Laz
Contributed by Alexander Rostovtsev-Popiel (Academia.edu profile )
The data were gathered in 2023. The language of elicitation was German (and, in some cases, Turkish).
How to cite
Rostovtsev-Popiel, Alexander. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Laz.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp:
Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on October 13, 2023; last revised on December 22, 2023.)
(Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info , Accessed on )
Basic info
Coordinates: 41.5, 41.91 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Kartvelian, genus: Kartvelian.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
ABL_DAT
DAT_ABL
DAT_NOM
ERG_ABL
ERG_DAT
ERG_INS
ERG_SOC
NOM_ABL
NOM_ALL
NOM_DAT
NOM_INS
NOM_SOC
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
ti-Ø
Ø-a-c'k'un-en-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
head-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
r
-ache-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
nezle-Ø
Ø-u-γ-un-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
flu-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
o
-have-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s
ǯoγo(r)-išen
Ø-a-šk'u(r)-in-en-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
dog-
abl
io
3-
ver
:
r
-fear-
r
.
ext
-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
kfa-Ø
Ø-o-t'k'oč-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
stone-
nom
do
3-
fact
-throw-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
pa(r)a-Ø
ei-Ø-o-nč'-un-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
money-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-have_enough-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim has enough money.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
baba-muš-i-s
n-u-ngam-s
pn
-
nom
father-
poss
3-
b
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
o
-be_alike-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim resembles his father.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-s
d-Ø-a-mtinan-en-Ø
pn
-
nom
pn
-
dat
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-correct-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim believes Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
ferd-išen
kitab-i
k-e-Ø-zd-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
shelf-
abl
book-
nom
aff
-
prv
-
do
3-take-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim took a book from the shelf.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
oxo(r)-i
Ø-a-ʒi(r)-en-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
house-
nom
io
3-
pot
-see-
pot
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
c'ana-s
nos-i
d-Ø-ak'ː-in-en-Ø
year-
dat
reason-
nom
prv
-
s
3-decrease-
r
.
ext
-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Reason decreases with age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
Fatma-Ø
Ø-nag-u
pn
-
b
-
dat
pn
-
nom
io
3-meet-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim ran into Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
oxo(r)-i-s
ama-Ø-xt'-u
pn
-
nom
house-
b
-
dat
prv
-
s
3-go-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-s
g-Ø-ö-ǯg-in-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
dat
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-be_better-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim beat Fatma (in a game).’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
oxo(r)-išen
gama-Ø-xt'-u
pn
-
nom
house-
abl
prv
-
s
3-go-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
puǯ-ep-e
mend-Ø-u-č-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
cow-
pl
-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
o
-drive-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim drove the cows.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
č'ino-Ø
go-Ø-drik'-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
stick-
nom
prv
-
do
3-bend-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim bent the stick.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-s
Ø-u-c'-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
o
-tell-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim told Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
kitab-i
Ø-o-krač-un-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
book-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-hold-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is holding a book.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-s
gol-Ø-u-xt'-u
pn
-
nom
pn
-
dat
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-go-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim caught up with Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
puǯ-i-s
ko-m-Ø-u-zd-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
cow-
b
-
dat
aff
-
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-take-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
kinai-ša
d-Ø-i-mčvi-u
pn
-
nom
bank-
all
prv
-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-swim-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim reached the bank.’
Note: Lit. ‘Käzim swam/sailed to the bank.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
duvai-s
n-a-nc'-u
pn
-
nom
wall-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
r
-wipe-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_SOC
X: NOM
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Mehmet'-k'ala
Ø-i-k'red-en-Ø
pn
-
nom
pn
-
pstp
:
soc
s
3-
ver
:
s
-fight-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is fighting with Mehmet'.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_SOC
X: NOM
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Mehmet'-k'ala
Ø-i-maneb-am-s
pn
-
nom
pn
-
pstp
:
soc
s
3-
ver
:
s
-be_friends-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is friends with Mehmet.’
Note: A more neutral alternative is the one where X and Y form an NP and trigger 3PL agreement on the verb.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Mehmet'-i
Ø-i-dušun-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
nom
do
3-
ver
:
s
-think-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim thinks about Mehmet'.’
Note: The verb is a borrowing from Turkish.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
ušk'u(r)-i
o-Ø-č'k'om-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
apple-
nom
prf
-
do
3-eat-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
čxom-i
do-Ø-daγan-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
fish-
nom
prv
-
do
3-fry-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Mehmet'-i
Ø-čum-e(r)-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
nom
do
3-wait-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is waiting for Mehmet' (to come).’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
hem
gza-Ø
g-Ø-o-č'k'on-d-u
pn
-
b
-
dat
dem
.
dist
way-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-forget-
intr
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim forgot that road.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
nos-i
c'ana-ten
Ø-i-[ʔ]-en-Ø
reason-
nom
year-
ins
s
3-
ver
:
s
-[be]-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
Lit. ‘Reason grows with age.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-s
Ø-u-ǯox-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
o
-call-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim called Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-Ø
goc'os
k-Ø-i-čin-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
nom
last_year
aff
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-know-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim got to know Fatma last year.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-Ø
Ø-i-čin-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
nom
do
3-
ver
:
s
-know-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim knows Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
gitar-i
Ø-o-č'a(r)din-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
guitar-
nom
do
3-
fact
-play-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-s
g-Ø-a-kt-en-Ø
pn
-
nom
pn
-
dat
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-avoid-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim avoids Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
tu(γ)i-ši
k'apan-i
do-Ø-[ʔ]-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
mouse-
gen
trap-
nom
prv
-
do
3-[make]-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim made a mouse trap.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-s
n-Ø-o-tkv-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-say-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is making fun of Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
araba-Ø
Ø-u-[ʔ]-on-un-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
car-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
o
-have-
r
.
ext
-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
k'ola-muš-i
Ø-go(r)-um-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
key-
poss
3-
nom
do
3-look_for-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is looking for his key.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
γobe(r)-i-s
boja-Ø
Ø-u-s-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
fence-
b
-
dat
paint-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
o
-apply-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ǯoγo(r)-i-k
Käzim-i-s
n-u-č'k'om-u
dog-
b
-
erg
pn
-
b
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
o
-eat-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘A dog bit Käzim.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
oxo(r)-i
go-ndin-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
house-
nom
prv
-lose-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim lost (his) house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
k'at'u-Ø
Ø-č'op-un-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
cat-
nom
do
3-catch-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
k'et'-i
me-Ø-t'ax-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
stick-
nom
prv
-
do
3-break-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim broke a stick.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-Ø
Ø-o-mckv-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
nom
do
3-
fact
-praise-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is flattering Fatma.’
Note: ‘To flatter’ is one of possible contextual interpretations of this verb.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-Ø
Ø-o(r)-om-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
nom
do
3-love-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim loves Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
mendil-i
Ø-u-val-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
handkerchief-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
o
-wave-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
araba-šen=i
nos-i
gam-Ø-u-kt-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
car-
abl
=
ev
reason-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-turn-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is obsessed with a car.’
Note: The verb contains vestiges of a dative argument that is not actually present.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Fatma-k
ang-ep-e
do-Ø-čx-u
pn
-
erg
glassware-
pl
-
nom
prv
-
do
3-wash-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Fatma washed the plates and dishes.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
pontol-i
mo-Ø-i-d-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
trousers-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-put-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ham
še(r)-i-s
k'omp'as-i
g-Ø-ö-ʒ-in-Ø
dem
.
prox
thing-
b
-
dat
compass-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-lie-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Lit. ‘[The name] compass lies on this thing.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Käzim-i-k
be(r)e-muš-i-s
Ø-u-beǯγ-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
child-
poss
3-
b
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
o
-shout_loudly-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is loudly shouting at (his) child.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
tut-i
Käzim-i-s
ko-n-a-gab-u
bear-
nom
pn
-
b
-
dat
aff
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-attack-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘A bear attacked Käzim.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
c'uk'al-i
c'k'a(r)-iten
o-Ø-i-pš-u
bucket-
nom
water-
ins
prv
-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-fill-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
k'ola-muš-i
ko-Ø-ʒi(r)-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
key-
poss
3-
nom
aff
-
do
3-see-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim found his key.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
a(r)
li(r)a-Ø
da-Ø-u-k'o(r)-om-s
pn
-
b
-
dat
one
l
ira-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-wish-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is short of one Lira.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
Fatma-Ø
go-n-ǯog-am-s
pn
-
dat
pn
-
nom
prv
-
io
3-hate-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim hates Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
po(r)ča-Ø
mo-Ø-c'on-s
pn
-
b
-
dat
shirt-
nom
prv
-
io
3-like-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim likes the shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
para-Ø
Ø-u-k'o(r)-om-s
pn
-
b
-
dat
money-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-wish-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim needs money.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
noγa-s
duvai-Ø
go-γobe(r)-i=Ø-[r]-en-Ø
town-
dat
wall-
nom
prv
-fence-
nom
=
s
3-[be]-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘The wall fences the town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
on
li(r)a-Ø
d-Ø-u-skid-u
pn
-
b
-
dat
ten
l
ira-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-remain-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim has ten Liras left.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
muelːim-i-s
ǯumap-i
me-Ø-č-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
teacher-
b
-
dat
answer-
nom
prv
-
io
3-give-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
küp-i
mo-Ø-o-c'k'-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
bottle-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-open-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim opened a bottle.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
po(r)ča-čkim-i
skan-išen
gamikat-Ø
Ø-[r]-en-Ø
shirt-
poss
1-
nom
poss
2-
abl
different-
nom
s
3-[be]-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-šen
ek'-Ø-a-skid-u
pn
-
nom
pn
-
abl
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-remain-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim fell behind Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
ekin-i
e-Ø-zd-um-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
field-
nom
prv
-
do
3-plough-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim ploughs the field.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
xe-čkim-i-s
benzin-iš
šu(r)-i
Ø-a-l-em-s
hand-
poss
1-
b
-
dat
gasoline-
gen
smell-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
r
-go-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
gza-s
gol-Ø-i-l-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
way-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-go-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Marseliza-Ø
do-Ø-t'raγud-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
la_
m
arseillaise-
nom
prv
-
do
3-sing-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim sang “la Marseillaise”.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
mektub-i
do-Ø-nč'a(r)-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
letter-
nom
prv
-
do
3-write-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
mža-Ø
o-Ø-š-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
milk-
nom
pfv
-
do
3-drink-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
k'ušum-i
d-Ø-o-ndγul-in-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
lead-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-melt-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim melted the lead.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ham
k'aiš-i
pontol-i-s
n-o-msk-un-Ø
dem
.
prox
belt-
nom
trousers-
b
-
dat
io
3-
fact
-beautify-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘This belt goes well with the trousers.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
kö-išen
gama-Ø-xt'-u
pn
-
nom
village-
abl
prv
-
s
3-go-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim left the village.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
xal-i-k
oxo(r)-i
do-Ø-trag-um-s
carpet-
b
-
erg
house-
nom
prv
-
do
3-cover-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘The carpet covers the living space.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
oxo(r)-i
ko-Ø-š-um-s
pn
-
b
-
dat
house-
nom
aff
-
io
3-remember-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim remembers the house.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-s
n-u-švel-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
o
-help-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim helps Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
almanǯa-Ø
oxo-Ø-c'on-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
g
erman-
nom
prv
-
do
3-memorize-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim understands German.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
oxo(r)-i-s
šimšeγ-i
g-Ø-ä-t-u
house-
b
-
dat
lightning-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-fall-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘The lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
ǯälet-iten
m-Ø-i-k'vat-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
razor-
ins
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-cut-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
šuše-Ø
masa-s
ko-n-a-č'ab-u
glass-
nom
table-
dat
aff
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-glue-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-s
ge-Ø-i-ǯg-in-u
pn
-
nom
pn
-
dat
prv
-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-be_better-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim lost to Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
mektub-išen
k'ai
d-Ø-a-c'on-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
letter-
abl
good
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-like-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim got happy about the letter.’
Note: Lit. ‘Käzim liked the letter well.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_SOC
X: ERG
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-k'ala
Ø-i-sinap-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
pstp
:
soc
s
3-
ver
:
s
-talk-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is talking with Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Fatma-s
be(r)e-Ø
Ø-a-[ʔ]-u
pn
-
dat
child-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
r
-[have]-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Fatma gave birth to a child.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
šuše-Ø
n-u-l-u
pn
-
b
-
dat
glass-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
o
-fall-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
fabrika-s
ji-Ø-o-dg-in-Ø.
pn
-
nom
factory-
dat
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-stand-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is in charge of the factory.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Käzim-i-s
Fatma-Ø
g-a-Ø-nč'el-u
pn
-
b
-
dat
pn
-
nom
prv
-
ver
:
sup
-
io
3-hug-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim wanted to hug Fatma.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-s
ek'o-Ø-[ʔ]-um-s
pn
-
nom
pn
-
dat
prv
-
io
3-[follow]-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim follows Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
cxen-išen
ge-Ø-xt'-u
pn
-
nom
horse-
abl
prv
-
s
3-go-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim came down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
radio-Ø
Ø-u-uǯ-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
radio-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
o
-listen-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is listening to / hears (the) radio.’
Note: The meanings ‘listen’ and ‘hear’ are not formally distinguished.
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
nana-muš-i-s
n-u-uǯ-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
mother-
poss
3-
b
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
o
-listen-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim listens to his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
muziγ-i
Ø-u-uǯ-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
music-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
o
-listen-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is listening to / hears the music.’
Note: The meanings ‘listen’ and ‘hear’ are not formally distinguished.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
top(l)-i
mža-s
Ø-a-nt'al-u
honey-
nom
milk-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
r
-mix-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
ca-s
Ø-o-c'k'-en-Ø
pn
-
b
-
erg
sky-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-watch-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is looking at the sky.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
po(r)ča-Ø
mo-Ø-i-c'k'-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
shirt-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-put_on-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is taking his shirt off.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
izmoǯe-s
Fatma-Ø
Ø-ʒi(r)-um-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
dream-
dat
pn
-
nom
do
3-see-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim sees Fatma in his dream(s).’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-s
n-u-uǯ-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
o
-listen-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim agreed with Fatma.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.
Valency pattern:
NOM_SOC
X: NOM
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-k'ala
ok'o-Ø-b-un-Ø
pn
-
nom
pn
-
pstp
:
soc
prv
-
s
3-tie-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is quarreling with Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ham
šuše-Ø
ar
li(r)a-z
Ø-[r]-en-Ø
dem
.
prox
glass-
nom
one
l
ira-
dat
s
3-[be]-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘This glass costs one Lira.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
k'inč-i
do-Ø-il-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
bird-
nom
do
3-hit-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
šeke(r)-i
gel-Ø-u-bγ-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
sugar-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
o
-scatter-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim poured the sugar.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
k'ola-Ø
g-Ø-u-ndun-u
pn
-
b
-
dat
key-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-lose-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim lost the key(s).’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
dišk'a-Ø
c'k'a(r)-i-s
do-Ø-i-nt'on-u
log-
nom
water-
b
-
dat
prv
-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-drown-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-Ø
d-Ø-o-γu(r)-in-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
caus
-die-
caus
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim killed Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-Ø
do-Ø-il-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
nom
prv
-
do
3-hit-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim hit Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-s
g-Ø-a-xel-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
dat
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
rel
-kiss-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim kissed Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
msk'va
kitab-i
d-Ø-i-k'itx-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
beautiful
book-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-read-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim read a beautiful book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
k'it'-i
d-Ø-o-nk'an-u
pn
-
b
-
erg
finger-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-move-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim moved (his) finger.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-s
n-u-uǯ-am-s
pn
-
nom
pn
-
dat
io
3-
ver
:
o
-listen-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim respects Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Käzim-i-s
šave
ang-i
gu(r)-i
Ø-a-l-em-s
pn
-
b
-
dat
dirty
glassware-
nom
heart-
nom
io
-
ver
:
sup
-go-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is angry about dirty plates & dishes.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
be(r)e-muš-išen
memnun-i
Ø-[r]-en-Ø
pn
-
nom
child-
poss
3-
abl
satisfied-
nom
s
3-[be]-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is content with his child.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The adjective is a loanword from Turkish.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-s
da-Ø-o(r)-op-u
pn
-
nom
pn
-
dat
prv
-
do
3-love-
msd
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim fell in love with Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
Fatma-Ø
Ø-o-nd-un-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
pn
-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-trust-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim trusts Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s
nana-muš-išen
gu(r)-i
d-Ø-a-nč'-en-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
mother-
poss
3-
abl
heart-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-worry-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim sympathizes with his mother.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-s
tol-i
do-Ø-skid-un-Ø
pn
-
nom
pn
-
dat
eye-
nom
prv
-
s
3-remain-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim envies Fatma.’
Note: This structure is confirmed to be correct, although it looks unusual. Unmarked external possessor?
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-šen
sinij-i
Ø-[r]-en-Ø
pm
-
nom
pn
-
dat
angry-
nom
s
3-[be]-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is angry with Fatma.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The adjective is a loanword from Turkish.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
xedie-s
go-Ø-i-šaš-u
pm
-
nom
gift-
dat
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-surprise-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim was surprised at the gift.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
čai-Ø
k'ai
d-Ø-a-c'on-en-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
tea-
nom
good
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-like-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim likes tea greatly.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
čai-Ø
me-Ø-o-šv-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
tea-
nom
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
sup
-drink-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim is drinking tea with pleasure.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
aγne
t'elefon-i
Ø-go(r)-um-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
new
phone-
nom
do
3-look_for-
sm
-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim wants a new phone.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
Fatma-šen
gu(r)-I
mu-xt'-in-e(r)-i
Ø-[r]-en-Ø
pn
-
nom
pn
-
abl
heart-
b
prv
-go-
r
.
ext
-
ptcp
-
nom
s
3-[be]-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is angry with Fatma.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s
Fatma-šen
Ø-a-c'k'un-u
pn
-
nom
pn
-
abl
io
3-
ver
:
r
-pain-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim took offence at Fatma.’
Note: .
Valency pattern:
ABL_DAT
X: ABL
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s
Fatma-šen
gu(r)-i
Ø-a-č'-un-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
pn
-
abl
heart-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
r
-ache-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Fatma makes Käzim’s heart ache.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Käzim-i-s
noγa-Ø
Ø-a-xel-u
pn
-
b
-
dat
town-
nom
io
3-
ver
:
r
-be_glad-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘The town pleased Käzim.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k
Fatma-Ø
go-Ø-nǯog-am-s
pn
-
b
-
erg
pn
-
nom
prv
-
do
3-hate-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim despises Fatma.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s
be(r)e-muš-išen
gu(r)-i
g-Ø-ä-kt-u
pn
-
b
-
dat
child-
poss
3-
abl
heart-
nom
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-turn-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim got upset because of his child.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i
bozo-muš-išen
gu(r)-i
m-Ø-a-kt-u
pn
-
nom
girl-
poss
3-
abl
heart-
nom
prv
-
s
3-
ver
:
r
-turn-
s
3
sg
.
pst
‘Käzim is getting upset because of his daughter.’
Note: This structure is confirmed to be correct, although it looks unusual. Unmarked external possessor?
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s
Fatma-Ø
dido
mo-Ø-c'on-s
pn
-
b
-
dat
pn
-
nom
much
prv
-
io
3-like-
s
3
sg
‘Käzim likes Fatma a lot.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-s
bo(r)-i-muš-išen
Ø-o-onǯγor-en-Ø
pn
-
b
-
dat
height-
b
-
poss
3-
abl
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-be_ashamed-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
‘Käzim is shy about his height.’