Mingrelian

Contributed by Alexander Rostovtsev-Popiel (Academia.edu profile)

A.P.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2023 from the following consultants: Zurab Apakiʒe (primary), K’onst’ant’ine Nač’q’ebia, Iza Nač’q’ebia, Raisa Pircxelava, Beniamin Ǯobava (all from Čxoroc’q’u). The language of elicitation was English with the primary consultant and Georgian with the rest. Many thanks go to Merab Čuxua (Chukhua) for his invaluable comments on Megrelian lexis.

How to cite

Rostovtsev-Popiel, Alexander. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Mingrelian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 5, 2023; last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 42.51, 41.87.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Kartvelian, genus: Kartvelian.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Valency classes of Mingrelian verbs are primarily defined by their case frames. However, all Mingrelian verbs, except for inverted statives, display the so-called “case-shift”: a phenomenon whereby the case marking of the arguments depends on the verb’s TAME form. Mingrelian TAME forms group into four so-called “series”, where Series I comprises present, imperfect, and future TAMEs belonging to various moods; Series II contains aorists, imperatives and optatives; Series III contains perfect and pluperfects of various moods; and Series IV largely replicates Series I, but with additional evidential and aspectual nuances. Simplifying somewhat, case marking in (non-inverted) verbs undergoing case-shift can be represented in Table 1.

Table 1. Verbs with case-shift: case marking in the four series

	Subject	Direct object	Indirect object
Series I	NOM	DAT	DAT
Series II	ERG	NOM	DAT
Series III	DAT	NOM	[ALL]
Series IV	NOM	DAT	DAT

For the purposes of the dataset below, the verb is considered transitive if and only if it displays case-shift so that its X-argument is case-marked as the “Subject”, and its Y-argument is case-marked as the “Direct object” in Table 1. The valency-encoding devices for the two core arguments in transitive constructions are labeled as “ERG” and “NOM” respectively, even if the actual sentence happens not to belong to Series II and the actual forms used are, thus, not ERG and NOM. For example, the equivalent of ‘plough’ (#66) in (2) is allotted to the same class as the equivalent of ‘take’ (#8) in (1), even though the two exemplar sentences display discrepant case frames.

(1)  čelo-Ø  ʔvana-s    Ø-bar-un-s=u
     PN-NOM  field-DAT  DO3-plough-SM-S3SG=EV
     ‘Chelo is ploughing the field.’

(2)  čelo-k  c'ing-i   ge-gl-Ø-i-γ-u
     PN-ERG  book-NOM  PFV-PRV-DO3-VER:S-take-S3SG.PST
     ‘Chelo took a book.’

Thus, the labels used in the annotation of transitive verbs correspond to the actual case frame in Series II (ERG, NOM). The same convention applies to case-shifting verbs that do not meet the aforementioned transitivity criterion. For example, the equivalent of ‘think’ (#25) is labeled as an “ERG_ABL” verb, even though the actual questionnaire sentence in (3) belongs to Series I and displays a nominative subject (X argument).

(3)  čelo-Ø  anučia-še(n)  Ø-pirk-en-s
     PN-NOM  PN-ABL        S3-think-SM-S3SG
     ‘Chelo thinks about Anuchia.’

The case-shift scheme represented in Table 1 above is only a part of the complex system that relates verbs classes, TAME-forms and case frames in Mingrelian. For an overview of further details, see (Rostovtsev-Popiel 2023), especially Table 8.1 there.

Case system

There are ten grammatical cases: nominative, ergative, dative (core cases), genitive, instrumental, adverbial (oblique cases), two ablatives (for the purposes of this study, they are treated as one), allative, and benefactive (secondary cases). Some of these cases are not featured in the dataset below. All four secondary cases are morphologically based on the genitive. Apart from grammatical cases, there are further case-like expressions, such as the sociative, which is featured in several entries below.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in the 3SG form of either Present or Future tense (as indicated in each instance). Future forms are shown in case the Present tense form is not sufficiently informative with respect to the verb’s lexical semantics.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; AFF — affirmative; ALL — allative; AUG — augment; B — base; CAUS — causative; DAT — dative; DEM — demonstrative; DO — direct object; ERG — ergative; EV — euphonic vowel; FACT — factitive; GEN — genitive; INACT — inactive; INS — instrumental; INTR — intransitive; IO — indirect object; LOC — locative; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative; PFV — perfectivizer; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; POT — potential; PROGR — progressive; PROX — proximal; PRV — preverb; PST — past; R.EXT — root extension; REFL — reflexive; S — subject marker; SG — singular; SM — series marker; SOC — sociative; VER:N — neutral versionizer; VER:O — objective versionizer; VER:R — relative versionizer; VER:S — subjective versionizer; VER:SUP — superessive versionizer.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain Ø-a-č'-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_DAT

X: DAT

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

čelo-s	dud-i-s	Ø-a-č'-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	head- b - dat	io 3- ver : r -ache- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo has a headache.’

2. have (illness) Ø-u-γ-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	grip'-i	Ø-u-γ-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	flu- nom	io 3- ver : o -have- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo has the flu.’

3. be afraid Ø-o-šk'ur-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ALL

X: DAT

Y: ALL

Locus: XY

čelo-s	ǯoγor-(i)ša	Ø-o-šk'ur-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	dog- all	io 3- ver : sup -fear- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw Ø-o-ʔot-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	p'rivel-k	Ø-o-ʔot-(u)	kua-Ø
pn - erg	first- erg	do 3- fact -throw-( s 3 sg . pst )	stone- nom
‘Chelo threw a stone first.’

5. have enough Ø-o-baγ-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	para-Ø	Ø-o-baγ-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	money- nom	io 3- ver : sup -be_enough- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo has enough money.’

6. resemble Ø-g-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	bondo-s	ko-Ø-g-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3-resemble- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo resembles Bondo.’

7. believe Ø-ǯer-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

čelo-s	anučia-ši	Ø-ǯer-s
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3-believe- s 3 sg
‘Chelo believes Anuchia.’

8. take gil-Ø-i-γ-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	c'ing-i	ge-gl-Ø-i-γ-u
pn - erg	book- nom	pfv - prv - do 3- ver : s -take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo took a book from the shelf.’
Note: The book is either at Chelo's eye level or above.

9. see Ø-o-rc'q'-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	ʔude-s	Ø-o-rc'q'-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom	house- dat	io 3- ver : sup -see- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo sees a house.’

10. influence muš-i-s Ø-o-rt-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

xan-i	muš-i-s	Ø-o-rt-u(n)-Ø	gošina-s
age- nom	refl . poss - b - dat	do 3- ver : n -do- sm - s 3 sg . inact	memory- dat
‘Age affects memory’ (lit. ‘Age does its thing to memory.’)

11. encounter še-Ø-xvad-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	ke-še-Ø-xvad-(u)
pn - erg	pn - dat	aff - prv - io 3-meet-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo met Anuchia.’

12. enter min-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL

X: ERG

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

čelo-k	ʔude-ša	min-Ø-i-l-(u)
pn - erg	house- all	prv - s 3- ver : s -go-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo entered the house.’

13. win Ø-o-rǯg-in-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	Ø-o-rǯg-in-(u)	šaxmat'-i-s
pn - erg	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -be_better- r . ext -( s 3 sg . pst )	chess- b - dat
‘Chelo beat Anuchia at chess.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

14. go out gim-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL

X: ERG

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čelo-k	ʔude-še(n)	gim-Ø-i-l-(u)
pn - erg	house- abl	prv - s 3- ver : s -go-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo went out of the house.’

15. drive mida-Ø-raʔ-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-Ø	čxou-s	mindor-(i)ša	mid-ma-Ø-raʔ-an-s
pn - nom	cow- dat	field- all	prv - progr - do 3-drive- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is driving the cow to the field.’

16. bend mo-Ø-γirik'-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	noʔvela-Ø	mo-Ø-γirik'-(u)
pn - erg	branch- nom	prv - do 3-bend-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo bent the branch.’

17. tell Ø-u-c'-in-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	Ø-u-c'-u
pn - erg	pn - dat	io 3- ver : o -tell- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo told Anuchia.’

18. hold Ø-u-k'eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	c'ing-i	xe-s	Ø-u-k'eb-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	book- nom	hand- dat	io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is holding a book in his hand.’

19. catch up gi-Ø-o-č'iš-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	ki-gi-Ø-o-č'iš-u
pn - erg	pn - dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : sup -catch_up- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo caught up with Anuchia.’

20. milk Ø-č'val-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	čxou-Ø	ge-Ø-č'val-(u)
pn - erg	cow- nom	prv - do 3-milk- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo milked the cow.’

21. reach mi-Ø-o-č'irin-u-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	c'q'ar-pi[ǯ]-s	ki-mi-Ø-o-č'irin-u
pn - erg	water-bank- dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : sup -reach- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo reached the bank.’

22. touch Ø-e-x-eb-u(n)-Ø

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	k'idala-s	ku-mk'-Ø-a-x-u
pn - erg	wall- dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -touch- s 3 sg
‘Chelo touched the wall.’

23. fight Ø-o-čxup'-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-o-čxup'-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -fight- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is fighting with Anuchia.’

24. be friends Ø-ǯima-k'oč-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_SOC

X: ERG

Y: SOC

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-c'k'ǝma	Ø-ǯima-k'oč-en-s
pn - nom	pn - pstp : soc	s 3-brother-man- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is friends with Anuchia.’

25. think Ø-p'irk-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL

X: ERG

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-še(n)	Ø-pirk-en-s
pn - nom	pn - abl	s 3-think- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo thinks about Anuchia.’

26. eat Ø-č'k'om-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	ušk'ur-(i)	o-Ø-č'k'om-u
pn - erg	apple- nom	pfv - do 3-eat- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo ate an apple.’

27. fry do-Ø-č'-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	čxom-(i)	do-Ø-č'-u
pn - erg	fish- nom	prv - do 3-fry- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo fried the fish.’

28. wait Ø-u-ǯin-e(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-u-ǯin-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : o -look.at- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is waiting for Anuchia.’

29. forget Ø-o-č'q'or-d-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	šxva	šara-k	ga-Ø-a-č'q'or-d-(u)
pn - dat	other	road- erg	prv - io 3- ver : sup -forget- intr - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo forgot the other road.’

30. depend Ø-o-r-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

šin-i	orčinel-iša	Ø-(o)-r-e(n)-Ø
memory- nom	age- all	s 3-( ver : sup )-be- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call d-Ø-u-ʒax-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	d-Ø-u-ʒax-(u)
pn - erg	pn - dat	prv - io 3- ver : o -call- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo called Anuchia.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

32. get to know g-Ø-i-čin-eb-apu-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

art	c'ana-š	uk'ul	čelo-k	anučia-Ø	g-Ø-i-čin-eb-ap-u
one	year- gen	behind	pn - erg	pn - nom	prv - do 3- ver : s -recognize- r . ext - aug - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo got to know Anuchia.’

33. know Ø-i-čin-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-i-čin-en-s
pn - nom	pn - dat	s 3- ver : s -recognize- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo (personally) knows Anuchia.’

34. play (instrument) mi-Ø-o-g-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	git'ara-s	mi-Ø-o-g-an-s
pn - nom	guitar- dat	prv - io 3- ver : loc -play- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid dud-s Ø-u-čilit-u-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	du(d)-s	Ø-u-čilit-u-an-s
pn - nom	pn - dat	refl - dat	io 3- ver : o -avoid- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo avoids Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

36. make ei-Ø-o-nc'q'-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	xunǯ-i	ei-Ø-o-nc'q'-u
pn - erg	mousetrap- nom	prv - do 3- fact -assemble- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun Ø-o-cigan-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-o-cigan-(un)-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -kid- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is making fun of Anuchia.’

38. have [u]-Ø-ʔun-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	mašna-Ø	Ø-ʔun-s
pn - dat	car- nom	io 3-have- s 3 sg
‘Chelo has a car.’

39. look for Ø-gor-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-Ø	muš	k'ila-s	Ø-gor-un-s=u
pn - nom	refl . poss	key- dat	do 3-look_for- sm - s 3 sg = ev
‘Chelo is looking for his keys.’

40. paint do-Ø-γap-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	γanda-Ø	do-Ø-γap-u
pn - erg	fence- nom	prv - do 3-paint- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo painted the fence.’

41. bite Ø-a-č-am-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-s	ǯoγor-k	k-Ø-a-č-(u)
pn - dat	dog- erg	aff - io 3- ver : r -bite- s 3 sg . pst
‘A dog bit Chelo.’

42. forfeit Ø-u-din-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	ʔude-k	me-Ø-u-din-(u)
pn - dat	house- erg	prv - io 3- ver : o -disappear-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo lost (his) house.’

43. try to catch Ø-č'op-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-Ø	k'at'u-s	Ø-č'op-un-s
pn - nom	cat- dat	do 3-catch- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break gino-Ø-t'ax-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	č'in-i	ge-gno-Ø-t'ax-(u)
pn - erg	stick- nom	pfv - prv - do 3-break-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo broke a stick.’

45. flatter Ø-o-kut-ol-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-o-kut-ol-un-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -flatter- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is flattering Anuchia.’

46. love (person) Ø-u-ʔor-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	anučia-Ø	Ø-u-ʔor-s
pn - dat	pn - nom	io 3- ver : o -love- s 3 sg
‘Chelo loves Anuchia.’

47. wave Ø-i-rk-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-Ø	xeškosal-s	Ø-i-rk-en-s
pn - nom	handkerchief- dat	do 3- ver : s -wave- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is waiving a handkerchief.’

48. dream Ø-i-orc-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL

X: ERG

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	axal	mašna-še(n)	Ø-i-orc-en-s
pn - nom	new	car- abl	do 3- ver : s -dream- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash go-Ø-rčx-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	č'irka-Ø	go-Ø-rčx-u
pn - erg	glass- nom	prv - do 3-wash- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo washed the cup.’

50. put on m-Ø-i-dv-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	ʒikva-Ø	ki-mi-Ø-i-d-u
pn - erg	trousers- nom	aff - prv - do 3- ver : s -put- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo put on his trousers.’

51. be called Ø-ǯox-on-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

te	mudgaren-s	k'omp'as-(i)	Ø-ǯox-o(n)-Ø
dem . prox	something- dat	compass-( nom )	io 3-be.called- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘This thing (lit. something) is called a compass.’

52. punish k'in-Ø-a-nčkol-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

čelo-k	sk'ua-Ø	ku-k'n-Ø-a-nčkol-(u)
pn - erg	child- dat	aff - prv - do 3- fact -place-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo put (his) son in the corner.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

53. attack dud-s gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

tunt-i-k	mečxome-s	du(d)-s	gi-Ø-a-ntx-u
bear- b - erg	fisherman- dat	refl - dat	prv - io 3- ver : r -attack- s 3 sg . pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ge-Ø-i-pš-ap-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

vedra-k	c'q'ar-it	ge-Ø-i-pš-(u)
bucket- erg	water- ins	prv - s 3- ver : s -fill- s 3 sg . pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find Ø-ʒir-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	muš-(i)	k'ila-Ø	ko-Ø-ʒir-(u)
pn - erg	refl . poss -( nom )	key- nom	aff - do 3-find- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo found his keys.’

56. be short Ø-o-rk'-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	art	lar-i	Ø-o-rk'-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	one	l ari- nom	io 3- ver : sup -be_short- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is one Lari short.’

57. hate va-Ø-(a)-ʒir-u-ap-u(n)-Ø

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	anučia-Ø	va-Ø-(a)-ʒir-u-ap-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	pn - nom	neg - io 3-( pot )-see- r . ext - aug - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo hates Anuchia.’

58. like mo-Ø-c'on-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	te	osare-Ø	mo-Ø-c'on-s
pn - dat	dem . prox	shirt- nom	prv - io 3-like- s 3 sg
‘Chelo likes this shirt.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

59. need Ø-o-sač'ir-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	para-Ø	Ø-o-sač'ir-(un)-Ø
pn - dat	money- nom	io 3- ver : sup -need- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo needs money.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

60. surround go-Ø-ʔ-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

noγa-s	zγuder-i	go-Ø-ʔ-un-s=u
town- dat	town.wall- nom	prv - io 3-accompany- sm - s 3 sg = ev
‘The wall surrounds the town.’

61. remain d-Ø-a-sk'id-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	ku-d-Ø-a-sk'id-(u)	xvale	vit	lar-k
pn - dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : sup -remain-( s 3 sg . pst )	only	ten	l ari- erg
‘Chelo has only ten Laris left.’

62. answer Ø-u-gam-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	magurale-s	Ø-u-gam-(u)
pn - erg	teacher- dat	io 3- ver : o -answer-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo answered the teacher.’

63. open go-Ø-nc'q'-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	bank'a-Ø	go-Ø-nc'q'-u
pn - erg	jar- nom	prv - do 3-open- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo opened a jar.’

64. be different gino-Ø-rt-al-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čkim	osare-Ø	gino-Ø-rt-al-an-s	sk'an	osare-še(n)
my	shirt- nom	prv - s 3-divide- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg	your. sg	shirt- abl
‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’

65. fall behind ek'-Ø-a-sk'id-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	k-ek'-Ø-a-sk'id-u
pn - erg	pn - dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -stay- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo fell behind Anuchia.’

66. plough Ø-bar-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-Ø	ʔvana-s	Ø-bar-un-s=u
pn - nom	field- dat	do 3-plough- sm - s 3 sg = ev
‘Chelo is ploughing the field.’

67. smell šur-i Ø-u-ntx-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

čkim	xe-s	benʒil-iš	šur-(i)	Ø-u-ntx-an-s
my	hand- dat	gasoline- gen	smell- nom	io 3- ver : o -smell- sm - s 3 sg
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross gin-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	šara-Ø	gin-Ø-i-l-u
pn - erg	road- nom	prv - do 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo crossed the road.’

69. sing Ø-i-bir-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	sk'vam-(i)	obireše-Ø	k-Ø-i-bir-(u)
pn - erg	beautiful-( nom )	song- nom	aff - s 3- ver : s -sing- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo sang a beautiful song.’

70. write do-Ø-č'ar-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	kart'an-(i)	do-Ø-č'ar-(u)
pn - erg	letter-( nom )	prv - do 3-write- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo wrote a letter.’

71. drink Ø-š-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	bža-Ø	ge-Ø-š-u
pn - erg	milk- nom	prv - do 3-drink- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo drank the milk.’

72. melt d-Ø-a-ndγul-u-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	t'q'vir-iš	noč'k'er-(i)	d-Ø-a-ndγul-u
pn - erg	lead- gen	piece-( nom )	prv - do 3- fact -melt- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo melted a piece of lead.’

73. match Ø-o-sk'v-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

te	ort'q'apu-Ø	mangaro(t)	Ø-o-sk'v-an-s	čkim	k'aba-s
dem . prox	belt-( nom )	greatly	do 3- fact -beautify- sm - s 3 sg	my	gown- dat
‘This belt suits my gown well.’

74. leave ki-mi-Ø-o-t'-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	muš-(i)	noγa-Ø	ki-mi-Ø-o-t'u-u
pn - erg	refl . poss -( nom )	town- nom	aff - prv - do 3- fact -leave- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo left his (native) town for good.’

75. cover Ø-por-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

nox-(i)	tel	šuxona-s	Ø-por-un-s
carpet- nom	entire	floor- dat	do 3-cover- sm - s 3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember Ø-š-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	muš-(i)	ʔude-Ø	Ø-š-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	refl . poss -( nom )	house- nom	io 3-remember- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo remembers his house.’

77. help Ø-o-xvar-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	m-Ø-e-xvar-(u)
pn - erg	pn - dat	prv - io 3- ver : r -help- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo helped Anuchia.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

78. understand (language) Ø-a-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	šonur-(i)	Ø-a-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - dat	s van-( nom )	io 3- pot -hear- pot - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo understands Svan.’
Note: The verb is the lexicalized potential form of ‘to hear’.

79. hit (target) gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

val-k	ʔude-s	ki-gi-Ø-a-ntx-u
lightning- erg	house- dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself g-Ø-i-č'k'ir-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

čelo-k	oxok'al-it	g-Ø-i-č'k'ir-u
pn - erg	razor- ins	prv - do 3- ver : s -cut- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck gi-Ø-a-č'ab-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

č'irka-k	st'ol-s	ki-gi-Ø-a-č'ab-u
glass- erg	table- dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -glue- s 3 sg . pst
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) c'a-Ø-a-g-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_SOC

X: ERG

Y: SOC

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-c'k'uma	c'a-Ø-a-g-u
pn - erg	pn - pstp : soc	prv - do 3- ver : sup -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo lost to Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

83. be glad Ø-o-xiol-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	nač'ara-k	mangaro(t)	Ø-a-xiol-(u)
pn - dat	letter- erg	greatly	io 3- ver : r -be_glad- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo got very pleased by the letter.’

84. speak Ø-u-ragad-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-u-ragad-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : r -talk- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is talking to Anuchia.’

85. give birth Ø-o-rčkin-u-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

anučia-k	boš-(i)	g-Ø-a-rčkin-(u)
pn - erg	boy-( nom )	prv - do 3- fact -beget- s 3 sg . pst
‘Anuchia gave birth to a son.’

86. drop do-Ø-u-ol-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	č'irka-k	ku-d-Ø-u-ol-(u)
pn - dat	glass- erg	aff - prv - io 3- ver : o -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo dropped the glass.’

87. govern Ø-nǯγver-un-s

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-Ø	čkin	oput'e-s	Ø-nǯγver-un-s
pn - nom	our	village- dat	do 3-drive- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo runs our town.’

88. miss Ø-o-nart'-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	anučia-Ø	Ø-o-nart'-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	pn - nom	io 3- ver : sup -miss- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo misses Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

89. follow ge-Ø-ʔ-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	ge-Ø-ʔ-un-s
pn - nom	pn - dat	prv - io 3-follow- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo follows Anuchia.’

90. dismount gim-Ø-ur-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL

X: ERG

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čelo-k	cxen-(i)še(n)	gim-Ø-e-l-(u)
pn - erg	horse- abl	prv - s 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo got down from the horse.’

91. listen Ø-u-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	radio-s	Ø-u-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom	radio- dat	io 3- ver : o -hear- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is listening to radio.’

92. obey Ø-u-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	dia-muš-i-s	iro(t)	Ø-u-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom	mother- refl . poss - dat	always	io 3- ver : o -hear- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo obeys his mother.’

93. hear Ø-a-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	musik'a-Ø	Ø-a-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - dat	music- nom	io 3- pot -hear- pot - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo hears the music.’

94. mix miš-Ø-e-c’q’or-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

topur-k	bža-s	ki-mš-Ø-e-c’q’or-u
honey- erg	milk- dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : s -mix- s 3 sg . pst
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look Ø-u-ǯin-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	munapa-s	Ø-u-ǯin-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom	cloud- dat	io 3- ver : o -look_at- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is looking at the cloud.’

96. take off mik'-Ø-i-nc'q'-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	osare-Ø	ga-mk'-Ø-i-nc'q'-u
pn - erg	shirt- nom	pfv - prv - do 3- ver : s -take_off- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo took off (his) shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) gi-Ø-a-ʒir-u(n)-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	anučia-Ø	gi-Ø-a-ʒir-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	pn - nom	prv - io 3- ver : r -see- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo dreams about Anuchia.’

98. agree d-Ø-a-Ɂ-un-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	ku-d-Ø-a-Ɂ-un-u
pn - erg	pn - dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -accompany- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo agreed with Anuchia.’

99. have a quarrel c'-Ø-e-k'ind-eb-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	c'-Ø-e-k'ind-u
pn - erg	pn - dat	prv - io 3- ver : r -quarrel- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo had a quarrel with Anuchia.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

100. cost Ø-γir-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

te	č'irka-Ø	art	lar-(i)	Ø-γir-u(n)-Ø
dem . prox	glass- nom	one	l ari-( nom )	s 3-cost-( sm )- s 3 sg . inact
‘This cup cost one Lari.’
Note: This verb phrase is likely to be a recent borrowing from Georgian.

101. shoot at Ø-o-ʔot-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	čit'-i-s	k-Ø-a-ʔot-u
pn - erg	bird- b - dat	aff - io 3- ver : sup -throw- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo shot at the bird.’

102. pour in-Ø-i-rγv-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	č'irka-ša	šankar-(i)	k-in-Ø-i-rγ-u
pn - erg	glass- all	sugar-( nom )	aff - prv - do 3- ver : s -scatter- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose mi-Ø-o-din-u-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	muš-(i)	k'ila-Ø	mi-Ø-o-din-(u)
pn - erg	refl . poss -( nom )	key- nom	prv - do 3- fact -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo lost his keys.’

104. sink Ø-i-nc'q'-u-ap-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ǯik'-i-k	c'q'ar-s	di-Ø-i-nc'q'-u
log- b - erg	water- dat	prv - s 3- ver : s -sink- s 3 sg . pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill do-Ø-ʔvil-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	anučia-Ø	do-Ø-ʔvil-u
pn - erg	pn - nom	prv - do 3-kill- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo killed Anuchia.’

106. hit xe-s mi-Ø-o-g-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	xe-Ø	mi-Ø-o-g-u
pn - erg	pn - dat	hand- nom	prv - io 3- ver : sup -hit- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo hit Anuchia.’

107. kiss Ø-o-ǯun-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	k-Ø-a-ǯun-u
pn - erg	pn - dat	aff - io 3- ver : r -kiss- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo kissed Anuchia.’

108. read Ø-k'itx-ul-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	saint'ereso	c'ing-i	c'-Ø-e-k'itx-(u)
pn - erg	interesting	book- nom	prv - do 3- ver : s -read- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo read an interesting book.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

109. move (bodypart) Ø-u-kanc-u-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	k'it-i-s	ku-d-Ø-u-kanc-u
pn - erg	finger- b - dat	aff - prv - io 3- ver : o -move- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo moved his finger.’

110. respect Ø-a-pas-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-a-pas-en-s
pn - nom	pn - dat	do 3- val -value- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo holds Anuchia in high esteem.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

111. be squeamish Ø-o-c'ic'k'-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	c'ik'vil-i	č'k'ud-i	Ø-o-c'ic'k'-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	dirty- nom	dishes- nom	io 3- ver : sup -be_squeamish- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content šurirʒγel-i Ø-o-r-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	šurirʒγel-(i)	Ø-(o)-r-e(n)-Ø	muš	sk'ua-t(i)
pn - nom	satisfied-( nom )	s 3-( ver : sup )-be- sm - s 3 sg . inact	refl . poss	child- ins
‘Chelo is content with his child.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle). The verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

113. fall in love Ø-e-ʔor-op-eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	anučia-k	k-Ø-e-ʔor-op-u
pn - dat	pn - erg	aff - io 3- ver : r -love- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo fell in love with Anuchia.’

114. trust Ø-o-nd-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-o-nd-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -trust- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo trusts Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent calque from Georgian.

115. sympathise Ø-e-cod-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	dia-muš-(i)	Ø-o-cod-(un)-Ø
pn - dat	mother- refl . poss -( nom )	io 3- ver : sup -pity- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo sympathizes with his mother.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent calque from Georgian.

116. envy Ø-o-nǯar-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

čelo-s	anučia-ši	Ø-o-nǯar-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3- ver : sup -envy- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo envies Anuchia.’

117. be angry Ø-a-nč'q'or-u-ap-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-a-nč'q'or-u-ap-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : r -be_angry- r . ext - caus - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is angry with Anuchia.’

118. be surprised Ø-e-Ɂ-on-eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_INS

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	te	nač'q'olopu-t(i)	Ø-e-Ɂ-on-(u)
pn - dat	dem . prox	gift- ins	io 3- ver : r -follow- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo got surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) Ø-u-ʔor-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	čai-Ø	Ø-u-ʔor-s
pn - dat	tea- nom	io 3- ver : o -love- s 3 sg
‘Chelo loves tea.’

120. enjoy Ø-i-t'kab-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	čxe	čai-t	Ø-i-t'k'ab-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom	hot	tea- ins	s 3- ver : s -delight- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo enjoys hot tea.’

121. want Ø-o-k'-on-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	Ø-o-k'-o(n)-Ø	axal-(i)	t'elepon-i
pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -want- sm - s 3 sg . inact	new-( nom )	telephone- nom
‘Chelo want a new phone.’

122. have a grudge gurmulir-i Ø-o-r-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-še(n)	Ø-(o)-r-e(n)-Ø	gur-mulir-(i)
pn - nom	pn - abl	s 3-( ver : sup )-be- sm - s 3 sg . inact	heart-come-( nom )
‘Chelo has a grudge against Anuchia.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

123. take offence Ø-a-nč'q'or-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	ga-Ø-a-nč'q'or-(u)
pn - erg	pn - dat	prv - io 3- ver : r -take_offence- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo took offence at Anuchia.’

124. upset Ø-o-c'q'in-eb-apu-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	mangaro(t)	Ø-o-c'q'in-eb-ap-u
pn - erg	pn - dat	greatly	io 3- caus -upset- r . ext - caus - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo greatly upset Anuchia.’

125. marvel č'k'ua-še(n) gin-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

čelo-k	č'k'ua-še(n)	gin-Ø-i-l-u	te	noγa-t(i)
pn - erg	wit- abl	prv - s 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst	dem . prox	town- ins
‘Chelo got crazy about this town.’

126. despise Ø-ǯog-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	anučia-Ø	Ø-ǯog-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	pn - nom	io 3-despise- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo despises Anuchia.’

127. get upset gonč'q'orel-i Ø-sk'id-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL

X: ERG

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čelo-k	mangar	gorč'q'orel-k	ku-do-Ø-sk'id-(u)	muš	sk'ua-še(n)
pn - erg	great	upset- erg	aff - prv - s 3-remain- s 3 sg . pst	refl . poss	child- abl
‘Chelo got greatly upset with his child.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle). Y is part of an adjunct and its expression can vary.

128. get irritated Ø-γviz-on-d-u(n)-Ø

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL

X: ERG

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	Ø-γviz-on-d-u(n)-Ø	muš	osursk'ua-še(n)
pn - nom	s 3-annoy- r . ext - inch - sm - s 3 sg . inact	refl . poss	daughter- abl
‘Chelo is getting irritatated with his daughter.’

129. be fond gur-s gi-Ø-o-xant’-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	anučia-Ø	gur-s	gi-Ø-o-xant’-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	pn - nom	heart- dat	prv - io 3- ver : sup -paint- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is fond of Anuchia.’
Note: Lit. ‘Chelo has Anuchia painted on his heart.’

130. be shy Ø-o-onǯγor-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ALL

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

čelo-s	muš-i	sirγin-iša	Ø-o-onǯγor-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	refl . poss - b	height- all	io 3- ver : sup -be_ashamed- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is shy about his height.’