BivalTyp

Eastern Maninka

Contributed by Valentin Vydrin (Academia.edu profile)

V.V.'s photo

The data were gathered in June 2023. The data have been checked using the following corpus and dictionary:

Vydrin, Valentin & Maslinsky, Kirill & Méric, Jean Jacques & Rovenchak, Andrij, avec la collaboration d'Ibrahima Sory 2 Condé. (2011–2032) Corpus Maninka de Référence.

Vydrin, Valentin. Malidaba : Dictionnaire électronique maninka-français-anglais-russe, avec des index français-maninka, anglais-maninka, russe-maninka. 2018. Avec l'assistance technique de Jean-Jacques Méric.

Complicated cases were checked with Fadjimba Keeta, head of the Maninka section at Institut de Recherches Linguistiqus Appliquées (Conakry). The French version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Vydrin, Valentin. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Eastern Maninka. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 2, 2023; last revised on December 8, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Eastern Maninka (< Manding < Western Mande < Mande < Niger-Congo) is spoken mainly in Guinea (West Africa) by more than 4 million L1 speakers, and up to 3-4 million L2 speakers.

Grammar notes

Eastern Maninka is a tonal language with two basic tones, low and high. The basic word order is S AUX (O) V X, where S is a subject, V is a verb, AUX is an auxiliary word expressing grammatical semantics of tense, aspect, mood and polarity (in the Mandeist tradition, AUX are named "predicative markers"), O is a direct object (whose absence makes the verb intransitive), X is an oblique (indirect object or adjunct), most often represented by a postpositional phrase. The word order in NP is N2 – N1 (N1 is the head noun, N2 is the dependent noun), N – Adj (the adjectival modifier follows the head noun).

There is no morphological case on nouns.

Verb lemmas

Lemmas are shown in the form of bare stems.

Glossing abbreviations

ABSTR — suffix of abstract meaning (-ya); ADR — adressative/superessive postposition (mà); AOR.TR — marker of the transitive aorist construction (kà); AOR.INTR — suffix of the intransitive aorist construction (–da ~ -ra/-na); AOR.NEG — negative aorist (perfective) marker (má); ART — tonal article; CAUS — causative prefix (lá-); CNTRL — postposition with the meaning of control (bólo); COP — copula (yé); FOC — focalization particle (lè); FUT — future marker (dí); HAB — verbal suffix of habitual form (–la/-na); INDF — determinant (dó), marker of indefinite status; INF — kà-infinitive; INF.LA — la-infinitive; NMLZ — suffix of nominalization (–li/-nin); PL — plural marker (–lu/-nu); PN — person name; POSS — alienable possession marker (lá); PRF — perfect marker (báda ~ bára); QUAL — qualitative predicative marker (ká); QUOT — quotative marker (kó); RECP — reciprocal pronoun (ɲɔ́ɔn); REFL — reflexive pronoun (); RES — resultative suffix (–nɛn ~ -nin); SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain dímin

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Sékù sèn` yé dímin-na.
pn foot\ art be 3 sg hurt- inf . la
‘Seku has a footache.’
Note: The experiencer is first expressed as a possessor within the subject NP and then resumed as the direct object.

2. have (illness) yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: la_SBJ
X: la
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Dénbalen` yé Sékù lá.
malaria\ art be pn at
‘Seku has malaria.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

3. be afraid sílan

Valency pattern: SBJ_nye
X: SBJ
Y: nye
Locus: Y
Sékù yé sílan-na wùlu` ɲɛ́.
pn be fear- inf . la dog\ art before
‘Seku is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw láfìli

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà kába` dó lá-fìli.
pn aor . tr stone\ art indf caus -throw
‘Seku threw a stone.’

5. have enough yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: kun_SBJ
X: kun
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
bálo` yé kùn
3 sg food\ art be 3 sg on
‘He has enough food.’
Note: Non-verbal predication. The experiencer is first expressed as a possessor within the subject NP and then resumed as the object of a postposition.

6. resemble bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Séku` bɔ́-nin Fónbà lá
pn exit- ptcp . res pn at
‘Seku resembles Fomba.’

7. believe lá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù lá-nin Fónbà lá.
pn lie- ptcp . res pn at
‘Seku believes Fomba.’

8. take tà

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà kafa` dó tà tàbali` kàn.
pn aor . tr book\ art indf take table\ art on
‘Seku took a book from the table.’

9. see yé

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé bón` yé-la.
pn be house\ art see- inf . la
‘Seku sees the house.’

10. influence lá

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sí-kasabi` dí sé nɔ̀` lá-la hánkili-diya` lá.
age-quantity\ art fut arrive 3 sg trace\ art lie- inf . la reason-pleasure\ art at
Lit. ‘When the age comes, its trace affects intellectual capacities.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence (and X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier).

11. encounter bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Sékù bɛ̀n-da Fónbà dí.
pn meet- aor . intr pn with
‘Seku met Fomba.’

12. enter dòn

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára dòn bón` ná.
pn prf enter house\ art at
‘Seku entered the house.’

13. win sɔ̀dɔn

Valency pattern: SBJ_kun
X: SBJ
Y: kun
Locus: Y
Sékù kà wàa kélen sɔ̀dɔn Fónbà kùn.
pn aor . tr thousand one get pn on
‘Seku gained 1000 francs from Fomba.’

14. go out bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára bɔ́ bón` ná.
pn prf exit house\ art at
‘Seku left the house.’

15. drive wá

Valency pattern: SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Sékù yé wá-la nìsi` dí bín` dɔ́.
pn be go- inf . la cow\ art with grass\ art in
‘Seku is driving cows to the pasture.’

16. bend dɔ́kùru

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà bólon` dó dɔ́kùru.
pn aor . tr branch\ art indf bend
‘Seku bent a branch.’

17. tell fɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_nye
X: SBJ
Y: nye
Locus: Y
Sékù kà fɔ́ Fántà ɲɛ́: nà bɔ́ mà.
pn aor . tr 3 sg say pn before come exit 1 sg adr
‘Seku told Fanta: call me.’

18. hold yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kàfa` dó yé Sékù bólo` rɔ́.
book\ art indf be pn hand\ art in
‘Seku is holding a book.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

19. catch up kún

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)
X: SBJ
Y: do(POST)
Locus: Y
Sékù kà kún dén` dɔ́.
pn aor . tr fit.into child/ art in
‘Seku caught up with the child.’

20. milk bídin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà nìsi` bídin.
pn aor . tr cow\ art milk
‘Seku milked a cow.’

21. reach sé

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù báda sé dánkan` ná.
pn prf arrive bank\ art at
‘Seku reached the bank.’

22. touch bólo màa

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù kà bólo` màa dàndan` ná.
pn aor . tr 3 sg hand\ art touch wall\ art at
‘Seku touched the wall.’

23. fight kɛ̀lɛ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù ní Fónbà yé kɛ̀lɛ` lá.
pn and pn be fight\ art at
‘Seku and Fomba are fighting.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

24. be friends yé/tɛ́ tériɲɔɔnma

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù ní Fónbà yé tériɲɔɔnma lè dí.
pn and pn be friend foc with
‘Seku and Fomba are friends.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. Non-verbal predication.

25. think míri

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù kà míri Fántà mà.
pn aor . tr 3 sg think pn adr
‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’

26. eat dámu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà nàmansa` dó dámu.
pn aor . tr banana\ art indf eat
‘Seku ate a banana.’

27. fry jèni

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà jɛ́ɛ` jèni túlu` lá.
pn aor . tr fish\ art burn oil\ art at
‘Seku fried a fish.’

28. wait mákɔ̀nɔn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé Fónbà mákɔ̀nɔn-na.
pn be pn wait- inf . la
‘Seku is waiting for Fomba.’

29. forget ɲìna

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
̀Sékù bára ɲìna síla sudun` ná.
pn prf forget road short\ art at
‘Seku has forgotten the short road.’

30. depend bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)
X: SBJ
Y: do(POST)
Locus: Y
sɔ̀nko` yé bɔ́-la kùnbaya lè dɔ́.
3 sg price\ art be exit- inf . la 3 sg size foc in
‘Its price depends on its size.’

31. call wéle

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà Fónbà wéle.
pn aor . tr pn call
‘Seku called Fomba.’

32. get to know lɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà Fántà lɔ́n sáròn nè.
pn aor . tr pn know last.year foc
‘Seku made Fanta's acquaintance last year.’

33. know lɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà Fántà lɔ́n.
pn aor . tr pn know
‘Seku knows Fanta.’

34. play (instrument) fɔ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé kɔ̀nin fɔ́-la.
pn be lute say- inf . la
‘Seku is playing the lute.’

35. avoid mála

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé Fántà mála-la.
pn be pn avoid- inf . la
‘Seku avoids Fanta.’

36. make rɔ́bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà tólonfen` dó rɔ́bɛ̀n.
pn aor . tr toy\ art indf fabricate
‘Seku fabricated a toy.’

37. make fun máɲàa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé Fántà máɲàa-la.
pn be pn mock- inf . la
‘Seku teases Fanta.’

38. have yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Mɔ́nbili` dó yé Sékù bólo.
car\ art indf be pn cntrl
‘Seku has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

39. look for ɲínin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé kóɲin` ɲínin-na.
pn be key\ art seek- inf . la
‘Seku looks for a key.’

40. paint pɛ́nturu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù báda lá bón` pɛ́nturu.
pn prf 3 sg poss house\ art paint
‘Seku has painted his house.’

41. bite kín

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Wùlu` kà Sékù kín.
dog\ art aor . tr pn bite
‘A dog bit Seku.’

42. forfeit fɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára fɔ́ lá bón` ná.
pn prf miss 3 sg poss house\ art at
‘Seku has lost his house.’

43. try to catch mìna

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù bára lá wùlu` mìna.
pn prf 3 sg poss dog\ art catch
‘Seku has caught his dog.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

44. break dɔ́kadi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára gbéleke` dó dɔ́kadi.
pn prf stick\ art indf break
‘Seku has broken a stick.’

45. flatter mátɔɔ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé Fántà mátɔɔ` lá.
pn be pn flatter\ art at
‘Seku is flattering Fanta.’

46. love (person) dúman

Valency pattern: nye_SBJ
X: nye
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Fántà dúman Sékù ɲɛ́.
pn pleasant pn before
‘Seku loves Fanta.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

47. wave láfirinfirin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fántà yé fàanin kùnkudun` náfirinfirin-na.
pn be cloth piece\ art wave- inf . la
‘Fanta waves a piece of cloth.’

48. dream náta

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko
X: SBJ
Y: ko
Locus: Y
Sékù yé náta-la mɔ́nbili` kɔ́.
pn be yearn- inf . la car\ art behind
‘Seku dreams of a car.’

49. wash dɔ́kò

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fántà kà lá fɛ́` dɔ́kò.
pn aor . tr 3 sg poss gourd\ art wash
‘Fanta washed her gourd.’

50. put on dòn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára kùrusi` dòn.
pn prf pants\ art enter
‘Seku put his pants on.’

51. be called fɔ́

Valency pattern: ma_SBJ&QUOT
X: ma
Y: SBJ&QUOT
Locus: XY
yé fɔ́-la nìn mà lè kó kònin.
3 sg be say- inf . la this adr foc quot lute
‘This thing is called "lute".’

52. punish látɔn

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára kó` látɔn dén` ná
pn prf matter\ art punish 3 sg child\ art at
‘Seku has punished his child.’

53. attack kɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan
X: SBJ
Y: kan
Locus: Y
Wùlu` báda kɛ́ dén` kàn.
dog\ art prf 3 sg pour child\ art on
‘The dog has attacked a child.’

54. fill (intr) fá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Fɛ́` bára fá jí` lá.
gourd\ art prf fill water\ art at
‘The gourd has filled with water.’

55. find yé

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára kóɲin` yé.
pn prf key\ art see
‘Seku has found the key.’

56. be short dɛ́sɛ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù lá wóri dɛ́sɛ-nin wàa kélen ná.
pn poss money fail- ptcp . res thousand one at
‘Seku is short 1000 francs.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

57. hate kɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára Fántà kɔ́n.
pn prf pn prohibit
‘Seku detests Fanta.’

58. like dúman

Valency pattern: nye_SBJ
X: nye
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kùrusi nìn dúman Sékù ɲɛ́.
pants this pleasant pn before
‘Seku likes these pants.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

59. need màko` yé

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù màko` yé wódi` lá.
pn need\ art be money\ art at
‘Seku needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

60. surround lámini

Valency pattern: la_SBJ
X: la
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Lú` lámini-nin yíri`-lu lá.
compound\ art surround- ptcp . res tree\ art - pl at
‘The compound is surrounded with trees.’

61. remain tó

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Wáa kélen nè tó-nin Sékù bólo.
thousand one foc remain- ptcp . res pn cntrl
‘Seku has 1000 francs left.’

62. answer jèbi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà kàramɔɔ` jèbi.
pn prf teacher\ art answer
‘Seku answered the teacher.’

63. open lákà

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára pɔ́ti` lákà.
pn prf can\ art open
‘Seku has opened a can.’

64. be different bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
ná fàanin bɔ́-nin tá mà.
1 sg poss clothes exit- ptcp . res 2 sg part adr
‘My clothes are different from yours.’

65. fall behind tó

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko
X: SBJ
Y: ko
Locus: Y
Fónbà tó-da Sékù kɔ́.
pn remain- aor . intr pn behind
‘Fomba fell behind Seku.’

66. plough sɛ̀nɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé fòdo` dó sɛ̀nɛ` lá.
pn be field\ art indf till\ art at
‘Seku is tilling a field.’

67. smell yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sánsi-suma` yé bólo` fɛ̀.
gasoline-smell\ art be 1 sg hand\ art by
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound).

68. cross rɔ́tɛ̀ɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára síla` rɔ́tɛ̀ɛ.
pn prf road\ art cross
‘Seku has crossed the road.’

69. sing lá

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà dɔ̀nkili dúman` dó lá.
pn aor . tr song pleasant\ art indf put
‘Seku has sung a nice song.’

70. write sɛ́bɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà césɛbɛ` dó sɛ́bɛ.
pn aor . tr letter\ art indf write
‘Seku has written a letter.’

71. drink mìn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà jí` mìn.
pn aor . tr water\ art drink
‘Seku drunk water.’

72. melt yèlen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà sánin` yèlen.
pn aor . tr gold\ art melt
‘Seku melt gold.’

73. match bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
lá sànbara` bɛ̀n-nin lá fàanin` mà.
2 sg poss shoe\ art meet- ptcp . res 2 sg poss clothes\ art adr
‘Your shoes match your clothes.’

74. leave bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára bɔ́ lá só` lá.
pn prf exit 3 sg poss village\ art at
‘Seku has left his village.’

75. cover bɔ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Bídinkan` yé láfen` bɔ́-la.
blanket\ art be bed\ art exit- inf . la
‘The blanket covers the whole bed.’

76. remember NEG ɲìna

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko
X: SBJ
Y: ko
Locus: Y
Sékù má ɲìna só` kɔ́.
pn aor . neg forget village\ art behind
‘Seku remembers the village.’

77. help dɛ̀mɛn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà Fántà dɛ̀mɛn.
pn aor . tr pn help
‘Seku helped Fanta.’

78. understand (language) ɲáye

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé fàranse` ɲáye-la.
pn be f rench\ art understand- inf . la
‘Seku understands French.’

79. hit (target) jìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)
X: SBJ
Y: do(POST)
Locus: Y
Sánfɛrɛn` bára jìi bón nìn dɔ́.
sky-burst\ art prf descend house this in
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself mádimin

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù kà mádimin lílan` ná.
pn aor . tr 3 sg wound razor\ art at
‘Seku cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck nára

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
tási` bára nára tàbali` lá.
cup\ art prf stick table\ art at
‘The cup has got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) bè

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù bára bè.
pn prf fall
‘Seku has lost.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

83. be glad sɛ́wa

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára sɛ́wa lá tù`/nɔ́ti` lá.
pn prf rejoice 3 sg poss note\ art at
‘Seku is happy about his note.’

84. speak bàdo

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé Fántà bàdo` lá jìn` kɔ́nɔ.
pn be pn talk\ art at yard\ art in
‘Seku is speaking with Fanta in the yard.’

85. give birth sɔ̀rɔn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fántà bára dénkɛ` sɔ̀rɔn.
pn prf son\ art get
‘Fanta has given birth to a son.’

86. drop tála, bè

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kóro` tála-ra Sékù bólo kà bè.
mug\ art divide- art . intr pn cntrl inf fall
‘Seku has dropped the mug.’

87. govern be

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Só-ko-latɛɛ` yé Sékù lè dí.
village-matter-decide\ art be pn foc with
‘Seku governs the village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. Non-verbal predication

88. miss be

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù lɔ́ɔ` yé ná lá.
pn desire\ art be 3 sg mother at
‘Seku misses his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

89. follow bìla

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko
X: SBJ
Y: ko
Locus: Y
Sékù bìla-nɛn Fántà kɔ́.
pn put- ptcp . res pn behind
‘Seku follows Fanta.’

90. dismount jìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan
X: SBJ
Y: kan
Locus: Y
Sékù bára jìi lá móto` kàn.
pn prf descend 3 sg poss motorbike\ art on
‘Seku has got down from the motorbike.’

91. listen lámɛn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé ràdiyo` lá-mɛn-na.
pn be radio\ art caus -hear- inf . la
‘Seku listens to the radio.’

92. obey dàn

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù yé dàn-na ná lá.
pn be limit- hab 3 sg mother at
‘Seku obeys his mother.’

93. hear mɛ́n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé dɔ̀nkili` mɛ́n-na.
pn be song\ art hear- inf . la
‘Seku hears songs.’

94. mix bàsan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Ná` ní kínin` bára bàsan.
sauce\ art and rice\ art prf mix
‘The sauce and the rice have mixed up.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

95. look máfɛnɛn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fántà yé fàanin` máfɛnɛn-na.
pn be clothes\ art look- inf . la
‘Fanta looks at the clothes.’

96. take off bɔ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára lá dìriki` bɔ́.
pn prf 3 sg poss shirt\ art exit
‘Seku has taken off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sìbo

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù yé sìbo-la Fántà la.
pn be dream- inf . la pn at
‘Seku dreamed of Fanta.’

98. agree sɔ̀n

Valency pattern: SBJ_bolo
X: SBJ
Y: bolo
Locus: Y
Sékù bára sɔ̀n Fántà bólo.
pn rpf agree pn cntrl
‘Seku agrees with Fanta.’

99. have a quarrel fɔ́ ɲɔ́ɔn kɔ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù ní Fántà bára fɔ́ ɲɔ́ɔn kɔ́.
pn and pn prf miss recp behind
‘Seku and Fanta have quarelled.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

100. cost yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mánkoro sàba sɔ̀nkɔ` yé wáa kélen.
mango three price\ art be thousand one
‘Three mangos cost 1000 francs.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

101. shoot at bón

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà kɔ̀nɔ` bón.
pn aor . tr bird\ art fling
‘Seku shot at the bird.’

102. pour lábɔ̀n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára súkara` lábɔ̀n tàbali` kàn.
pn prf sugar\ art spill table\ art on
‘Seku spilled sugar on the table.’

103. lose túnun

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kóɲin` bára túnun Sékù bólo.
key\ art prf disappear pn cntrl
‘Seku has lost the key.’

104. sink túnun

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)
X: SBJ
Y: do(POST)
Locus: Y
Yíri-kudun` báda túnun jí` dɔ́.
tree-piece\ art prf disappear water\ art in
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill fàa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára Fónbà fàa.
pn prf pn kill
‘Seku has killed Fomba.’

106. hit gbàsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára Fónbà gbàsi.
pn prf pn hit
‘Seku has hit Fomba.’

107. kiss súnbu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára Fántà súnbu.
pn prf pn kiss
‘Seku has kissed Fanta.’

108. read kàran

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà kàfa nàfama` kàran.
pn aor . tr book useful\ art read
‘Seku read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) lámàa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà bólo-koyinɛn` ná-màa.
pn aor . tr 3 sg hand-finger\ art caus -move
‘Seku moved his finger.’

110. respect mábònya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé Fántà mábònya-la.
pn be pn respect- inf . la
‘Seku respects Fanta.’

111. be squeamish ɲéin

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)
X: SBJ
Y: do(POST)
Locus: Y
Fántà yé ɲéin-na mùran nɔɔ` dɔ́.
pn be disdain- inf . la vessel dirty\ art in
‘Fanta is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content sɛ́wa

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù sɛ́wa-nin dénkɛ` lá.
pn rejoice- ptcp . res 3 sg son\ art at
‘Seku is satisfied with his son.’

113. fall in love yàrabi

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára yàrabi Fántà lá.
pn prf love pn at
‘Seku has fallen in love with Fanta.’

114. trust lá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù lá-nin Fántà lá.
pn lay- ptcp . res pn at
‘Seku trusts Fanta.’

115. sympathise kìninkinin

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù yé kìninkinin-na ná mà.
pn be pity- inf . la 3 sg mother adr
‘Seku has pity for his mother.’

116. envy tɛ́ɛmasìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù tɛ́ɛmasìi-nin Fónbà mà.
pn envy- ptcp . res pn adr
‘Seku envies Fomba.’

117. be angry mɔ́nɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù bára mɔ́nɛ Fónba mà.
pn prf be.angry pn adr
‘Seku is angry with Fomba.’

118. be surprised bàra

Valency pattern: do(POST)_SBJ
X: do(POST)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
lá físiri bára bàra dɔ́.
2 sg poss gift\ art prf surprise 1 sg in
‘I'm surprised with your gift.’

119. love (tea) dúman

Valency pattern: nye_SBJ
X: nye
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Tɛ́` dúman Sékù ɲɛ́.
tea\ art pleasant pn before
‘Seku loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

120. enjoy díyabɔ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé tɛ́` díyabɔ` lá.
pn be tea\ art enjoy\ art at
‘Seku enjoys the tea.’

121. want yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko
X: SBJ
Y: ko
Locus: Y
Sékù yé télefoni kuda` kɔ́.
pn be phone new\ art behind
‘Seku wants a new phone.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

122. have a grudge dímin

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù dímin-nin Fónba mà.
pn ache- ptcp . res pn adr
‘Seku has a grudge against Fomba.’

123. take offence mɔ́nɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_kama
X: SBJ
Y: kama
Locus: Y
Sékù bára mɔ́nɛ Fónba kámà.
pn prf be.angry pn for
‘Seku has taken offence at Fomba.’

124. upset jùsumakása

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fónba kà Sékù jùsumakása
pn aor . tr pn distress
‘Fomba saddened Seku.’

125. marvel dálajà

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù dálajà-da Kánkan ná.
pn be.surprized- aor . intr pn at
‘Seku was surprized by Kankan.’

126. despise jò

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù yé jò-la Fónbà mà.
pn be despize- inf . la pn adr
‘Seku despises Fomba.’

127. get upset nílafìn

Valency pattern: SBJ_fe
X: SBJ
Y: fe
Locus: Y
Sékù nílafìn-nin Fónba fɛ̀.
pn sadden- ptcp . res pn by
‘Seku is sad because of Fomba.’

128. get irritated wùrunba

Valency pattern: SBJ_kama
X: SBJ
Y: kama
Locus: Y
Fónba bára wùrunba dén` kámà.
pn prf become.irritated 3 sg child\ art for
‘Fomba is annoyed by his child.’

129. be fond lámìna

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù yé Fántà hína lámìna-la.
pn be pn pity respond- inf . la
‘Seku sympathises with Fanta.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

130. be shy dɔ́gbɛ̀dɛn

Valency pattern: SBJ_koson
X: SBJ
Y: koson
Locus: Y
Sékù dɔ́gbɛdɛn-nin lɔ́gban` kɔ́sɔ̀n.
pn compell- ptcp . res 3 sg height\ art because.of
‘Seku is embarrassed by his height.’