

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	čiuri.si-ni
pn	pn - ins	be_dismayed. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hates Masha.’

58. like ulə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	əj	tətuə-wə	ulə.si-ni
pn	this	garment- obl	love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia likes this shirt.’

59. need gələ-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

əsi	Petia	ǯexa-wa	gələ-j-ni
now	pn	money- obl	ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia needs money.’

60. surround elisi-

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkendeli

X: NOM

Y: OBLkendeli

Locus: Y

xoto-mba	kəndəli	paǯeran	ele-si-ni
town- obl	around	wall	stand_up- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain osigo-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pətjə-du	ǯoan	tiəsə	ose-go-xa-ni
pn - dat	ten	rouble	become- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has ten roubles left.’

62. answer taodago-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Pətjə	alo-si-mǯi-či	taoda-go-xa-ni
pn	teach- ipfv - ag - dir	answer- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia answered the teacher.’

63. open nixəli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Pətjə	banka-wa	nixə.li-xə-ni
pn	can- obl	open. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia opened a can.’

64. be different xaŋisila bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mi	tətuə-i	si-ŋgi-ǯia	xaŋe.se-la	bi
1 sg	garment- p .1 sg	2 sg - poss . pred - abl	side. dir - adv	be. npst
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind xamila dərəǯi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯea	xame-la-ni	dərəǯi-xə-ni
pn	pn - abl	back- loc - p .3 sg	remain- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fell behind Masha.’

66. plough anǯala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	daai	usi-mba	anǯa-la-j-ni
pn	big	vegetable_garden- obl	plough- pfv - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is ploughing the field.’

67. smell puni ənə-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mi	ŋaala-ǯea-i	benzin	pu-ni	ənə-j-ni
1 sg	hand- abl - p . refl . sg	gasoline	smell- p .3 sg	go- npst - p .3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross dao-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	pokto-wa	dao-xa-ni
pn	road- obl	cross- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia crossed the road.’

69. sing ǯari-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	gučkuli	ǯare-mba	ǯare-xa-ni
pn	beautiful	n anai_song- obl	sing- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sang a beautiful song.’

70. write niru-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	bičxə-wə	niru-xə-ni
pn	leter- obl	write- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia wrote a letter.’

71. drink omi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	moloko-wa	ome-xa-ni
pn	milk- obl	drink- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia drank the milk.’

72. melt uumbuwən-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	toǯa	pase-wa-n’	uu-mbuwəŋ-ki-ni
pn	lead	piece- obl - p .3 sg	melt- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ača-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

əj	omol	mi	tətuə-či-i-wa	ača-j-ni
this	belt	1 sg	garment- dir - p .1 sg - obl	match- npst - p .3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave ənu-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	mənə	xoto-nǯeaǯe-i	ənu-xə-ni
pn	refl	town- abl - p . refl . sg	leave- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia left his native city.’

75. cover dasi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Paǯeran	dase-ko-ni	pala-mba	xəm	dasi-xə-ni
wall	close- instr - p .3 sg	floor- obl	whole	close- pst - p .3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember əǯəčə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	mənə	urə-xəm-bə	ǯoo-wa	ulə	əǯə-čə-j-ni
pn	refl	grow- pst - obl	house- obl	good	remember- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help bələči-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-du	bələči-xə-ni
pn	pn - dat	help- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) otoli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	francuskij	xəsə-wə	otoli-ni
pn	f rench	word- obl	be_able. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia understands French.’

79. hit (target) tojko-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

agǯe	tali-ni	ǯoo-wa	tojko-xa-ni
storm	flash. npst - p .3 sg	house- obl	hit- pst - p .3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself xaga-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	britva-ǯi	xaga-xa-ni
pn	razor- ins	cut_oneself- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck lakto-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

stakan	dərə-či	lakto-xa-ni
glass	table- dir	stick- pst - p .3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) pərə-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-du	pərə-xə-ni
pn	pn - dat	lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost to Masha.’

83. be glad agda-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	bičxə-či	agda-xa-ni
pn	letter- dir	rejoice- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was glad about the letter.’

84. speak gusərəndu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	gusərə-ndu-j-ni
pn	pn - ins	tell- soc - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth baa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Maša	Petia-wa	baa-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tugbu-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	stakam-ba	tug-bu-xə-ni
pn	glass- obl	fall- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dropped the glass.’

87. govern dala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	buə	exo-mba	dala-j-ni
pn	1 pl	encampment- obl	govern- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia runs our village.’

88. miss ǯoŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	ǯoŋ-go-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	mention- rep - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia misses Masha.’

89. follow ənə-

Valency pattern: NOM_xamila

X: NOM

Y: xamila

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša	xame-la-ni	ənə-j-ni
pn	pn	back- loc - p .3 sg	go- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia follows Masha.’

90. dismount xulun-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	moren	oja-ǯea-ni	xuluŋ-ki-ni
pn	horse	surface- abl - p .3 sg	go_down- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia got down from the horse.’
Note: The ablative marker can also be attached attached directly to the Y-argument (‘the horse’).

91. listen dosiǯa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	radio-wa	doseǯa-j-ni
pn	radio- obl	listen- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is listening to radio.’

92. obey dosiǯa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	əni-mbi	doseǯa-j-ni
pn	mother- p . refl . sg	listen- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia obeys his mother.’

93. hear dolǯ-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	muzəka-wə	dolǯi-ni
pn	music- obl	hear. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hears the music.’

94. mix kamorip-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

keakso	moloko-ǯi	kamori-k-pi-ni
honey	milk- ins	mix- pass - pst - p .3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Metathesis of [p] and [k] on morpheme boundary is a regular phenomenon.

95. look ičəǯə-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	təwəksə-či	ičə-ǯə-j-ni
pn	cloud- dir	see- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off ačo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	tətuə-i	ačo-xa-ni
pn	garment- p . refl . sg	take_off- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) tolkiči-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	tolki.či-ni
pn	pn - obl	dream. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dreams about Masha.’

98. agree čexala-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	čexala-xa-ni
pn	pn - ins	agree- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel sorimači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	sore-mače-xa-ni
pn	pn - ins	fight- recp - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost sali-

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

əj	aleo	əm	tiəsə	sali-ni
this	tableware	one	rouble	cost. npst - p .3 sg
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’

101. shoot at meočala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	niəčə-mbə	meoča-la-xa-ni
pn	bird- obl	gun- pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia shot at the bird.’

102. pour nəə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	seata-wa	aleo-či	nəə-xə-ni
pn	sugar- obl	tableware- dir	put- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	anoko-wa	xuədə-xə-ni
pn	key- obl	lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his keys.’

104. sink ii-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

moo	muə-či	ii-xə-ni
wood	water- dir	enter- pst - p .3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill waa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	waa-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	kill- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia killed Masha.’

106. hit pačila-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	pače.la-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	hit. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hit Masha.’

107. kiss oǯo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	oǯo-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	kiss- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia kissed Masha.’

108. read xola-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ərdəŋgə	daŋgsa-wa	xola-xa-ni
pn	womderful	book- obl	read- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) tujŋku-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	čumčuən-ǯi-i	tujŋku-xə-ni
pn	finger- ins - p . refl . sg	sway- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia moved his finger.’

110. respect *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

111. be squeamish irbasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	jaŋgsa	aleo-ǯi	erbasi-ni
pn	dirt	tableware- ins	be_squeamish. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content agdanasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petia	piktə-ǯi-i	agda-nasi-ni
pn	child- ins - p .3 sg	rejoice- att . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is satisfied with his son.’

113. fall in love uləsilu-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	uləsi-lu-xə-ni
pn	pn - obl	love. ipfv - inch 1- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust agdača-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wə	agda-ča-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise guǯiəsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ənim-bi	guǯiə.si-ni
pn	mother- p . refl . sg	sympathise. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy ananasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	anana.si-ni
pn	pn - dir	jealousy. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia envies Masha.’

117. be angry ajaktači-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	ajakta.či-ni
pn	pn - dir	anger. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is angry with Masha.’

118. be surprised ərdəŋgə baa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	əj	daŋsa-wa	ərdəŋgə	baa-xa-ni
pn	this	book- obl	wonderful	find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was surprised at this book.’

119. love (tea) uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	čaj-wa	uləsi-ni
pn	tea- obl	love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	do-ni	ulə	o-či-ni	pəku	čaj-wa	omi-do-i
pn	inside- p .3 sg	good	become- pst - p .3 sg	heat	tea- obl	drink. npst - dat - p . refl . sg
‘Petia’s soul filled with joy when he drank hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

121. want gələ-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	sikun	mobil’nika-wa	gələ-j-ni
pn	new	mobile_phone- obl	ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ajakta-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	ajakta.či-ni
pn	pn - dir	hold_a_grudge. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia holds a grudge against Masha.’

123. take offence aksa-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	aksa-xa-ni
pn	pn - dir	take_offence- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took offence at Masha.’

124. upset orkila opowan-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	Maša	do-ni	orke-la	o-powaŋ-ki-ni
pn	pn	inside- p .3 sg	bad- adv	become- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia greatly upset Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel xal-xal o-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	əj	xoto-nǯi	xal-xal	ose-xa-ni
pn	this	town- ins	embarrassed	become- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was embarrassed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise čukisi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	čuki-si-ni
pn	pn - obl	bad- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia despises Masha.’

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petia	do-ni	orki-la	o-či-ni	mənə	piktə-i	turgun-ǯiə-ni
pn	inside- p .3 sg	bad- adv	become- pst - p .3 sg	refl	child- p . refl . sg	reason- abl - p .3 sg
‘Petia’s mood got down because of his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated ajaktači-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	əktə	piktə-či-i	ajakta-či-ni
pn	woman	child- dir - p . refl . sg	anger- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy elaǯi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	mənə	gogda-ǯi-i	elaǯi-ni
pn	refl	high- ins - p . refl . sg	be_shy. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is embarrased about his height.’