Eastern Maninka

Contributed by Valentin Vydrin (Academia.edu profile)

V.V.'s photo

The data were gathered in June 2023. The data have been checked using the following corpus and dictionary:

Vydrin, Valentin & Maslinsky, Kirill & Méric, Jean Jacques & Rovenchak, Andrij, avec la collaboration d'Ibrahima Sory 2 Condé. (2011–2032) Corpus Maninka de Référence.

Vydrin, Valentin. Malidaba : Dictionnaire électronique maninka-français-anglais-russe, avec des index français-maninka, anglais-maninka, russe-maninka. 2018. Avec l'assistance technique de Jean-Jacques Méric.

Complicated cases were checked with Fadjimba Keeta, head of the Maninka section at Institut de Recherches Linguistiqus Appliquées (Conakry). The French version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Vydrin, Valentin. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Eastern Maninka. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 2, 2023; last revised on December 8, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 9.33, -10.54.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Mande, genus: Western Mande.
Macro-area: Sub-Saharan Africa.

Eastern Maninka (< Manding < Western Mande < Mande < Niger-Congo) is spoken mainly in Guinea (West Africa) by more than 4 million L1 speakers, and up to 3-4 million L2 speakers.

Grammar notes

Eastern Maninka is a tonal language with two basic tones, low and high. The basic word order is S AUX (O) V X, where S is a subject, V is a verb, AUX is an auxiliary word expressing grammatical semantics of tense, aspect, mood and polarity (in the Mandeist tradition, AUX are named "predicative markers"), O is a direct object (whose absence makes the verb intransitive), X is an oblique (indirect object or adjunct), most often represented by a postpositional phrase. The word order in NP is N2 – N1 (N1 is the head noun, N2 is the dependent noun), N – Adj (the adjectival modifier follows the head noun).

There is no morphological case on nouns.

Verb lemmas

Lemmas are shown in the form of bare stems.

Glossing abbreviations

ABSTR — suffix of abstract meaning (-ya); ADR — adressative/superessive postposition (mà); AOR.TR — marker of the transitive aorist construction (kà); AOR.INTR — suffix of the intransitive aorist construction (–da ~ -ra/-na); AOR.NEG — negative aorist (perfective) marker (má); ART — tonal article; CAUS — causative prefix (lá-); CNTRL — postposition with the meaning of control (bólo); COP — copula (yé); FOC — focalization particle (lè); FUT — future marker (dí); HAB — verbal suffix of habitual form (–la/-na); INDF — determinant (dó), marker of indefinite status; INF — kà-infinitive; INF.LA — la-infinitive; NMLZ — suffix of nominalization (–li/-nin); PL — plural marker (–lu/-nu); PN — person name; POSS — alienable possession marker (lá); PRF — perfect marker (báda ~ bára); QUAL — qualitative predicative marker (ká); QUOT — quotative marker (kó); RECP — reciprocal pronoun (ɲɔ́ɔn); REFL — reflexive pronoun (í); RES — resultative suffix (–nɛn ~ -nin); SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain dímin

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Sékù	sèn`	yé	à	dímin-na.
pn	foot\ art	be	3 sg	hurt- inf . la
‘Seku has a footache.’
Note: The experiencer is first expressed as a possessor within the subject NP and then resumed as the direct object.

2. have (illness) yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: la_SBJ

X: la

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Dénbalen`	yé	Sékù	lá.
malaria\ art	be	pn	at
‘Seku has malaria.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

3. be afraid sílan

Valency pattern: SBJ_nye

X: SBJ

Y: nye

Locus: Y

Sékù	yé	sílan-na	wùlu`	ɲɛ́.
pn	be	fear- inf . la	dog\ art	before
‘Seku is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw láfìli

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	kába`	dó	lá-fìli.
pn	aor . tr	stone\ art	indf	caus -throw
‘Seku threw a stone.’

5. have enough yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: kun_SBJ

X: kun

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

à	bálo`	yé	à	kùn
3 sg	food\ art	be	3 sg	on
‘He has enough food.’
Note: Non-verbal predication. The experiencer is first expressed as a possessor within the subject NP and then resumed as the object of a postposition.

6. resemble bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Séku`	bɔ́-nin	Fónbà	lá
pn	exit- ptcp . res	pn	at
‘Seku resembles Fomba.’

7. believe lá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	lá-nin	Fónbà	lá.
pn	lie- ptcp . res	pn	at
‘Seku believes Fomba.’

8. take tà

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	kafa`	dó	tà	tàbali`	kàn.
pn	aor . tr	book\ art	indf	take	table\ art	on
‘Seku took a book from the table.’

9. see yé

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	bón`	yé-la.
pn	be	house\ art	see- inf . la
‘Seku sees the house.’

10. influence lá

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sí-kasabi`	dí	sé	à	nɔ̀`	lá-la	hánkili-diya`	lá.
age-quantity\ art	fut	arrive	3 sg	trace\ art	lie- inf . la	reason-pleasure\ art	at
Lit. ‘When the age comes, its trace affects intellectual capacities.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence (and X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier).

11. encounter bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: SBJ_di

X: SBJ

Y: di

Locus: Y

Sékù	bɛ̀n-da	Fónbà	dí.
pn	meet- aor . intr	pn	with
‘Seku met Fomba.’

12. enter dòn

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	dòn	bón`	ná.
pn	prf	enter	house\ art	at
‘Seku entered the house.’

13. win sɔ̀dɔn

Valency pattern: SBJ_kun

X: SBJ

Y: kun

Locus: Y

Sékù	kà	wàa	kélen	sɔ̀dɔn	Fónbà	kùn.
pn	aor . tr	thousand	one	get	pn	on
‘Seku gained 1000 francs from Fomba.’

14. go out bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	bɔ́	bón`	ná.
pn	prf	exit	house\ art	at
‘Seku left the house.’

15. drive wá

Valency pattern: SBJ_di

X: SBJ

Y: di

Locus: Y

Sékù	yé	wá-la	nìsi`	dí	bín`	dɔ́.
pn	be	go- inf . la	cow\ art	with	grass\ art	in
‘Seku is driving cows to the pasture.’

16. bend dɔ́kùru

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	bólon`	dó	dɔ́kùru.
pn	aor . tr	branch\ art	indf	bend
‘Seku bent a branch.’

17. tell fɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_nye

X: SBJ

Y: nye

Locus: Y

Sékù	kà	à	fɔ́	Fántà	ɲɛ́:	nà	bɔ́	ń	mà.
pn	aor . tr	3 sg	say	pn	before	come	exit	1 sg	adr
‘Seku told Fanta: call me.’

18. hold yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Kàfa`	dó	yé	Sékù	bólo`	rɔ́.
book\ art	indf	be	pn	hand\ art	in
‘Seku is holding a book.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

19. catch up kún

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)

X: SBJ

Y: do(POST)

Locus: Y

Sékù	kà	kún	dén`	dɔ́.
pn	aor . tr	fit.into	child/ art	in
‘Seku caught up with the child.’

20. milk bídin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	nìsi`	bídin.
pn	aor . tr	cow\ art	milk
‘Seku milked a cow.’

21. reach sé

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	báda	sé	dánkan`	ná.
pn	prf	arrive	bank\ art	at
‘Seku reached the bank.’

22. touch bólo màa

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	kà	à	bólo`	màa	dàndan`	ná.
pn	aor . tr	3 sg	hand\ art	touch	wall\ art	at
‘Seku touched the wall.’

23. fight kɛ̀lɛ

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sékù	ní	Fónbà	yé	kɛ̀lɛ`	lá.
pn	and	pn	be	fight\ art	at
‘Seku and Fomba are fighting.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

24. be friends yé/tɛ́ tériɲɔɔnma

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sékù	ní	Fónbà	yé	tériɲɔɔnma	lè	dí.
pn	and	pn	be	friend	foc	with
‘Seku and Fomba are friends.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. Non-verbal predication.

25. think míri

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	kà	à	míri	Fántà	mà.
pn	aor . tr	3 sg	think	pn	adr
‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’

26. eat dámu

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	nàmansa`	dó	dámu.
pn	aor . tr	banana\ art	indf	eat
‘Seku ate a banana.’

27. fry jèni

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	jɛ́ɛ`	jèni	túlu`	lá.
pn	aor . tr	fish\ art	burn	oil\ art	at
‘Seku fried a fish.’

28. wait mákɔ̀nɔn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	Fónbà	mákɔ̀nɔn-na.
pn	be	pn	wait- inf . la
‘Seku is waiting for Fomba.’

29. forget ɲìna

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

̀Sékù	bára	ɲìna	síla	sudun`	ná.
pn	prf	forget	road	short\ art	at
‘Seku has forgotten the short road.’

30. depend bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)

X: SBJ

Y: do(POST)

Locus: Y

à	sɔ̀nko`	yé	bɔ́-la	à	kùnbaya	lè	dɔ́.
3 sg	price\ art	be	exit- inf . la	3 sg	size	foc	in
‘Its price depends on its size.’

31. call wéle

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	Fónbà	wéle.
pn	aor . tr	pn	call
‘Seku called Fomba.’

32. get to know lɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	Fántà	lɔ́n	sáròn	nè.
pn	aor . tr	pn	know	last.year	foc
‘Seku made Fanta's acquaintance last year.’

33. know lɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	Fántà	lɔ́n.
pn	aor . tr	pn	know
‘Seku knows Fanta.’

34. play (instrument) fɔ́

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	kɔ̀nin	fɔ́-la.
pn	be	lute	say- inf . la
‘Seku is playing the lute.’

35. avoid mála

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	Fántà	mála-la.
pn	be	pn	avoid- inf . la
‘Seku avoids Fanta.’

36. make rɔ́bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	tólonfen`	dó	rɔ́bɛ̀n.
pn	aor . tr	toy\ art	indf	fabricate
‘Seku fabricated a toy.’

37. make fun máɲàa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	Fántà	máɲàa-la.
pn	be	pn	mock- inf . la
‘Seku teases Fanta.’

38. have yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ

X: bolo

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Mɔ́nbili`	dó	yé	Sékù	bólo.
car\ art	indf	be	pn	cntrl
‘Seku has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

39. look for ɲínin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	kóɲin`	ɲínin-na.
pn	be	key\ art	seek- inf . la
‘Seku looks for a key.’

40. paint pɛ́nturu

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	báda	à	lá	bón`	pɛ́nturu.
pn	prf	3 sg	poss	house\ art	paint
‘Seku has painted his house.’

41. bite kín

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Wùlu`	kà	Sékù	kín.
dog\ art	aor . tr	pn	bite
‘A dog bit Seku.’

42. forfeit fɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	fɔ́	à	lá	bón`	ná.
pn	prf	miss	3 sg	poss	house\ art	at
‘Seku has lost his house.’

43. try to catch mìna

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sékù	bára	à	lá	wùlu`	mìna.
pn	prf	3 sg	poss	dog\ art	catch
‘Seku has caught his dog.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

44. break dɔ́kadi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	gbéleke`	dó	dɔ́kadi.
pn	prf	stick\ art	indf	break
‘Seku has broken a stick.’

45. flatter mátɔɔ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	Fántà	mátɔɔ`	lá.
pn	be	pn	flatter\ art	at
‘Seku is flattering Fanta.’

46. love (person) dúman

Valency pattern: nye_SBJ

X: nye

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Fántà	dúman	Sékù	ɲɛ́.
pn	pleasant	pn	before
‘Seku loves Fanta.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

47. wave láfirinfirin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Fántà	yé	fàanin	kùnkudun`	náfirinfirin-na.
pn	be	cloth	piece\ art	wave- inf . la
‘Fanta waves a piece of cloth.’

48. dream náta

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko

X: SBJ

Y: ko

Locus: Y

Sékù	yé	náta-la	mɔ́nbili`	kɔ́.
pn	be	yearn- inf . la	car\ art	behind
‘Seku dreams of a car.’

49. wash dɔ́kò

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Fántà	kà	à	lá	fɛ́`	dɔ́kò.
pn	aor . tr	3 sg	poss	gourd\ art	wash
‘Fanta washed her gourd.’

50. put on dòn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	kùrusi`	dòn.
pn	prf	pants\ art	enter
‘Seku put his pants on.’

51. be called fɔ́

Valency pattern: ma_SBJ&QUOT

X: ma

Y: SBJ&QUOT

Locus: XY

À	yé	fɔ́-la	nìn	mà	lè	kó	kònin.
3 sg	be	say- inf . la	this	adr	foc	quot	lute
‘This thing is called "lute".’

52. punish látɔn

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	kó`	látɔn	à	dén`	ná
pn	prf	matter\ art	punish	3 sg	child\ art	at
‘Seku has punished his child.’

53. attack kɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan

X: SBJ

Y: kan

Locus: Y

Wùlu`	báda	à	kɛ́	dén`	kàn.
dog\ art	prf	3 sg	pour	child\ art	on
‘The dog has attacked a child.’

54. fill (intr) fá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Fɛ́`	bára	fá	jí`	lá.
gourd\ art	prf	fill	water\ art	at
‘The gourd has filled with water.’

55. find yé

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	kóɲin`	yé.
pn	prf	key\ art	see
‘Seku has found the key.’

56. be short dɛ́sɛ

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sékù	lá	wóri	dɛ́sɛ-nin	wàa	kélen	ná.
pn	poss	money	fail- ptcp . res	thousand	one	at
‘Seku is short 1000 francs.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

57. hate kɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	Fántà	kɔ́n.
pn	prf	pn	prohibit
‘Seku detests Fanta.’

58. like dúman

Valency pattern: nye_SBJ

X: nye

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Kùrusi	nìn	dúman	Sékù	ɲɛ́.
pants	this	pleasant	pn	before
‘Seku likes these pants.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

59. need màko` yé

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sékù	màko`	yé	wódi`	lá.
pn	need\ art	be	money\ art	at
‘Seku needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

60. surround lámini

Valency pattern: la_SBJ

X: la

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Lú`	lámini-nin	yíri`-lu	lá.
compound\ art	surround- ptcp . res	tree\ art - pl	at
‘The compound is surrounded with trees.’

61. remain tó

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ

X: bolo

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Wáa	kélen	nè	tó-nin	Sékù	bólo.
thousand	one	foc	remain- ptcp . res	pn	cntrl
‘Seku has 1000 francs left.’

62. answer jèbi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	kàramɔɔ`	jèbi.
pn	prf	teacher\ art	answer
‘Seku answered the teacher.’

63. open lákà

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	pɔ́ti`	lákà.
pn	prf	can\ art	open
‘Seku has opened a can.’

64. be different bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Ń	ná	fàanin	bɔ́-nin	í	tá	mà.
1 sg	poss	clothes	exit- ptcp . res	2 sg	part	adr
‘My clothes are different from yours.’

65. fall behind tó

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko

X: SBJ

Y: ko

Locus: Y

Fónbà	tó-da	Sékù	kɔ́.
pn	remain- aor . intr	pn	behind
‘Fomba fell behind Seku.’

66. plough sɛ̀nɛ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	fòdo`	dó	sɛ̀nɛ`	lá.
pn	be	field\ art	indf	till\ art	at
‘Seku is tilling a field.’

67. smell yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sánsi-suma`	yé	ń	bólo`	fɛ̀.
gasoline-smell\ art	be	1 sg	hand\ art	by
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound).

68. cross rɔ́tɛ̀ɛ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	síla`	rɔ́tɛ̀ɛ.
pn	prf	road\ art	cross
‘Seku has crossed the road.’

69. sing lá

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	dɔ̀nkili	dúman`	dó	lá.
pn	aor . tr	song	pleasant\ art	indf	put
‘Seku has sung a nice song.’

70. write sɛ́bɛ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	césɛbɛ`	dó	sɛ́bɛ.
pn	aor . tr	letter\ art	indf	write
‘Seku has written a letter.’

71. drink mìn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	jí`	mìn.
pn	aor . tr	water\ art	drink
‘Seku drunk water.’

72. melt yèlen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	sánin`	yèlen.
pn	aor . tr	gold\ art	melt
‘Seku melt gold.’

73. match bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Í	lá	sànbara`	bɛ̀n-nin	í	lá	fàanin`	mà.
2 sg	poss	shoe\ art	meet- ptcp . res	2 sg	poss	clothes\ art	adr
‘Your shoes match your clothes.’

74. leave bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	bɔ́	à	lá	só`	lá.
pn	prf	exit	3 sg	poss	village\ art	at
‘Seku has left his village.’

75. cover bɔ́

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Bídinkan`	yé	láfen`	bɔ́-la.
blanket\ art	be	bed\ art	exit- inf . la
‘The blanket covers the whole bed.’

76. remember NEG ɲìna

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko

X: SBJ

Y: ko

Locus: Y

Sékù	má	ɲìna	só`	kɔ́.
pn	aor . neg	forget	village\ art	behind
‘Seku remembers the village.’

77. help dɛ̀mɛn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	Fántà	dɛ̀mɛn.
pn	aor . tr	pn	help
‘Seku helped Fanta.’

78. understand (language) ɲáye

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	fàranse`	ɲáye-la.
pn	be	f rench\ art	understand- inf . la
‘Seku understands French.’

79. hit (target) jìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)

X: SBJ

Y: do(POST)

Locus: Y

Sánfɛrɛn`	bára	jìi	bón	nìn	dɔ́.
sky-burst\ art	prf	descend	house	this	in
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself mádimin

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	kà	à	mádimin	lílan`	ná.
pn	aor . tr	3 sg	wound	razor\ art	at
‘Seku cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck nára

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

tási`	bára	nára	tàbali`	lá.
cup\ art	prf	stick	table\ art	at
‘The cup has got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) bè

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sékù	bára	bè.
pn	prf	fall
‘Seku has lost.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

83. be glad sɛ́wa

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	sɛ́wa	à	lá	tù`/nɔ́ti`	lá.
pn	prf	rejoice	3 sg	poss	note\ art	at
‘Seku is happy about his note.’

84. speak bàdo

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	Fántà	bàdo`	lá	jìn`	kɔ́nɔ.
pn	be	pn	talk\ art	at	yard\ art	in
‘Seku is speaking with Fanta in the yard.’

85. give birth sɔ̀rɔn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Fántà	bára	dénkɛ`	sɔ̀rɔn.
pn	prf	son\ art	get
‘Fanta has given birth to a son.’

86. drop tála, bè

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ

X: bolo

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Kóro`	tála-ra	Sékù	bólo	kà	bè.
mug\ art	divide- art . intr	pn	cntrl	inf	fall
‘Seku has dropped the mug.’

87. govern be

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Só-ko-latɛɛ`	yé	Sékù	lè	dí.
village-matter-decide\ art	be	pn	foc	with
‘Seku governs the village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. Non-verbal predication

88. miss be

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sékù	lɔ́ɔ`	yé	à	ná	lá.
pn	desire\ art	be	3 sg	mother	at
‘Seku misses his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

89. follow bìla

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko

X: SBJ

Y: ko

Locus: Y

Sékù	bìla-nɛn	Fántà	kɔ́.
pn	put- ptcp . res	pn	behind
‘Seku follows Fanta.’

90. dismount jìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan

X: SBJ

Y: kan

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	jìi	à	lá	móto`	kàn.
pn	prf	descend	3 sg	poss	motorbike\ art	on
‘Seku has got down from the motorbike.’

91. listen lámɛn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	ràdiyo`	lá-mɛn-na.
pn	be	radio\ art	caus -hear- inf . la
‘Seku listens to the radio.’

92. obey dàn

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	yé	dàn-na	à	ná	lá.
pn	be	limit- hab	3 sg	mother	at
‘Seku obeys his mother.’

93. hear mɛ́n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	dɔ̀nkili`	mɛ́n-na.
pn	be	song\ art	hear- inf . la
‘Seku hears songs.’

94. mix bàsan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Ná`	ní	kínin`	bára	bàsan.
sauce\ art	and	rice\ art	prf	mix
‘The sauce and the rice have mixed up.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

95. look máfɛnɛn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Fántà	yé	fàanin`	máfɛnɛn-na.
pn	be	clothes\ art	look- inf . la
‘Fanta looks at the clothes.’

96. take off bɔ́

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	à	lá	dìriki`	bɔ́.
pn	prf	3 sg	poss	shirt\ art	exit
‘Seku has taken off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sìbo

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	yé	sìbo-la	Fántà	la.
pn	be	dream- inf . la	pn	at
‘Seku dreamed of Fanta.’

98. agree sɔ̀n

Valency pattern: SBJ_bolo

X: SBJ

Y: bolo

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	sɔ̀n	Fántà	bólo.
pn	rpf	agree	pn	cntrl
‘Seku agrees with Fanta.’

99. have a quarrel fɔ́ ɲɔ́ɔn kɔ́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sékù	ní	Fántà	bára	fɔ́	ɲɔ́ɔn	kɔ́.
pn	and	pn	prf	miss	recp	behind
‘Seku and Fanta have quarelled.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

100. cost yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Mánkoro	sàba	sɔ̀nkɔ`	yé	wáa	kélen.
mango	three	price\ art	be	thousand	one
‘Three mangos cost 1000 francs.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

101. shoot at bón

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	kɔ̀nɔ`	bón.
pn	aor . tr	bird\ art	fling
‘Seku shot at the bird.’

102. pour lábɔ̀n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	súkara`	lábɔ̀n	tàbali`	kàn.
pn	prf	sugar\ art	spill	table\ art	on
‘Seku spilled sugar on the table.’

103. lose túnun

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ

X: bolo

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Kóɲin`	bára	túnun	Sékù	bólo.
key\ art	prf	disappear	pn	cntrl
‘Seku has lost the key.’

104. sink túnun

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)

X: SBJ

Y: do(POST)

Locus: Y

Yíri-kudun`	báda	túnun	jí`	dɔ́.
tree-piece\ art	prf	disappear	water\ art	in
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill fàa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	Fónbà	fàa.
pn	prf	pn	kill
‘Seku has killed Fomba.’

106. hit gbàsi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	Fónbà	gbàsi.
pn	prf	pn	hit
‘Seku has hit Fomba.’

107. kiss súnbu

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	Fántà	súnbu.
pn	prf	pn	kiss
‘Seku has kissed Fanta.’

108. read kàran

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	kàfa	nàfama`	kàran.
pn	aor . tr	book	useful\ art	read
‘Seku read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) lámàa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	à	bólo-koyinɛn`	ná-màa.
pn	aor . tr	3 sg	hand-finger\ art	caus -move
‘Seku moved his finger.’

110. respect mábònya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	Fántà	mábònya-la.
pn	be	pn	respect- inf . la
‘Seku respects Fanta.’

111. be squeamish ɲéin

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)

X: SBJ

Y: do(POST)

Locus: Y

Fántà	yé	ɲéin-na	mùran	nɔɔ`	dɔ́.
pn	be	disdain- inf . la	vessel	dirty\ art	in
‘Fanta is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content sɛ́wa

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	sɛ́wa-nin	à	dénkɛ`	lá.
pn	rejoice- ptcp . res	3 sg	son\ art	at
‘Seku is satisfied with his son.’

113. fall in love yàrabi

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	yàrabi	Fántà	lá.
pn	prf	love	pn	at
‘Seku has fallen in love with Fanta.’

114. trust lá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	lá-nin	Fántà	lá.
pn	lay- ptcp . res	pn	at
‘Seku trusts Fanta.’

115. sympathise kìninkinin

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	yé	kìninkinin-na	à	ná	mà.
pn	be	pity- inf . la	3 sg	mother	adr
‘Seku has pity for his mother.’

116. envy tɛ́ɛmasìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	tɛ́ɛmasìi-nin	Fónbà	mà.
pn	envy- ptcp . res	pn	adr
‘Seku envies Fomba.’

117. be angry mɔ́nɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	mɔ́nɛ	Fónba	mà.
pn	prf	be.angry	pn	adr
‘Seku is angry with Fomba.’

118. be surprised bàra

Valency pattern: do(POST)_SBJ

X: do(POST)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Í	lá	físiri	bára	bàra	ń	dɔ́.
2 sg	poss	gift\ art	prf	surprise	1 sg	in
‘I'm surprised with your gift.’

119. love (tea) dúman

Valency pattern: nye_SBJ

X: nye

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Tɛ́`	dúman	Sékù	ɲɛ́.
tea\ art	pleasant	pn	before
‘Seku loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

120. enjoy díyabɔ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	tɛ́`	díyabɔ`	lá.
pn	be	tea\ art	enjoy\ art	at
‘Seku enjoys the tea.’

121. want yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_ko

X: SBJ

Y: ko

Locus: Y

Sékù	yé	télefoni	kuda`	kɔ́.
pn	be	phone	new\ art	behind
‘Seku wants a new phone.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

122. have a grudge dímin

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	dímin-nin	Fónba	mà.
pn	ache- ptcp . res	pn	adr
‘Seku has a grudge against Fomba.’

123. take offence mɔ́nɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_kama

X: SBJ

Y: kama

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	mɔ́nɛ	Fónba	kámà.
pn	prf	be.angry	pn	for
‘Seku has taken offence at Fomba.’

124. upset jùsumakása

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Fónba	kà	Sékù	jùsumakása
pn	aor . tr	pn	distress
‘Fomba saddened Seku.’

125. marvel dálajà

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	dálajà-da	Kánkan	ná.
pn	be.surprized- aor . intr	pn	at
‘Seku was surprized by Kankan.’

126. despise jò

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	yé	jò-la	Fónbà	mà.
pn	be	despize- inf . la	pn	adr
‘Seku despises Fomba.’

127. get upset nílafìn

Valency pattern: SBJ_fe

X: SBJ

Y: fe

Locus: Y

Sékù	nílafìn-nin	Fónba	fɛ̀.
pn	sadden- ptcp . res	pn	by
‘Seku is sad because of Fomba.’

128. get irritated wùrunba

Valency pattern: SBJ_kama

X: SBJ

Y: kama

Locus: Y

Fónba	bára	wùrunba	à	dén`	kámà.
pn	prf	become.irritated	3 sg	child\ art	for
‘Fomba is annoyed by his child.’

129. be fond lámìna

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sékù	yé	Fántà	hína	lámìna-la.
pn	be	pn	pity	respond- inf . la
‘Seku sympathises with Fanta.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

130. be shy dɔ́gbɛ̀dɛn

Valency pattern: SBJ_koson

X: SBJ

Y: koson

Locus: Y

Sékù	dɔ́gbɛdɛn-nin	à	lɔ́gban`	kɔ́sɔ̀n.
pn	compell- ptcp . res	3 sg	height\ art	because.of
‘Seku is embarrassed by his height.’