BivalTyp

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Laz

Contributed by Alexander Rostovtsev-Popiel (Academia.edu profile)

A.P.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2023. The language of elicitation was German (and, in some cases, Turkish).

How to cite

Rostovtsev-Popiel, Alexander. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Laz. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on October 13, 2023; last revised on December 22, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain o-c'k'un-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s ti-Ø Ø-a-c'k'un-en-Ø
pn - b - dat head- nom io 3- ver : r -ache- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim has a headache.’

2. have (illness) o-γ-un-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s nezle-Ø Ø-u-γ-un-Ø
pn - b - dat flu- nom io 3- ver : o -have- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim has the flu.’

3. be afraid o-šk'ur-in-u

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s ǯoγo(r)-išen Ø-a-šk'u(r)-in-en-Ø
pn - b - dat dog- abl io 3- ver : r -fear- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw o-t'k'oč-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k kfa-Ø Ø-o-t'k'oč-u
pn - b - erg stone- nom do 3- fact -throw- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim threw a stone.’

5. have enough o-nč'-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s pa(r)a-Ø ei-Ø-o-nč'-un-Ø
pn - b - dat money- nom prv - io 3- ver : sup -have_enough- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim has enough money.’

6. resemble n-u-ngam-s

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i baba-muš-i-s n-u-ngam-s
pn - nom father- poss 3- b - dat io 3- ver : o -be_alike- s 3 sg
‘Käzim resembles his father.’

7. believe o-mtinan-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s d-Ø-a-mtinan-en-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : r -correct- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim believes Fatma.’

8. take o-zd-im-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k ferd-išen kitab-i k-e-Ø-zd-u
pn - b - erg shelf- abl book- nom aff - prv - do 3-take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim took a book from the shelf.’

9. see o-ʒir-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s oxo(r)-i Ø-a-ʒi(r)-en-Ø
pn - b - dat house- nom io 3- pot -see- pot - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim sees a house.’

10. influence o-k'in-u

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
c'ana-s nos-i d-Ø-ak'ː-in-en-Ø
year- dat reason- nom prv - s 3-decrease- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Reason decreases with age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter o-nag-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s Fatma-Ø Ø-nag-u
pn - b - dat pn - nom io 3-meet- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim ran into Fatma.’

12. enter o-xt'-im-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i oxo(r)-i-s ama-Ø-xt'-u
pn - nom house- b - dat prv - s 3-go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim entered the house.’

13. win o-ǯg-in-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s g-Ø-ö-ǯg-in-u
pn - b - erg pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : sup -be_better- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim beat Fatma (in a game).’

14. go out o-xt'-im-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i oxo(r)-išen gama-Ø-xt'-u
pn - nom house- abl prv - s 3-go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim went out of the house.’

15. drive o-č-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k puǯ-ep-e mend-Ø-u-č-u
pn - b - erg cow- pl - nom prv - do 3- ver : o -drive- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim drove the cows.’

16. bend o-drik'-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k č'ino-Ø go-Ø-drik'-u
pn - b - erg stick- nom prv - do 3-bend- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim bent the stick.’

17. tell o-c'-um-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s Ø-u-c'-u
pn - b - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : o -tell- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim told Fatma.’

18. hold o-krač-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s kitab-i Ø-o-krač-un-Ø
pn - b - dat book- nom io 3- ver : sup -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is holding a book.’

19. catch up o-xt'-im-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s gol-Ø-u-xt'-u
pn - nom pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : o -go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim caught up with Fatma.’

20. milk o-zd-im-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k puǯ-i-s ko-m-Ø-u-zd-u
pn - b - erg cow- b - dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : o -take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim milked the cow.’

21. reach o-mčvir-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i kinai-ša d-Ø-i-mčvi-u
pn - nom bank- all prv - s 3- ver : s -swim- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim reached the bank.’
Note: Lit. ‘Käzim swam/sailed to the bank.’

22. touch o-nc'-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i duvai-s n-a-nc'-u
pn - nom wall- dat io 3- ver : r -wipe- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim touched the wall.’

23. fight o-k'red-u

Valency pattern: NOM_SOC
X: NOM
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Mehmet'-k'ala Ø-i-k'red-en-Ø
pn - nom pn - pstp : soc s 3- ver : s -fight- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is fighting with Mehmet'.’

24. be friends Ø-i-maneb-am-s

Valency pattern: NOM_SOC
X: NOM
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Mehmet'-k'ala Ø-i-maneb-am-s
pn - nom pn - pstp : soc s 3- ver : s -be_friends- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is friends with Mehmet.’
Note: A more neutral alternative is the one where X and Y form an NP and trigger 3PL agreement on the verb.

25. think o-dušun-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Mehmet'-i Ø-i-dušun-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - nom do 3- ver : s -think- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim thinks about Mehmet'.’
Note: The verb is a borrowing from Turkish.

26. eat o-č'k'om-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k ušk'u(r)-i o-Ø-č'k'om-u
pn - b - erg apple- nom prf - do 3-eat- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim ate an apple.’

27. fry o-daγan-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k čxom-i do-Ø-daγan-u
pn - b - erg fish- nom prv - do 3-fry- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim fried the fish.’

28. wait o-čum-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Mehmet'-i Ø-čum-e(r)-s
pn - b - erg pn - nom do 3-wait- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is waiting for Mehmet' (to come).’

29. forget o-č'k'on-d-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s hem gza-Ø g-Ø-o-č'k'on-d-u
pn - b - dat dem . dist way- nom prv - io 3- ver : sup -forget- intr - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim forgot that road.’

30. depend o-Ɂ-u

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
nos-i c'ana-ten Ø-i-[ʔ]-en-Ø
reason- nom year- ins s 3- ver : s -[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
Lit. ‘Reason grows with age.’

31. call o-ǯox-(in)-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s Ø-u-ǯox-u
pn - b - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : o -call- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim called Fatma.’

32. get to know o-čin-(ob)-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Fatma-Ø goc'os k-Ø-i-čin-u
pn - b - erg pn - nom last_year aff - do 3- ver : s -know- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim got to know Fatma last year.’

33. know o-čin-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Fatma-Ø Ø-i-čin-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - nom do 3- ver : s -know- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim knows Fatma.’

34. play (instrument) Ø-o-č'a(r)din-am-s

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k gitar-i Ø-o-č'a(r)din-am-s
pn - b - erg guitar- nom do 3- fact -play- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid o-kt-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s g-Ø-a-kt-en-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : r -avoid- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim avoids Fatma.’

36. make o-Ɂ-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k tu(γ)i-ši k'apan-i do-Ø-[ʔ]-u
pn - b - erg mouse- gen trap- nom prv - do 3-[make]- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim made a mouse trap.’

37. make fun o-tk(v-al)-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s n-Ø-o-tkv-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -say- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is making fun of Fatma.’

38. have o-ʔ-on-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s araba-Ø Ø-u-[ʔ]-on-un-Ø
pn - b - dat car- nom io 3- ver : o -have- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim has a car.’

39. look for o-gor-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k k'ola-muš-i Ø-go(r)-um-s
pn - b - erg key- poss 3- nom do 3-look_for- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is looking for his key.’

40. paint o-s-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k γobe(r)-i-s boja-Ø Ø-u-s-u
pn - b - erg fence- b - dat paint- nom io 3- ver : o -apply- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim painted the fence.’

41. bite o-č'k'om-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ǯoγo(r)-i-k Käzim-i-s n-u-č'k'om-u
dog- b - erg pn - b - dat io 3- ver : o -eat- s 3 sg . pst
‘A dog bit Käzim.’

42. forfeit o-ndin-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k oxo(r)-i go-ndin-u
pn - b - erg house- nom prv -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim lost (his) house.’

43. try to catch o-č'op-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k k'at'u-Ø Ø-č'op-un-s
pn - b - erg cat- nom do 3-catch- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break o-t'ax-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k k'et'-i me-Ø-t'ax-u
pn - b - erg stick- nom prv - do 3-break- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim broke a stick.’

45. flatter o-mck-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Fatma-Ø Ø-o-mckv-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - nom do 3- fact -praise- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is flattering Fatma.’
Note: ‘To flatter’ is one of possible contextual interpretations of this verb.

46. love (person) o-Ɂor-op-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Fatma-Ø Ø-o(r)-om-s
pn - b - erg pn - nom do 3-love- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim loves Fatma.’

47. wave o-val-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k mendil-i Ø-u-val-am-s
pn - b - erg handkerchief- nom io 3- ver : o -wave- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream nos-iš o-kt-am-u

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k araba-šen=i nos-i gam-Ø-u-kt-am-s
pn - b - erg car- abl = ev reason- nom prv - io 3- ver : o -turn- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is obsessed with a car.’
Note: The verb contains vestiges of a dative argument that is not actually present.

49. wash o-čx-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Fatma-k ang-ep-e do-Ø-čx-u
pn - erg glassware- pl - nom prv - do 3-wash- s 3 sg . pst
‘Fatma washed the plates and dishes.’

50. put on o-dv-al-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k pontol-i mo-Ø-i-d-u
pn - b - erg trousers- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -put- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim put on his trousers.’

51. be called o-ʒ-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ham še(r)-i-s k'omp'as-i g-Ø-ö-ʒ-in-Ø
dem . prox thing- b - dat compass- nom io 3- ver : sup -lie- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Lit. ‘[The name] compass lies on this thing.’

52. punish o-beǯγ-u

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Käzim-i-k be(r)e-muš-i-s Ø-u-beǯγ-am-s
pn - b - erg child- poss 3- b - dat io 3- ver : o -shout_loudly- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is loudly shouting at (his) child.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

53. attack o-gab-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
tut-i Käzim-i-s ko-n-a-gab-u
bear- nom pn - b - dat aff - io 3- ver : r -attack- s 3 sg . pst
‘A bear attacked Käzim.’

54. fill (intr) o-pš-(ap)-u

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
c'uk'al-i c'k'a(r)-iten o-Ø-i-pš-u
bucket- nom water- ins prv - s 3- ver : s -fill- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find o-ʒir-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k k'ola-muš-i ko-Ø-ʒi(r)-u
pn - b - erg key- poss 3- nom aff - do 3-see- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim found his key.’

56. be short o-k'or-om-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s a(r) li(r)a-Ø da-Ø-u-k'o(r)-om-s
pn - b - dat one l ira- nom prv - io 3- ver : o -wish- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is short of one Lira.’

57. hate o-ǯog-am-a

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s Fatma-Ø go-n-ǯog-am-s
pn - dat pn - nom prv - io 3-hate- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim hates Fatma.’

58. like o-c'on-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s po(r)ča-Ø mo-Ø-c'on-s
pn - b - dat shirt- nom prv - io 3-like- s 3 sg
‘Käzim likes the shirt.’

59. need o-k'or-om-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s para-Ø Ø-u-k'o(r)-om-s
pn - b - dat money- nom prv - io 3- ver : o -wish- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim needs money.’

60. surround go-γob-ap-a

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
noγa-s duvai-Ø go-γobe(r)-i=Ø-[r]-en-Ø
town- dat wall- nom prv -fence- nom = s 3-[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘The wall fences the town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

61. remain o-skid-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s on li(r)a-Ø d-Ø-u-skid-u
pn - b - dat ten l ira- nom prv - io 3- ver : o -remain- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim has ten Liras left.’

62. answer ǯumap-iš me-č-am-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k muelːim-i-s ǯumap-i me-Ø-č-u
pn - b - erg teacher- b - dat answer- nom prv - io 3-give- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim answered the teacher.’

63. open o-c'k'-(im)-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k küp-i mo-Ø-o-c'k'-u
pn - b - erg bottle- nom prv - do 3- fact -open- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim opened a bottle.’

64. be different gamikat-Ø o-r-in-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
po(r)ča-čkim-i skan-išen gamikat-Ø Ø-[r]-en-Ø
shirt- poss 1- nom poss 2- abl different- nom s 3-[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind o-skid-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-šen ek'-Ø-a-skid-u
pn - nom pn - abl prv - io 3- ver : r -remain- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim fell behind Fatma.’

66. plough o-zd-im-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k ekin-i e-Ø-zd-um-s
pn - b - erg field- nom prv - do 3-plough- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim ploughs the field.’

67. smell o-l-u

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
xe-čkim-i-s benzin-iš šu(r)-i Ø-a-l-em-s
hand- poss 1- b - dat gasoline- gen smell- nom io 3- ver : r -go- sm - s 3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross o-l-in-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k gza-s gol-Ø-i-l-u
pn - b - erg way- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim crossed the road.’

69. sing o-t'raγud-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Marseliza-Ø do-Ø-t'raγud-u
pn - b - erg la_ m arseillaise- nom prv - do 3-sing- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim sang “la Marseillaise”.’

70. write o-(n)č'ar-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k mektub-i do-Ø-nč'a(r)-u
pn - b - erg letter- nom prv - do 3-write- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim wrote a letter.’

71. drink o-š-(um)-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k mža-Ø o-Ø-š-u
pn - b - erg milk- nom pfv - do 3-drink- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim drank the milk.’

72. melt o-ndγul-(in)-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k k'ušum-i d-Ø-o-ndγul-in-u
pn - b - erg lead- nom prv - do 3- fact -melt- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim melted the lead.’

73. match o-msk-an-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ham k'aiš-i pontol-i-s n-o-msk-un-Ø
dem . prox belt- nom trousers- b - dat io 3- fact -beautify- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘This belt goes well with the trousers.’

74. leave o-xt'-im-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i kö-išen gama-Ø-xt'-u
pn - nom village- abl prv - s 3-go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim left the village.’

75. cover o-trag-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
xal-i-k oxo(r)-i do-Ø-trag-um-s
carpet- b - erg house- nom prv - do 3-cover- sm - s 3 sg
‘The carpet covers the living space.’

76. remember o-š-un-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s oxo(r)-i ko-Ø-š-um-s
pn - b - dat house- nom aff - io 3-remember- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim remembers the house.’

77. help o-švel-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s n-u-švel-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : o -help- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim helps Fatma.’

78. understand (language) o-c'on-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k almanǯa-Ø oxo-Ø-c'on-am-s
pn - b - erg g erman- nom prv - do 3-memorize- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim understands German.’

79. hit (target) o-t(v-al)-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
oxo(r)-i-s šimšeγ-i g-Ø-ä-t-u
house- b - dat lightning- nom prv - io 3- ver : r -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘The lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself o-k'vat-u

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k ǯälet-iten m-Ø-i-k'vat-u
pn - b - erg razor- ins prv - do 3- ver : s -cut- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck o-č'ab-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
šuše-Ø masa-s ko-n-a-č'ab-u
glass- nom table- dat aff - io 3- ver : r -glue- s 3 sg . pst
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) o-ǯg-in-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s ge-Ø-i-ǯg-in-u
pn - nom pn - dat prv - s 3- ver : s -be_better- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim lost to Fatma.’

83. be glad o-c'on-u

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k mektub-išen k'ai d-Ø-a-c'on-u
pn - b - erg letter- abl good prv - io 3- ver : r -like- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim got happy about the letter.’
Note: Lit. ‘Käzim liked the letter well.’

84. speak o-sinap-u

Valency pattern: ERG_SOC
X: ERG
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-k'ala Ø-i-sinap-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - pstp : soc s 3- ver : s -talk- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is talking with Fatma.’

85. give birth o-Ɂ-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Fatma-s be(r)e-Ø Ø-a-[ʔ]-u
pn - dat child- nom io 3- ver : r -[have]- s 3 sg . pst
‘Fatma gave birth to a child.’

86. drop o-xt'-im-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s šuše-Ø n-u-l-u
pn - b - dat glass- nom io 3- ver : o -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim dropped the glass.’

87. govern o-dg-im-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i fabrika-s ji-Ø-o-dg-in-Ø.
pn - nom factory- dat prv - do 3- fact -stand- r . ext - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is in charge of the factory.’

88. miss o-nč'el-u

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Käzim-i-s Fatma-Ø g-a-Ø-nč'el-u
pn - b - dat pn - nom prv - ver : sup - io 3-hug- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim wanted to hug Fatma.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

89. follow o-Ɂ-on-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s ek'o-Ø-[ʔ]-um-s
pn - nom pn - dat prv - io 3-[follow]- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim follows Fatma.’

90. dismount o-xt'-im-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i cxen-išen ge-Ø-xt'-u
pn - nom horse- abl prv - s 3-go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim came down from the horse.’

91. listen uǯ-ap-a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k radio-Ø Ø-u-uǯ-am-s
pn - b - erg radio- nom io 3- ver : o -listen- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is listening to / hears (the) radio.’
Note: The meanings ‘listen’ and ‘hear’ are not formally distinguished.

92. obey uǯ-ap-a

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k nana-muš-i-s n-u-uǯ-am-s
pn - b - erg mother- poss 3- b - dat io 3- ver : o -listen- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim listens to his mother.’

93. hear uǯ-ap-a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k muziγ-i Ø-u-uǯ-am-s
pn - b - erg music- nom io 3- ver : o -listen- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is listening to / hears the music.’
Note: The meanings ‘listen’ and ‘hear’ are not formally distinguished.

94. mix o-nt'al-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
top(l)-i mža-s Ø-a-nt'al-u
honey- nom milk- dat io 3- ver : r -mix- s 3 sg . pst
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look o-c'k'-ed-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k ca-s Ø-o-c'k'-en-Ø
pn - b - erg sky- dat io 3- ver : sup -watch- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is looking at the sky.’

96. take off o-c'k'-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k po(r)ča-Ø mo-Ø-i-c'k'-am-s
pn - b - erg shirt- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -put_on- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is taking his shirt off.’

97. dream (sleeping) izmoǯe-s o-ʒir-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k izmoǯe-s Fatma-Ø Ø-ʒi(r)-um-s
pn - b - erg dream- dat pn - nom do 3-see- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim sees Fatma in his dream(s).’

98. agree uǯ-ap-a

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s n-u-uǯ-u
pn - b - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : o -listen- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim agreed with Fatma.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

99. have a quarrel ok'o-b(γ)-u

Valency pattern: NOM_SOC
X: NOM
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-k'ala ok'o-Ø-b-un-Ø
pn - nom pn - pstp : soc prv - s 3-tie- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is quarreling with Fatma.’

100. cost o-r-in-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ham šuše-Ø ar li(r)a-z Ø-[r]-en-Ø
dem . prox glass- nom one l ira- dat s 3-[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘This glass costs one Lira.’

101. shoot at o-il-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k k'inč-i do-Ø-il-u
pn - b - erg bird- nom do 3-hit- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim shot at the bird.’

102. pour o-bγ-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k šeke(r)-i gel-Ø-u-bγ-u
pn - b - erg sugar- nom prv - do 3- ver : o -scatter- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim poured the sugar.’

103. lose o-ndun-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s k'ola-Ø g-Ø-u-ndun-u
pn - b - dat key- nom prv - io 3- ver : o -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim lost the key(s).’

104. sink o-nt'on-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
dišk'a-Ø c'k'a(r)-i-s do-Ø-i-nt'on-u
log- nom water- b - dat prv - s 3- ver : s -drown- s 3 sg . pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill o-γur-(in)-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Fatma-Ø d-Ø-o-γu(r)-in-u
pn - b - erg pn - nom prv - do 3- caus -die- caus - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim killed Fatma.’

106. hit o-il-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Fatma-Ø do-Ø-il-u
pn - b - erg pn - nom prv - do 3-hit- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim hit Fatma.’

107. kiss o-xel-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s g-Ø-a-xel-u
pn - b - erg pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : rel -kiss- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim kissed Fatma.’

108. read o-k'itx-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k msk'va kitab-i d-Ø-i-k'itx-u
pn - b - erg beautiful book- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -read- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim read a beautiful book.’

109. move (bodypart) o-nk'an-(ap)-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k k'it'-i d-Ø-o-nk'an-u
pn - b - erg finger- nom prv - do 3- fact -move- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim moved (his) finger.’

110. respect uǯ-ap-a

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s n-u-uǯ-am-s
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : o -listen- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim respects Fatma.’

111. be squeamish gur-iš o-l-(em)-u

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Käzim-i-s šave ang-i gu(r)-i Ø-a-l-em-s
pn - b - dat dirty glassware- nom heart- nom io - ver : sup -go- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is angry about dirty plates & dishes.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

112. be content memnun-i o-r-in-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i be(r)e-muš-išen memnun-i Ø-[r]-en-Ø
pn - nom child- poss 3- abl satisfied- nom s 3-[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is content with his child.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The adjective is a loanword from Turkish.

113. fall in love o-Ɂor-op-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s da-Ø-o(r)-op-u
pn - nom pn - dat prv - do 3-love- msd - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim fell in love with Fatma.’

114. trust o-nd-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s Fatma-Ø Ø-o-nd-un-Ø
pn - b - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -trust- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim trusts Fatma.’

115. sympathise gur-iš o-nč'-el-u

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s nana-muš-išen gu(r)-i d-Ø-a-nč'-en-Ø
pn - b - dat mother- poss 3- abl heart- nom prv - io 3- ver : sup -worry- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim sympathizes with his mother.’

116. envy tol-i o-skid-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s tol-i do-Ø-skid-un-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat eye- nom prv - s 3-remain- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim envies Fatma.’
Note: This structure is confirmed to be correct, although it looks unusual. Unmarked external possessor?

117. be angry sinij-i o-r-in-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-šen sinij-i Ø-[r]-en-Ø
pm - nom pn - dat angry- nom s 3-[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is angry with Fatma.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The adjective is a loanword from Turkish.

118. be surprised o-šaš-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i xedie-s go-Ø-i-šaš-u
pm - nom gift- dat prv - do 3- ver : s -surprise- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim was surprised at the gift.’

119. love (tea) k'ai o-c'on-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s čai-Ø k'ai d-Ø-a-c'on-en-Ø
pn - b - dat tea- nom good prv - io 3- ver : sup -like- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim likes tea greatly.’

120. enjoy o-š-(um)-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k čai-Ø me-Ø-o-šv-am-s
pn - b - erg tea- nom prv - do 3- ver : sup -drink- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is drinking tea with pleasure.’

121. want o-gor-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k aγne t'elefon-i Ø-go(r)-um-s
pn - b - erg new phone- nom do 3-look_for- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge gur-i mu-xt'-in-er-i o-r-in-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-šen gu(r)-I mu-xt'-in-e(r)-i Ø-[r]-en-Ø
pn - nom pn - abl heart- b prv -go- r . ext - ptcp - nom s 3-[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is angry with Fatma.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

123. take offence o-c'k'un-u

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s Fatma-šen Ø-a-c'k'un-u
pn - nom pn - abl io 3- ver : r -pain- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim took offence at Fatma.’
Note: .

124. upset o-č'-u

Valency pattern: ABL_DAT
X: ABL
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s Fatma-šen gu(r)-i Ø-a-č'-un-Ø
pn - b - dat pn - abl heart- nom io 3- ver : r -ache- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Fatma makes Käzim’s heart ache.’

125. marvel o-xel-u

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Käzim-i-s noγa-Ø Ø-a-xel-u
pn - b - dat town- nom io 3- ver : r -be_glad- s 3 sg . pst
‘The town pleased Käzim.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

126. despise go-nǯog-ap-a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Fatma-Ø go-Ø-nǯog-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - nom prv - do 3-hate- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim despises Fatma.’

127. get upset gur-iš o-kt-ap-a

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s be(r)e-muš-išen gu(r)-i g-Ø-ä-kt-u
pn - b - dat child- poss 3- abl heart- nom prv - io 3- ver : r -turn- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim got upset because of his child.’

128. get irritated gur-iš o-kt-ap-a

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i bozo-muš-išen gu(r)-i m-Ø-a-kt-u
pn - nom girl- poss 3- abl heart- nom prv - s 3- ver : r -turn- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim is getting upset because of his daughter.’
Note: This structure is confirmed to be correct, although it looks unusual. Unmarked external possessor?

129. be fond o-c'on-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s Fatma-Ø dido mo-Ø-c'on-s
pn - b - dat pn - nom much prv - io 3-like- s 3 sg
‘Käzim likes Fatma a lot.’

130. be shy o-onǯγor-u

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-s bo(r)-i-muš-išen Ø-o-onǯγor-en-Ø
pn - b - dat height- b - poss 3- abl io 3- ver : sup -be_ashamed- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is shy about his height.’