Sorani Kurdish
Contributed by Mansour Amadeh .
The dataset below comes from Mukri Central Kurdish. The data were provided by Mansour Amadeh in his capacity of a native speaker in 2023, originally coming from Mahabad in the Iranian province of West Azerbaijan. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.
How to cite
Amadeh, Mansour. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Sorani Kurdish.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on June 26, 2023;
last revised on October 7, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on .)
Basic info
Coordinates: 36.77, 45.73 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Iranian.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
DO_QUOT
EXT_be
EXT_le
EXT_legel
EXT_SBJ
SBJ_be
SBJ_be.we
SBJ_bo
SBJ_le
SBJ_le.ser
SBJ_legel
SBJ_lenew.da
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
ewr̂o
ser=î
d-êʂ-ê
pn
today
head=3
sg
.
pc
ind
-hurt.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa has a headache today.’
Note: The verb agrees with the body part.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ême
anfuɫanza=man
girt-û-e
we
flu=1
pl
.
pc
catch.
pst
-
ptcp
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘We have the flu.’
Note: The 1PL.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
seg-eke
de-tirs-ê
pn
from
dog-
def
ind
-fear.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
hewelê
Hîwa
berd-êk=î
fir̂êda-Ø
first
pn
stone-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
throw.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa threw a stone first.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
êsta
Hîwa
beʂ-î
xoî
pare=î
he-ye
now
pn
share-
izf
himself
money=3
sg
.
pc
exist
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Now Hiwa has enough money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the non-canonical subject of a clausal expression of possession, emotion or cognition (in any tense). Lit. ≈ ‘Now Hiwa there is money for his share’.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
Selîm-î
de-ç-ê
pn
from
pn
-
obl
ind
-go.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa resembles Selim.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
bawer̂
be
Selîm-î
de-k-a
pn
belief
to
pn
-
obl
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa believes Selim.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
kitêb-êk=î
le-ser
taq-eke
heɫ-girt-Ø
pn
book-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
from-head
shelf-
def
prev
-catch.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa took a book from the shelf.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
maɫ-êk
de-bîn-ê
pn
house-
indf
ind
-see.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le.ser
X: SBJ
Y: le.ser
Locus: Y
temen
le-ser
bîrge
karîger-e
age
from-head
memory
influential-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Age influence memory.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
le
bazar-ê
lepir̂da
tûʂ-î
Zanko-î
bû-Ø
pn
from
market-
loc
accidentally
encounter-
izf
pn
-
obl
be.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa accidentally encounterd Zanko on the street.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
çûw-Ø-e
maɫ-eke
pn
go.
pst
-3
sg
-to
house-
def
‘Hiwa entered the house.’
Note: The verbal marker –e is the result of the “migration” of the preposition "le", cf. "Hîwa le maɫ-eke çûw-Ø".
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
ʂetr̂enc=î
le
Zanko-î
bird-Ø-ewe
pn
chess=3
sg
.
pc
from
pn
-
obl
win.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa beat Zanko in chess.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
maɫ-eke
çûw-Ø-e
der-ê
pn
from
house-
def
go.
pst
-3
sg
-to
out-
loc
‘Hiwa went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
manga-ke
de-b-at-e
lewer̂-ê
pn
cow-
def
ind
-take.
prs
-3
sg
-to
pasture-
loc
‘Hiwa is driving the cow to the pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
liq-î
dar-eke=î
çemand-Ø
pn
branch-
izf
tree-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
bend.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa bent the branch.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
be
Perî=î
wit-Ø
ewr̂o
zeng=im
bo
lê-d-e
pn
to
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
tell.
pst
-3
sg
today
bell=1
sg
.
pc
for
prev
-hit.
imp
-2
sg
‘Hiwa told Peri to call him today.’
Note: The 1SG.PC marker indexes the complement of the adposition.
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
kitêb-êk=î
be
dest-ewe-(y)e
pn
book-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
to
hand-
dem
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa is holding a book in his hand.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The exact nature of the 3SG.PC marker is not clear (ambiguous).
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
Kamran=î
le
r̂êga-ke-da
girt-Ø-ewe
pn
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
from
way-
def
-in
catch.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa caught up with Kamran on the way.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dilan
manga-ke=î
doʂî-Ø
pn
cow-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
milk.
pst
-3
sg
‘Dilan milked the cow.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
be
belem
geîʂt-Ø-e
kenar-î
çom-eke
pn
with
boat
reach.
pst
-3
sg
-to
side-
izf
river-
def
‘Hiwa reached the riverbank in a boat.’
Note: The verbal marker –e is the result of the “migration” of the preposition "be", cf. “Hîwa be belem geîʂt-Ø be kenar-î çom-eke.”
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
dest=î
le
dîwar-eke
da-Ø
pn
hand=3
sg
.
pc
from
wall-
def
give.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa touched the wall.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legel
X: SBJ
Y: legel
Locus: Y
Hîwa
legeɫ
Arîwan-î
be-ʂer̂
d-ê
pn
with
pn
-
obl
to-fight
come.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is fighting with Ariwan.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
r̂efîq-î
Kamran-î-e
pn
friend-
izf
pn
-
obl
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa is friends with Kamran.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
bîr
le
Zanko-î
de-ka-t-ewe
pn
think
from
pn
-
obl
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa is thinking about Zanko.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
sêw-êk=î
xiward-Ø
pn
apple-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
eat.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa ate an apple.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hemîn
masî-eke=î
sûr
kird-Ø-ewe
pn
fish-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
red
do.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hemin fried the fish.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
çawer̂wan-î
Kamr̂an-î-e
pn
waiter-
izf
pn
-
obl
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa is waiting for Kamran.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
rê
kurt-eke=î
le
bîr
çot-Ø-ewe
pn
road
short-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
from
thought
go.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa forgot about the shorter road.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the non-canonical subject of a clausal expression of possession, emotion or cognition (in any tense). Lit. ≈ ‘The road is gone from my memory’.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le.ser
X: SBJ
Y: le.ser
Locus: Y
bîrge
de-west-êt-e
ser
temen
memory
ind
-stand.
prs
-3
sg
-to
head
age
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: The verbal marker –e is the result of the “migration” of the preposition "le", cf. “bîrge de-west-êt le-ser temen”.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bo
X: SBJ
Y: bo
Locus: Y
Hîwa
zeng=î
bo
Kamr̂an-î
lê-da-Ø
pn
bell=3
sg
.
pc
for
pn
-
obl
prev
-give.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa called Kamran.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legel
X: SBJ
Y: legel
Locus: Y
Hîwa
parekane
legeɫ
Perî-î
aʂina
bû-Ø
pn
last.year
with
pn
-
obl
familiar
be.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa got to know Pari a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
Sakar-î
de-nas-ê
pn
pn
-
obl
ind
-know.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa knows Sakar.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
gîtar-î
de-jen-ê
pn
guitar-
obl
ind
-play.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa plays the guitar.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
xoî
le
Kamr̂an-î
de-diz-êt-ewe
pn
himself
from
pn
-
obl
ind
-steal.
prs
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa avoids Kamran.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
teɫemiʂk=î
diruŝt
kîrd-Ø
pn
mousetrap=3
sg
.
pc
correct
do.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa made a mousetrap.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
fiʂe
be
Ferhad-î
de-k-a
pn
fun
to
pn
-
obl
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is making fun of Ferhad.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
maʂên-êk=î
he-ye
pn
car-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
exist
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the non-canonical subject of a clausal expression of possession, emotion or cognition (in any tense).
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
kilîl-ek-an=î
de-ger̂-ê
pn
from
key-
def
-
pl
=3
sg
.
pc
ind
-search.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is looking for his keys.’
Note: The exact nature of the 3SG.PC marker is not clear (ambiguous).
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
perjîn-eke=î
r̂eng
kird-Ø
pn
fence-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
color
do.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa painted the fence.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
seg-êk
Hîwa=î
gezit-Ø
dog-
indf
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
bite.
pst
-3
sg
‘A dog bit Hiwa.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
maɫ-eke=î
de
awir-eke-da
le
dest
da-Ø
pn
house-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
in
fire-
def
-in
from
hand
give.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa lost his house in the fire.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
xerîk-e
piʂîle-ke
de-gir-ê
pn
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
cat-
def
ind
-catch.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
ʂûɫ-eke=î
ʂikand-Ø
pn
stick-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
break.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa broke the stick.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
xerîk-e
Perî-î
saz-de-k-a
pn
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
obl
making-
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is flattering Pari.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
äʂiq-î
Perî-î-e
pn
lover-
izf
pn
-
obl
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa loves Pari.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
desire-yek
r̂a-de-weʂên-ê
pn
handkerchief-
def
prev
-
ind
-hit.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be.we
X: SBJ
Y: be.we
Locus: Y
Hîwa
xewin
be
maʂên-êk-î
niwê-we
de-bîn-ê
pn
dream
to
car-
indf
-
izf
new-to
ind
-see.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is dreaming of a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
fincan-eke=î
ʂird-Ø
pn
cup-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
wash.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa washed the cup.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
ʂaɫwar-eke=î
le-ber
kird-Ø
pn
trouser-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
from-side
do.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa put on his trousers.’
Note: The exact nature of the 3SG.PC marker is not clear (ambiguous).
Valency pattern:
DO_QUOT
X: DO
Y: QUOT
Locus: XY
ew
amêr-e
compass=î
pê-de-ɫê-n
this
tool-
dem
compass=3
sg
.
pc
prev
-
ind
-tell.
prs
-3
pl
‘This tool is called a compass. ’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction (lit. ‘they call this tool a compass’).
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
kur̂-eke=î
siza
da-Ø
pn
boy-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
punishment
give.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
wirç-êk
pelamar-î
masîgir-êk=î
da-Ø
bear-
indf
attack-
izf
fisherman-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
give.
pst
-3
sg
‘A bear attached a fisherman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
setɫ-eke
pir̂
bû-Ø
le
aw
bucket-
def
full
be.
pst
-3
sg
from
water
‘The bucket filled with water. ’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
kilîl-ek-an=î
dît-Ø-ewe
pn
key-
def
-
pl
=3
sg
.
pc
see.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa found his keys.’
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
êsta
yoroyek=î
kem-e
pn
now
euro=3
sg
.
pc
less-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa is now one euro short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
X: EXT
Y: le
Locus: XY
Hîwa
r̂iq=î
le
Ferhad-e
pn
hatred=3
sg
.
pc
from
pn
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa hates Farhad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
X: EXT
Y: le
Locus: XY
Hîwa
êsta
ḧez=î
le-ew
kirase-ye
pn
now
liking=3
sg
.
pc
from-this
shirt-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa now likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Lit. ≈ ‘Hiwa, to him is now liking from this shirt’
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
êsta
pare=î
pêwîst-e
pn
now
money=3
sg
.
pc
neccessary-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa now needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dîwar-ek-an
dewre-î
ŝar=yan
da-Ø-we
wall-
def
-
pl
surrounding-
izf
city=3
pl
.
pc
give.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Walls surrounded the city.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
êsta
10
yoro=î
pê-ma-w-e
pn
now
10
euro=3
sg
.
pc
to-remain.
pst
-
ptcp
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa has now 10 euros left.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
wiɫam-î
mamosta-ke=î
da-Ø-we
pn
answer-
izf
teacher-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
give.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa answered the teacher.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
qutu-ek=î
kird-Ø-ewe
pn
can-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
do.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
na,
kiras-eke-î
min
ciyawaz-e
le
hîto
no,
shirt-
def
-
izf
i
different-be.
prs
.3
sg
from
yours
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
Diyako-î
be
cê
ma-Ø
pn
from
pn
-
obl
to
place
remain.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa fell behind Diako.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
zewî-eke-î
de-kêɫ-ê
pn
field-
def
-
obl
ind
-plough.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dest-ek-an=im
bon-î
gazoɫ=yan
lê-d-ê
hand-
def
-
pl
=1
sg
.
pc
smell-
izf
gasoline=3
pl
.
pc
prev
-
ind
-come.
prs
.3
sg
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
cade-ke
per̂î-Ø-ewe
pn
from
road-
def
jump.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sîrwan
goranî-ek-î
xoʂ=î
wit-Ø
pn
song-
def
-
izf
good=3
sg
.
pc
tell.
pst
-3
sg
‘Sirwan sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
name-yek=î
nûsî-Ø
pn
letter-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
write.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
ʂîr-eke=î
xiward-Ø-ewe
pn
milk-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
eat.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
let-êk
qeɫay=î
tuwand-Ø-ewe
pn
piece-
indf
lead=3
sg
.
pc
melt.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
ew
qayʂ-e
le
kiras-eke=m
d-ê-t-ewe
this
leather-
dem
from
dress-
def
=1
sg
.
pc
ind
-come.
prs
-3
sg
-
asp
‘This belt matches my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
min
ew
ʂar-e
be
cê
de-hêɫ-im
i
this
city-
dem
to
place
ind
-allow.
prs
-1
sg
‘I am leaving this city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
fer̂ʂ-eke
tewaw
kef-eke=î
da-de-poʂ-ê
carpet-
def
complete
floor-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
prev
-
ind
-cover.
prs
-3
sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
maɫ-eke=î
le
bîr-e
pn
house-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
from
thought-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa remembers the house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
yarmet-î
Kamran=î
da-Ø
pn
help-
izf
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
give.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa helped Kamran.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
Fer̂anseî
tê-de-g-a
pn
f
rench
prev
-
ind
-arrive.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa understands French.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
brîske
le
maɫ-ek=em=î
da-Ø
lightning
from
house-
def
=1
sg
.
pc
=3
sg
.
pc
give.
pst
-3
sg
‘Lightning hit my house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
min
be
tiẍ-î
xo=m
bir̂î-Ø
i
to
razor-
obl
self=1
sg
.
pc
cut.
pst
-3
sg
‘I cut myself with razor. ’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be.we
X: SBJ
Y: be.we
Locus: Y
lîwan-eke
be
mîz-eke-we
nûsa-Ø-we
glass-
def
to
table-
def
-to
stick.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
be
Sirwan=î
dor̂and-Ø
pn
to
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
lose.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa lost to Sirwan.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
be
name-ke
ʂad
bû-Ø
pn
to
letter-
def
glad
be.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legel
X: SBJ
Y: legel
Locus: Y
Hîwa
xerîk-e
legeɫ
Perî-î
qise
de-k-a
pn
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
-
obl
talking
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is speaking with Peri.’
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Sirwe
kur̂-êk=î
bû-Ø
pn
boy-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
be.
pst
-3
sg
‘Sirwe gave birth to a son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
perdax-eke=î
ber-da-Ø-we
pn
glass-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
prev
-give.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
ʂare-ke=man
be-r̂ê-we
de-b-a
pn
city-
def
=1
pl
.
pc
to-road-to
ind
-take.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa runs our town.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mensour
tase-î
Marie-î
de-k-a
pn
missing-
izf
pn
-
obl
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Mansour misses Marie.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kamr̂an
we-diwa-î
Mensour-î
de-kew-ê
pn
prev
-back-
izf
pn
-
obl
ind
-falling-3
sg
‘Kamran follows Mansour.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
hesp-eke-î
dabezî-Ø
pn
from
horse-
def
-
obl
dismount.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa got down from the horse.’
Note: The exact morphemic boundaries in "dabezî" are not fully clear.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
xerîk-e
giwê
de-d-at-e
r̂adwê
pn
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
ear
ind
-give.
prs
-3
sg
-to
radio
‘Hiwa is listening to the radio.’
Note: The verbal marker “–e” is the result of the “migration” of the preposition “be”, cf. “Hîwa xerîk-e giwê de-d-at le r̂adwê”.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
hemîʂe
be
qise-î
dayk=î
de-k-a
pn
always
to
talking-
izf
mother=3
sg
.
pc
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa always obeys his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
X: EXT
Y: le
Locus: XY
Hîwa
êsta
giwe=î
le
mûsîqa-ye
pn
now
ear=3
sg
.
pc
from
music-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa hears the music now.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legel
X: SBJ
Y: legel
Locus: Y
hengiwîn-eke
legeɫ
shîr-eke-î
têkeɫ
bû-Ø
honey-
def
with
milk-
def
-
obl
mix
be.
pst
-3
sg
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
xerîk-e
çaw
le
hewr-ek-an
de-k-a
pn
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
eye
from
cloud-
def
-
pl
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
kiras-eke=î
da-kend-Ø
pn
shirt-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
prev
-pull.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be.we
X: SBJ
Y: be.we
Locus: Y
Hîwa
xewin
be
Perî-î-we
de-bîn-ê
pn
dream
to
pn
-
obl
-to
ind
-see.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa dreams about Pari.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legel
X: SBJ
Y: legel
Locus: Y
Hîwa
legel
Perî-î
haw-r̂a-ye
pn
with
pn
-
obl
prev
-thought-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa agrees with Pari.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
EXT_legel
X: EXT
Y: legel
Locus: XY
Hîwa
legeɫ
Perî-î
ʂer̂=ît-î
pn
with
pn
-
obl
fight=3
sg
.
pc
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa had a quarrel with Pari.’
Note: Lit. ≈ ‘As for Hiwa, there is his fight with Peri’. The glossing of the final morpheme in the verb is not clear here.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
ew
fincan-e
be
yek
yoro-ye
this
cup-
dem
to
one
euro-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
teqe=î
le
baɫinde-ke-î
kird-Ø
pn
shoot=3
sg
.
pc
from
bird-
def
-
obl
do.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
ʂekir-eke=î
r̂iʂt-Ø
pn
sugar-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
pour.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa poured the sugar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
kilîl-ek-an=î
win
kird-Ø
pn
key-
def
-
pl
=3
sg
.
pc
disappear
do.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_lenew.da
X: SBJ
Y: lenew.da
Locus: Y
kolkedar-eke
lenêw
çom-eke-î-da
nuqim
bû-Ø
log-
def
inside
river-
def
-
obl
-in
sinking
be.
pst
-3
sg
‘The log sank in the river.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
Sîrwan=î
kuʂt-Ø
pn
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
kill.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa killed Sirwan.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
Marî-î
da-Ø
pn
from
pn
-
obl
give.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa hit Marie.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
Perî=î
maç
kird-Ø
pn
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
kiss
do.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa kissed Pari.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
kitêb-êk-î
sirinc
r̂akêʂ=î
xiwênd-Ø-ewe
pn
book-
def
-
izf
attention
puller=3
sg
.
pc
read.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
‘Hiwa read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
qamk=î
cuɫand-Ø
pn
finger=3
sg
.
pc
move.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
r̂êz-î
Marî-î
de-gir-ê
pn
respect-
izf
pn
-
obl
ind
-catch.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa respects Marie.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
bêz
le
qap
u
keçk-î
piŝ
de-k-a
pn
disgusted
from
bowl
and
spoon-
izf
dirty
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
kur-eke=î
r̂azî-e
pn
from
boy-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
contented-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
äʂiq-î
Perî-î
bû-Ø
pn
lover-
izf
pn
-
obl
be.
pst
.3
sg
‘Hiwa fell in love with Pari.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
EXT_be
X: EXT
Y: be
Locus: XY
Hîwa
mitmane=î
be
Perî-î-e
pn
trust=3
sg
.
pc
to
pn
-
obl
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa trusts Pari.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa
hawderd-î
dayk=î-tî
pn
sympathizer-
izf
mother=3
sg
.
pc
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa sympathies with his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
bexîlî
be
Sîrwan-î
de-b-a
pn
envy
to
pn
-
obl
ind
-take.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa envies Sirwan.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
Kamr̂an-î
qeɫs-e
pn
from
pn
-
obl
angry-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa is angry with Kamran.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
X: EXT
Y: le
Locus: XY
Hîwa
le-ew
diyarî-e
ser=î
sur̂ma
bû-Ø
pn
from-this
gift-
dem
head=3
sg
.
pc
spinning
be-
pst
.3
sg
‘Hiwa was surprised at this gift.’
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
X: EXT
Y: le
Locus: XY
Hîwa
ḧez=î
zor
le
ça-ye
pn
joy=3
sg
.
pc
very
from
tea-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
ça-î
gerim=î
pê-xoʂ-e
pn
tea-
izf
warm=3
sg
.
pc
prev
-good-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa
mobayl-êk-î
niwê=î
de-w-ê
pn
mobile-
indf
-
izf
new=3
sg
.
pc
ind
-want.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
X: EXT
Y: le
Locus: XY
Hîwa
r̂iq=î
le
Kamr̂an-î
heɫ-girt-û-e
pn
hatred=3
sg
.
pc
from
pn
-
obl
prev
-catch.
pst
-
pfv
-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa has a grudge against Kamran.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
bê
r̂êzî
be
Perî-î
kird-Ø
pn
without
respect
to
pn
-
obl
do.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa took offence at Pari.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa
Perî-î
zor
bêzar
kird-Ø
pn
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
very
upset
do.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa greatly upset Pari.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa
be
ʂar-eke-î
sersam
bû-Ø
pn
to
city-
def
-
obl
impressed
be.
pst
-3
sg
‘Hiwa was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bo
X: SBJ
Y: bo
Locus: Y
Hîwa
ḧîsab-î
pûʂêk
bo
Perî-î
na-k-a
pn
counting-
izf
hay-
indf
for
pn
-
obl
neg
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa disdains Pari.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
le
kur̂-eke=î
nar̂ahet-e
pn
from
boy-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
upset-be.
prs
.3
sg
‘Hiwa got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
xerîk-e
le
kiç-eke=î
bêzar
de-b-ê
pn
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
from
daughter-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
annoyed
ind
-become.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hiwa is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
EXT_be
X: EXT
Y: be
Locus: XY
Hîwa
diɫ=î
xoʂ-e
be
Perî-î
pn
heart=3
sg
.
pc
good-be.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
-
obl
‘Hiwa is fond of Pari.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa
ʂerm
le
baɫa=î
de-k-a
pn
shyness
from
height=3
sg
.
pc
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
‘Hîwa is shy about his height.’