Northern Mansi
Contributed by Daria Zhornik
(Academia.edu profile )
The data were gathered in 2023 in the town of Ivdel’ (Sverdlovsk Oblast’, Russia) where speakers of the Upper Lozva dialect from the villages Ushma and Treskol’je were located at that time, the main speakers consulted being Anastasiya Anyamova and Albina Anyamova. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.
How to cite
Zhornik, Daria. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Northern Mansi.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on May 16, 2023;
last revised on June 11, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on
Basic info
Coordinates: 61.56, 60.01 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Uralic, genus: Ugric.
Macro-area: North and Central Asia.
Grammar notes
Basic clause structure and the transitive construction
The basic word order is SOV. Subjects and direct objects, if represented by nouns, do not distinguish between each other since the language does not have a nominal accusative case. Only personal pronouns have a separate “accusative” form which consists of the pronoun and a possessive suffix of the same person and number.
The verb has a subject conjugation, where it agrees with the subject in person and number, and an object conjugation, where it additionally agrees with the object in number. Object conjugation is grammatically possible for all transitive verbs and for transitive verbs only. The choice of conjugation is based on topicality, sometimes definiteness and other factors. Sometimes passive voice is used to promote a topical constituent to the subject position and for some other purposes.
Case system
In Northern Mansi, there are 6 nominal cases: nominative, lative, locative, instrumental, elative, translative. As mentioned earlier, personal pronouns have a special “accusative” form.
Verb lemmas
The verbs are cited in several forms in the questionnaire, the most common being NPST.3SG and PST.3SG
Glossing abbreviations
1, 2, 3 – 1st, 2nd, 3rd person, ADV – adverbalizer, ASP – aspectual marker, CAR – caritive, CAUS – causative, COM – comitative, COMP – comparative, DIM – diminutive, DU – dual, EMPH – emphatic particle, EL – elative, INS – instrumental case, LAT – lative case, NEG – negation, NPST – non-past tense, O – object, OBL – oblique form, PASS – passive voice, PFV – perfective aspect, PL – plural, PN – personal name, POSS – possessive marker, PROP – proprietive, PTCL – particle, PTCP – participle, REFL – reflexive, S – subject, SG – singular, TR – transitivizer, TRANS – translative case, VBZ – verbalizer.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
LAT_ACC
LAT_NOM
NOM_CAR
NOM_EL
NOM_INS
NOM_LAT
NOM_NOMjot
NOM_NOMjuji.palt
NOM_NOMkiwern
NOM_NOMlalt
NOM_NOMmajes
NOM_NOMnupel
NOM_NOMpoxen
NOM_NOMultta
NOM_TRANS
POSS_NOM
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pājel
puŋk-e
ājməŋ
pn
head-
poss
.3
sg
sick
‘Pasha has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
pajel
ājməntaxt-i
xōpsi
ājm-əl
pn
suffer_from-
npst
.3
sg
lungs
illness-
ins
‘Pasha has tuberculose.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
āji-riɕ
pil-i
kūt’uw-əl
girl-
dim
be_afraid-
npst
.3
sg
dog-
el
‘The girl is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel
wuɕkas-as
āxwtas
pn
throw-
pst
.3
sg
stone
‘Pasha threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
am
ōln-əl
towl-awe-m
i
money-
ins
suffice-
pass
-
npst
.1
sg
‘I have enough money.’
Note: This is a passive construction.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pājel
āɕ-e
xurip
pn
father-
poss
.3
sg
similar
‘Pasha resembles his father.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
taw
ajt-i
ɕān’-e-n
he
believe-
npst
.3
sg
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
lat
‘He believes his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āji-riɕ
wi-s
nēpak
pasan-əl
girl-
dim
take-
pst
.3
sg
book
table-
el
‘The girl took a book from the table.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
kāsal-ej-um
kol
i
see-
npst
-1
sg
house
‘I see a house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
ēkwa
kāsal-axt-as
āji-te
jot
woman
see-
refl
-
pst
.3
sg
daughter-
poss
.3
sg
with
‘The woman encountered her daughter (accidently).’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMkiwern
X: NOM
Y: NOMkiwern
Locus: Y
ōjka
ɕalt-əs
kol
kīwər-n
man
enter-
pst
.3
sg
house
inside-
lat
‘The man entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pētra
anum
kāsarǝl
nox=pat-t-ǝs
p
eter
i
.
obl
cards-
ins
up=fall-
caus
-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘Peter won over me in a game of cards.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ōjka
kol-əl
kon-kwal-əs
man
house-
el
out-go-
pst
.3
sg
‘The man went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ōjka
n’āw-i
sāli
man
drive-
npst
.3
sg
reindeer
‘The man is driving the reindeer (to the pasture).’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ōjka
xut-əlt-as-t-e
tow
man
bend_oneself-
caus
-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
branch
‘The man bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
pājel
kol’i-n
lāw-əs …
pn
pn
-
lat
say-
pst
.3
sg
‘Pasha told Kolja....’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel
ūr-i
nēpak
kāt-ta
pn
hold-
npst
.3
sg
book
hand-
loc
‘Pasha is holding a book in his hand(s).’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kūt’uw
jujəl=joxt-əs-t-e
ōtr-e
dog
after=go-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
master-
poss
.3
sg
‘The dog catched up with its master.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ruɕ
ēkwa
kōsla-te
pos-əs
r
ussian
woman
goat-
poss
.3
sg
milk-
pst
.3
sg
‘The Russian woman milked her goat.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpoxen
X: NOM
Y: NOMpoxen
Locus: Y
am
kol-um
pox-ǝn
ta
l’apa-m-as-um
i
house-
poss
.1
sg
near-
lat
ptcl
close-
vbz
-
pst
-1
sg
‘I reached my home.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
āji-riɕ
kūt’uw-na
now-xat-as
girl-
dim
dog-
lat
touch-
refl
-
pst
.3
sg
‘The girl (accidently) touched the dog.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
pājel
alxat-i
kol’a
jot
pn
fight-
npst
.3
sg
pn
with
‘Pasha fights with Kolja.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
pājel
kol’a
jot
rum-əŋ
ōl-ēj
pn
pn
with
friend-
prop
be-
npst
.3
du
‘Pasha is friends with Kolja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
āɣi
noms-axt-i
ɕān’-ēl
girl
think-
refl
-
npst
.3
sg
mother-
poss
.3
sg
.
el
‘The girl is thinking about her mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel
tāj-ap-as-t-e
xūl
pn
eat-
pfv
-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
fish
‘Pasha ate the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel
xūl
pōnsl-as
pn
fish
fry-
pst
.3
sg
‘Pasha fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kūt’uw
ūr-i
ōtr-e
dog
wait-
npst
.3
sg
master-
poss
.3
sg
‘The dog waits for his master.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
l’ōŋx-um
xot-joruwl-as-l-um
i
road-
poss
.1
sg
pfv
-forget-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-1
sg
.
s
‘I forgot the road.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ɕān’-e
wōw-əs-t-e
āɣi-te
mother-
poss
.3
sg
call-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
girl-
poss
.3
sg
‘The mother called her daughter.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
am
rumalaxt-as-um
jēn’a
jot
1
sg
befriend-
pst
-1
sg
pn
com
‘I recently made friends with Eugene.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
wāj-l-um
ti
ōjka-riɕ
i
know-3
sg
.
o
-1
sg
.
s
this
old_man-
dim
‘I know this old man.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ōjka-riɕ
jonj-i
sāŋkwəltap-əl
old_man-
dim
play-
npst
.3
sg
sangkweltap-
ins
‘The old man plays the sangkweltap.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
am
ūrjal-axt-ej-um
ti
ēlmxolas-ǝl
i
keep-
refl
this
person-
el
‘I avoid this person.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
āpa
wār-s-um
i
craddle
make-
pst
-1
sg
‘I made a craddle.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel
xāp
ōn’ɕ-i
pn
boat
have-
npst
.3
sg
‘Pasha has a boat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
kins-ēj-um
mil
lōx
i
look_for-
npst
-1
sg
deep
backwater
‘I am looking for deep backwater.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pajel
pūsas
ōl’p-əl
sart-əs-t-e
pn
fence
color-
ins
smear-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
‘Pasha painted the fence’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kūt’uw
pur-əs-t-e
n’āwram
dog
bite-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
child
‘The dog bit the child.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_CAR
X: NOM
Y: CAR
Locus: Y
ti
ēkwa
kol-tāl
pat-əs
this
woman
house-
car
fall-
pst
.3
sg
‘This woman lost her house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel
puw-i
kati
pn
try_to_catch-
npst
.3
sg
cat
‘Pasha is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pajel
sakwat-as
tow
pn
break-
pst
.3
sg
branch
‘Pasha broke a branch.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ɕān’-e
ērupt-i-t-e
āji-te
mother-
poss
.3
sg
love-
npst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
daughter-
poss
.3
sg
‘The mother loves her daughter.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ēkwa
tōr-əl
xosj-i
woman
kerchief-
ins
wave-
npst
.3
sg
‘The woman is waving a kerchief.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel
āni
lowt-əs
pn
cup
wash-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘Pasha washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āji-riɕ
sup
mas-əs
girl-
dim
dress
put_on-
pst
.3
sg
‘The girl put on a dress.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_TRANS
X: NOM
Y: TRANS
Locus: Y
ti
ūj
n’oxsiɣ
lāw-awe
this
animal
sable-
trans
say-
pass
[
npst
.3
sg
]
‘This animal is called a sable.’
Note: This is a passive construction.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMlalt
X: NOM
Y: NOMlalt
Locus: Y
wōrtōlnōjka
xūl
puw-ne
ōjka
l’al’t
porijm-as-t-e
bear
fish
catch-
ptcp
.
npst
man
on
jump-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
xōnt-s-um
xōxsa
i
find-
pst
-1
sg
cigarette
‘I found a cigarette.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
pajel
at
towl-awe
moɕɕa-kw-nuw
ōln-əl
pn
neg
suffice-
pass
.
npst
.3
sg
a_little-
adv
-
comp
money-
ins
‘Pasha is short of a little more money.’
Note: This is a passive construction (cf. 5 for the active).
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
āji-riɕ-na
ti
sup
jomas
girl-
dim
-
lat
this
dress
good
‘The girl likes this dress.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
anum-n
oln
ēri
i
.
obl
-
lat
money
necessary
‘I need money.’
Note: This predicate has lost some, but not all, of its verbal properties.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
am
sotǝr
solkowi
ārijt-as
i
thousand
rouble
be.left-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘I only have a thousand roubles left.’
Note: Although X is construed as a possessor of Y, it displays some properties of a clause-level rather than NP-internal constituent (e.g. discontinuous uses are possible).
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
n’āwram
ēkwa-n
akwjuwl’e
law-ǝs
child
woman-
lat
back
say-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘The child answered the woman’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pēt’a
āwi
pūns-as
p
eter
door
open-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘Peter opened the door.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
am
juw
xul’t-s-um
jurt-an-ǝl
i
back
stay-
pst
-1
sg
friend-
pl
-
el
‘I fell behind my friends.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xum
xil-i
mā
man
dig-
npst
[3
sg
]
earth
‘A man is digging/ploughing the earth.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
am
kāt-aɣ-um
xūl
at
pas-ē-ɣ
1
sg
hand-
du
-
poss
.1
sg
fish
smell
smell-
npst
-3
du
‘My hands smell of fish.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMultta
X: NOM
Y: NOMultta
Locus: Y
ēkwa
l’ōŋx
ūltta
min-as
wiɣir
pōs-ǝl
woman
road
across
go-
pst
[3
sg
]
red
light-
el
‘A woman crossed the road on a red light.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
ɕan’-um
jomas
ēriɣ
ērɣ-ǝs
1
sg
mother-
poss
.1
sg
good
song
sing-
pass
[3
sg
]
‘My mother sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āɣi
piɕma
xans-ǝs
girl
letter
write-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘A girl wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
jēn’a
saw
wīna
aj-i
pn
much
alcohol
drink-
npst
[3
sg
]
‘Eugene drinks a lot of alcohol.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xum
kēr
tolt-ǝs
man
iron
melt-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘The man melted the iron.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
ti
ēntap
am
sup-um-n
rōw-i
this
belt
1
sg
dress-
poss
.1
sg
-
lat
match-
npst
[3
sg
]
‘This belt matches my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
n’awram-ǝt
jānij-m-as-ǝt,
pāwl-anǝl
ta
ossuwl-as-anǝl
child-
pl
big-
vbz
-
pst
-3
pl
village-
poss
.3
pl
pl
leave-
pst
-
sg
.
o
.3
pl
.
s
‘The children grew up and abandoned their village.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
jānij
tor
kolkan
lap-pant-ǝs
big
cloth
floor
close-cover-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘A large cloth covered the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
nom-i-l-um
kol-um
xot
jānij-m-as-um
1
sg
remember-
npst
-
sg
.
o
-1
sg
.
s
house-
poss
.1
sg
where
big-
vbz
-
pst
-1
sg
‘I remember the house where I grew up.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
n’āwram
n’ōt-i
ɕān’-e-n
child
help-
npst
[3
sg
]
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
lat
‘The child helps his/her mother.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
jowt
n’al
sāli
sam-na
xoj-as
bow
arrow
reindeer
eye-
lat
hit-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘An arrow hit the reindeer in the eye.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
istakan
pasan-ǝn
xan-ǝs
glass
table-
lat
get_stuck-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
am
pet’a
jot
kasǝr-l-as-um,
taw-e-n
pat-we-s-um
1
sg
pn
com
card-
vbz
-
pst
-1
sg
3
sg
-
obl
-
lat
fall-
pass
-
pst
-1
sg
‘I played cards with Peter and lost to him.’
Note: This is a passive construction based on an intransitive verb.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because this verb can only take clausal complements.
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
jēn’a
potǝrt-i
mārja
jot
pn
speak-
npst
[3
sg
]
pn
com
‘Eugene speaks to Mary.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
mārja
mōlxōtal
on’ɕ-as
āji
pn
yesterday
have-
pst
[3
sg
]
daughter
‘Yesterday Mary gave birth to a daughter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
istakan
jol-pat-t-ǝs
1
sg
glass
down-fall-
tr
-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘I dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjuji.palt
X: NOM
Y: NOMjuji.palt
Locus: Y
kati
am
juji
pal-um
akwaj
ta
n’awl-axt-i
cat
1
sg
back
half-
poss
.1
sg
always
ptcl
follow-
refl
-
npst
[3
sg
]
‘The cat follows me everywhere.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
jēn’a
buran-e-nǝl
xot-kwal-ap-as
pn
snowmobile-
poss
.3
sg
-
el
from-stand-
pfv
-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘Eugene dismounted from his snowmobile.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
xūntl-ēj-um
rādio
1
sg
listen-
npst
-1
sg
radio
‘I am listening to the radio.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
ti
n’awram
at
xūntl-i
ɕān’-e-n
this
child
neg
obey-
npst
[3
sg
]
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
lat
‘This child doesn’t obey his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
xūl-s-um
kūt’uw
1
sg
hear-
pst
-1
sg
dog
‘I heard the dog.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
sākkar
tēlijt-as
ɕaj
jot
sugar
mix-
pst
[3
sg
]
tea
com
‘Sugar mixed with the tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
suns-ēj-um
televizor
1
sg
watch-
npst
-1
sg
television
‘I am watching television.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
xot-āŋx-ǝs-l-um
i
nox-tājat-as-l-um
kūrtka-m
1
sg
off-take_off-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-1
sg
.
s
and
up-hang-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-1
sg
.
s
jacket-
poss
.1
sg
‘I took off and hung my jacket’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
ulmaj-as-um
am-ki
iškōla-m
1
sg
dream-
pst
-1
sg
1
sg
-
emph
school-
poss
.1
sg
‘I dreamt about my school.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
am
jēn’a
jot
nomt-ǝn
pat-s-um
1
sg
pn
com
mind-
lat
fall-
pst
-1
sg
‘I agreed with Eugene.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
n’āwram-ǝt
xot-kant-m-alt-axt-as-ǝt
ɕān’-anǝl
jot
child-
pl
off-anger-
vbz
-
asp
-
refl
-
pst
-3
pl
mother-
poss
.3
pl
com
‘The children had a quarrel with their mother.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
jēn’a
wās
pātamt-as-t-e,
at
xoj-as
pn
duck
shoot-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
neg
hit-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘Eugene shot at the duck but missed.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ɕān’-um
sākkar
āni-n
tārt-ǝs
mother-
poss
.1
sg
sugar
cup-
lat
pour-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘My mother poured sugar into the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
os
ta
kasaj-um
xot-ūst-ǝs-um
1
sg
add
ptcl
knife-
poss
.1
sg
off-lose-
pst
-1
sg
‘I lost my knife again.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
sājrap
wit-na
ɕalt-ǝs
axe
water-
lat
enter-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘The axe sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ti
xum
ɕam-al-as
mōt
xum
this
man
to.death-kill-
pst
[3
sg
]
another
man
‘This man killed another man.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pijriɕ
āji
junijt-as
boy
girl
hit-
pst
[3
sg
]
‘The boy hit the girl.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āji
ɕān’-e
an’ap-as-t-e
daughter
mother-
poss
.3
sg
kiss-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
‘The daughter kissed her mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
jomas
nēpak
lowin’t-as-um
1
sg
good
book
read-
pst
-1
sg
‘I read a good book.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
am
pol’am
tul’ōwl-ǝt-ǝl
n’uwit-as-um
1
sg
cold
finger-
pl
-
ins
move-
pst
-1
sg
‘I moved my cold fingers.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
jēn’a
anum
ērupt-i-t-e
pn
1
sg
.
obl
love-
npst
-
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
‘Zhenja loves me.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
LAT_ACC
X: LAT
Y: ACC
Locus: XY
anum-n
sāl’
rum-ēkwa-m
1
sg
.
obl
-
lat
pity
friend-woman-
poss
.1
sg
‘I pity my female friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
anum-n
sāw
māxum
nuraɕ-ēj-t
1
sg
.
obl
-
lat
many
people
envy-
npst
-3
pl
‘Many people envy me.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMnupel
X: NOM
Y: NOMnupel
Locus: Y
mārja
kantm-awe
āɕ-e
nupǝl
pn
be.angry-
pass
.
npst
.3
sg
father-
poss
.3
sg
towards
‘Mary is angry about her father.’
Note: This is a passive construction.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am
āji-m
tāŋx-i
lil’pi
t’el’efōn
1
sg
daughter-
poss
.1
sg
want-
npst
[3
sg
]
new
phone
‘My daughter wants a new phone.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. Same as “be angry”
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. Same as “be angry”
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pīj
ɕān’-e
takiɕ
xot-kantm-alt-as-t-e
son
mother-
poss
.3
sg
strongly
off-be.angry-
caus
-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
‘The son made the mother very angry.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMmajes
X: NOM
Y: NOMmajes
Locus: Y
pijriɕ
ēssamt-i
takwi
pōsl-ǝm
xuri-jan-e
mājǝs
boy
be_shy-
npst
[3
sg
]
3
sg
.
emph
draw-
res
picture-
pl
-
poss
.3
sg
for
‘The boy is shy about the pictures he drew.’
