BivalTyp

Kumyk

Contributed by Michael Daniel, Tagir Gadzhiakhmedov and Natalia Logvinova (Academia.edu profile, GoogleScholar profile).

M.D.'s photo T.G.'s photo N.L.'s photo

The data come from the Kayakent and Yangikent varieties of the Kaytag dialect of Kumyk, with a bias towards Yangikent data (which is also the native variety of one of the contributors). The data were gathered in 2023. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Daniel, Michael, Tagir Gadzhiakhmedov and Natalia Logvinova. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Kumyk. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on September 30, 2023; last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

In the transitive construction, nominal subjects are used in the unmarked form and direct objects are used either in the unmarked form or in the accusative case depending on their animacy and referentiality (Differential Object Marking).

The predicate agrees with the subject in person and number. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique cases or, rarely, by postpositions. These postpositions are often inflected according to their object's person and number. The genitive case can mark clause-level constituents standing in a possessive relationship with the subject, see examples 1, 5, 38 etc. below. Such clause-level genitive constituents can be freely separated from their (semantic) possessees.

Case system

The case system includes six cases for nouns, viz. the unmarked nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, and ablative. However, the distinction between the genitive case and the accusative case if often neutralized. It is always overt in the so-called possessive declension, where the nouns also bears a possessive suffix.

Verb lemmas

The verbs are shown in the form of the infinitive in -maq.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; ACC — accusative; ADJVZ — adjectivizer; CAR — caritive; CAUS — causative; CIT — citative; CVB — converb; DAT — dative; GEN — genitive; LOC — locative; NEG — negation; NMLZ — nominalization; OBL — oblique; PASS — passive; PF — perfect; PL — plural; PN — person name; PST — past; R — Russian loan; REC — reciprocal; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular; SUBST — substantivizer; TR — transitive; VBLZ — verbalizer.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain awrumaq

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
patimat-nɨ baš-ɨ awru-j
pn - gen head-3 sg ache-3 sg
‘Patimat has a headache.’

2. have (illness) awrumaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
patimat grip-den awru-j
pn influenza- abl ache-3 sg
‘Patimat has the flu.’

3. be afraid qorqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
patimat it-den qorq-a
pn dog- abl fear-3 sg
‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw atmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir taš-nɨ at-d-ɨ
pn stone- acc throw- pst -3 sg
‘Basir threw the stone.’

5. have enough jetišmek

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ni aqča-sɨ jet-iš-e
pn - gen money-3 sg arrive- rec -3 sg
‘Basir has enough money.’

6. resemble ošamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir musa-ʁa oša-j
pn pn - dat be.similar-3 sg
‘Basir resembles Musa.’

7. believe inanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat musa-ʁa inan-a
pn pn - dat trust-3 sg
‘Patimat believes Musa.’

8. take almaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir kitap-nɨ al-d-ɨ taχča-dan
pn book- acc take- pst -3 sg shelf- abl
‘Basir took the book from the shelf.’

9. see görmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat üj-nü gör-e
pn house- acc see-3 sg
‘Patimat sees the house.’

10. influence etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ömür es-ge taʔsir et-e
life memory- dat impact do-3 sg
‘Life influences memory.’

11. encounter joluqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir musa-ʁa joluq-d-u
pn pn - dat meet- pst -3 sg
‘Basir encountered Musa.’

12. enter girmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
musa üj-ge gir-d-i
pn house- dat enter- pst -3 sg
‘Musa entered the house.’

13. win utmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat rasul-nu ut-d-u
pn pn - acc win- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

14. go out čɨqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
musa üj-den čɨq-d-ɨ
pn house- abl leave- pst -3 sg
‘Musa went out of the house.’

15. drive quwalamaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat inek-ni quwala-j
pn cow- acc drive-3 sg
‘Patimat is driving the cow.’

16. bend ijeltmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir butaq-nɨ ijel-t-d-i
pn branch- acc bend.down- caus - pst -3 sg
‘Basir bent the branch.’

17. tell ajtmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat musa-ʁa ajt-d-ɨ
pn pn - dat say- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat told Musa.’

18. hold tutmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat kitap-nɨ tut-ʁan
pn book- acc get.hold- pf
‘Patimat is holding the book.’
Note: Apparently, a resultative verb.

19. catch up jetišmek

Valency pattern: NOM_GENartPOSS.ABL
X: NOM
Y: GENartPOSS.ABL
Locus: Y
basir patimat-nɨ art-ɨn-dan jet-iš-d-i
pn pn - gen back-3 sg - abl arrive- rec - pst -3 sg
‘Basir caught up with Patimat.’

20. milk sawmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir sɨjɨr-nɨ saw-d-u
pn cow- acc milk- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat milked the cow.’

21. reach jetmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mahammat özen-ni boj-ɨn-a et-d-i
pn river- gen shore-3 sg - dat go- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad reached the bank of the river.’

22. touch tijmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
musa tam-ʁa tij-d-i
pn wall- dat touch- pst -3 sg
‘Musa touched the wall.’

23. fight tutušmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
rasul mahammat bulan tut-uš-a
pn pn with fight- rec -3 sg
‘Rasul is fighting with Muhammad.’

24. be friends qurdaš bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
basir musa bulan qurdaš bol-ʁan
pn pn with friend be- pf
‘Basir is friends with Musa.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think ojlamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_GENhaqinda
X: NOM
Y: GENhaqinda
Locus: Y
patimat musa-nɨ haqɨnda oj-la-j
pn pn - gen about thought- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is thinking about Musa.’

26. eat ašamaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir alma aša-d-ɨ
pn apple eat- pst -3 sg
‘Basir ate an apple.’

27. fry qɨzarmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat balɨq-nɨ qɨzar-t-d-ɨ
pn fish- acc fry- caus - pst -3 sg
‘Patimat fried the fish.’

28. wait gözlemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat musa-nɨ göz-le-j
pn pn - acc eye- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is waiting for Musa.’

29. forget unutmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir birisi jol-nu unut-ʁan
pn other road- acc forget- pf
‘Basir forgot the other road.’

30. depend taʔsirli

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
es ömür-den taʔsir-li
memory life- abl impact- adjvz
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call čaqɨrmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir musa-nɨ čaqɨr-d-ɨ
pn pn - acc invite- pst -3 sg
‘Basir invited Musa.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

32. get to know tanɨš bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
basir musa bulan bir jɨl al-da tanɨ-š bol-ʁan
pn pn with one year front- loc (known)- rec be- pf
‘Basir got to know Musa a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know tanɨmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat rasul-nu tanɨ-j
pn pn - acc know-3 sg
‘Muhammad knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) ojnamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
patimat gitara bulan ojna-j
pn guitar with play-3 sg
‘Patimat is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid baš qačɨrmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
basir musa-dan baš qač-ɨr-a
pn pn - abl head flee- caus -3 sg
‘Basir avoids Musa.’

36. make etmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir čɨčqan tuzaq et-gen
pn mouse trap do- pf
‘Basir made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun mɨsʁɨllamaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
musa patimat-nɨ mɨsʁɨl-la-j
pn pn - acc mock- vblz -3 sg
‘Musa is making fun of Patimat.’

38. have bar

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
patimat-nɨ mašin-i bar
pn - gen car-3 sg cop
‘Patimat has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for izlemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat ačqɨč-la-nɨ izle-j
pn key- pl - acc search-3 sg
‘Patimat is looking for the keys.’

40. paint bojamaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat zabor-nu boja-d-ɨ
pn fence- acc paint- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad painted the fence.’

41. bite χapmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
it rasul-nu χap-d-ɨ
dog pn - acc bite- pst -3 sg
‘A dog bit Rasul.’

42. forfeit qalmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR
X: NOM
Y: CAR
Locus: Y
mahammat üj-süz qal-d-ɨ
pn house- car remain- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad lost his house.’

43. try to catch tutmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat mišik-ni tut-a
pn cat- acc get.hold-3 sg
‘Patimat is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break sɨndɨrmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
rasul tajaq-nɨ sɨndɨr-d-ɨ
pn stick- acc break- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul broke the stick.’

45. flatter jarewkelik etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat musa-ʁa jarewke-lik et-e
pn pn - dat flatterer- nmlz do-3 sg
‘Patimat is flattering Musa.’

46. love (person) süjmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat musa-nɨ süj-e
pn pn - acc want-3 sg
‘Patimat loves Musa.’

47. wave sillemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat jawluʁ-un sil-le-j
pn kerchief-3 sg . acc (wave)- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is waving her handkerchief.’

48. dream umut etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat jangɨ mašin-ge umut et-e
pn new car- dat hope do-3 sg
‘Patimat is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash žuwmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat čaška-nɨ žuw-d-u
pn cup- acc wash- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat washed the cup.’

50. put on gijmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
musa šalbar-ɨn gij-gen
pn trousers-3 sg . acc put.on- pf
‘Musa put on his trousers.’

51. be called ajtmaq

Valency pattern: DAT_dep
X: DAT
Y: dep
Locus: XY
šu zat-ʁa kompas dep ajt-ɨl-a
this thing- dat compass cit say- pass -3 sg
‘This thing is called a compass.’

52. punish taqsɨrlamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mahammat jaš-in-a taqsɨr-la-ʁan
pn child-3 sg - dat guilt- vblz - pf
‘Muhammad punished his son.’

53. attack atɨlmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ajuw balɨqčɨ-ʁa at-ɨl-d-ɨ
bear fisherman- dat throw- pass - pst -3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) tolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
bedra suw-dan tol-d-u
bucket water- abl fill- pst -3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find tapmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat ačʁɨč-la-nɨ tap-d-ɨ
pn key- pl - acc find- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad found the keys.’

56. be short jetišmek

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ni bir dollar aqča-sɨ et-iš-me-j
pn - gen one dollar money-3 sg arrive- rec - neg -3 sg
‘Basir is one dollar short.’

57. hate görüp bolmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat rasul-nu gör-üp bol-ma-j
pn pn - acc see- cvb be- neg -3 sg
‘Muhammad hates Rasul.’

58. like ušatmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat šu gölek-ni ušat-a
pn that shirt- acc like-3 sg
‘Patimat likes this shirt.’

59. need tarɨq

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-ʁa aqča tarɨq
pn - dat money necessary
‘Rasul needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ajlanɨp almaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
tam-lar šahar-nɨ ajlan-ɨp al-ʁan
wall- pl town- acc turn- cvb take- pf
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain qalmaq

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mahammat-nɨ on manat-ɨ qal-d-ɨ
pn - gen ten roubles-3 sg remain- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad has ten roubles left.’

62. answer žawap bermek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat mualim-ge žawap ber-d-i
pn teacher- dat answer give- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat answered the teacher.’

63. open ačmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat banka-nɨ ač-d-ɨ
pn jar( r )- acc open- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat opened the can.’

64. be different bašʁa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
men-i göleg-im sen-i-ki-n-den bašʁa
i - gen shirt-1 sg you- gen - nmlz - obl - abl different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind artda qalmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
basir musa-dan art-da qal-d-ɨ
pn pn - abl back- loc remain- pst -3 sg
‘Basir fell behind Musa.’

66. plough qazmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat awlaq-nɨ qaz-a
pn field- acc dig-3 sg
‘Patimat is digging the field.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

67. smell ijis gelmek

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
qol-lar-ɨm-dan ot ijis gel-e
hand- pl -1 sg - abl grass smell come-3 sg
‘My hands smell of grass.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross čɨqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
basir jol-dan čɨq-d-ɨ
pn road- abl go- pst -3 sg
‘Basir crossed the road.’

69. sing jɨrlamaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat ariw sarɨn jɨrla-d-ɨ
pn beautiful song sing- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat sang a beautiful song.’

70. write jazmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir kaʁɨz jaz-d-ɨ
pn paper write- pst -3 sg
‘Basir wrote a letter.’

71. drink ičmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir süt ič-d-i
pn milk drink- pst -3 sg
‘Basir drank milk.’

72. melt iritmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
rasul jaw gesek-ni irit-d-i
pn butter piece- acc melt- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul melted a piece of butter.’

73. match qɨjɨšmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
šu pojas men-i kapot-um-a qɨj-ɨš-a
that belt( r ) i - gen dress-1 sg - dat (adapt)- rec -3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave getmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mahammat tuw-ʁan šaʁarɨn-dan get-d-i
pn be.born- pf town- abl go- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad left his native city.’

75. cover japmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
χali sawlaj pol-nu jap-ʁan
carpet complete floor( r )- acc cover- pf
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember esPOSS.LOC turmaq

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mahammat-nɨ öz-ü ös-gen üj-ü es-in-de
pn - gen self-3 sg grow- pf house-3 sg memory-3 sg - loc
‘Muhammad remembers the house where he grew up.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help kömek etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
musa patimat-ʁa kömek et-d-i
pn pn - dat help do- pst -3 sg
‘Musa helped Patimat.’

78. understand (language) anglamaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat francuz til-ni ang-la-j
pn f rench language- acc conscious- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat understands French.’

79. hit (target) tijmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
jašmɨn üj-ge tij-gen
lightning house- dat touch- pf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself gesmek

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
basir dellek bulan ges-d-i
pn razor with cut- pst -3 sg
‘Basir cut himself with a razor.’
Note: The verb is not specialized in the middle meaning ‘cut oneself’.

81. get stuck jabušmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
stakan stol-ʁa jab-uš-t-u
glass table- dat (stick)- rec - pst -3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) utulmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir musa-ʁa ut-ul-d-u
pn pn - dat win- pass - pst -3 sg
‘Basir lost to Musa.’

83. be glad süjünmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul kaʁɨz-ʁa süün-d-ü
pn letter- dat rejoice- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul was glad about the letter.’

84. speak söjlemek

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
patimat musa bulan söj-le-j
pn pn with (talk)- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is speaking with Musa.’

85. give birth tapmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat ulan tap-d-ɨ
pn son find- pst -3 sg
‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tüšürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
rasul stakan-nɨ tüšür-d-ü
pn glass- acc drop- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul dropped the glass.’

87. govern bašlɨq etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
mahammat gent-biz-de baš-lɨq et-e
pn village-1 pl - loc head- subst do-3 sg
‘Muhammad runs our village.’

88. miss saʁɨnmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul patimat-qa saʁɨn-d-ɨ
pn pn - dat miss- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul misses Patimat.’

89. follow barmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_GENartPOSS.bulan
X: NOM
Y: GENartPOSS.bulan
Locus: Y
patimat musa-nɨ art-ɨ bulan bar-a
pn pn - gen back-3 sg with leave-3 sg
‘Patimat follows Musa.’

90. dismount tümek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
basir at-dan tüš-d-ü
pn horse- abl go.down- pst -3 sg
‘Basir got down from the horse.’

91. listen tɨnglamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat radio-ʁa tɨng-la-j
pn radio- dat (listen)- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is listening to radio.’

92. obey tɨnglamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir ana-sɨn-a tɨng-la-j
pn mother-3 sg - dat (listen)- vblz -3 sg
‘Basir always listens to his mother.’

93. hear ešitmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat muzɨka-nɨ ešit-e
pn music- acc hear-3 sg
‘Patimat hears the music.’

94. mix bulʁanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
bal süt bulan bulʁa-n-ʁan
honey milk with mix( tr )- refl - pf
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look qaramaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat bulut-la-ʁa qara-j
pn cloud- pl - dat look-3 sg
‘Patimat is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off čečmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
musa göleg-in čeč-d-i
pn shirt-3 sg . acc untie- pst -3 sg
‘Musa took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) tüšünde görmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat musa-nɨ tüš-ün-de gör-e
pn pn - acc dream-3 sg - loc see-3 sg
‘Patimat dreams about Musa.’

98. agree razi bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
rasul mahammat bulan razi bol-d-u
pn pn with satisfied become- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul agreed with Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel erišmek

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
musa patimat bulan er-iš-d-i
pn pn with (quarrel)- rec - pst -3 sg
‘Musa had a quarrel with Patimat.’

100. cost toqtamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
bu čaška bir dollar toqta-j
bu cup( r ) one dollar( r ) stop-3 sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at atɨšmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir žɨmčɨq-ʁa at-ɨš-d-ɨ
pn sparrow- dat throw- rec - pst -3 sg
‘Basir shot at the sparrow.’

102. pour tökmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir šeker-ni tök-d-ü čaška-ʁa
pn sugar- acc pour- pst -3 sg cup- dat ( r )
‘Basir poured the sugar in the cup.’

103. lose tas etmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir ačqɨč-la-nɨ tas et-gen
pn key- pl - acc lost do- pf
‘Basir lost the keys.’

104. sink batmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aʁač suw-ʁa bat-d-ɨ
wood water- dat drown- pst -3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill öltürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir musa-nɨ öl-tür-d-ü
pn pn - acc die- caus - pst -3 sg
‘Basir killed Musa.’

106. hit urmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir musa-ʁa ur-d-u
pn pn - dat hit- pst -3 sg
‘Basir hit Musa.’

107. kiss upaj etmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat musa-nɨ upaj et-d-i
pn pn - acc kiss do- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat kissed Musa.’

108. read oχumaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir qužurlu kitap oχu-d-u
pn interesting book read- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) terbetmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat barmaʁ-ɨn terbet-d-i
pn toe-3 sg . acc move- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad moved his toe.’

110. respect hürmetlek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat musa-nɨ hürmet-le-j
pn pn - acc respect- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat respects Musa.’

111. be squeamish žirgenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
patimat nas sawut-lar-dan žirgen-e
pn dirty dish- pl - abl despise-3 sg
‘Patimat is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content razi

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
mahammat ulan-ɨ bulan razi
pn son-3 sg with satisfied
‘Muhammad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love süjmek

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
musa patimat-nɨ süj-e
pn pn - acc want-3 sg
‘Patimat loves Musa.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

114. trust inanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat musa-ʁa inan-a
pn pn - dat trust-3 sg
‘Patimat trusts Musa.’

115. sympathise jazɨq gilmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat anas-ɨn-a jazɨq gil-e
pn mother-3 sg - dat compassionate come-3 sg
‘Patimat sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy güllemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir musa-nɨ gül-le-j
pn pn - acc (envy)- vblz -3 sg
‘Basir envies Musa.’

117. be angry ačuwlanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir musa-ʁa ačuw-la-n-a
pn pn - dat anger- vblz - refl -3 sg
‘Basir is angry with Musa.’

118. be surprised tamaša bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
musa bu sawʁat-ʁa tamaša bol-d-u
pn this present- dat strange be- pst -3 sg
‘Musa was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) süjmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat čaj süj-e
pn tea want-3 sg
‘Patimat loves tea.’

120. enjoy kep almaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
patimat issi čaj-dan kep al-a
pn hot tea- abl mood take-3 sg
‘Patimat enjoys hot tea.’

121. want süjmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat jangɨ mobilnik süj-e
pn new handy want-3 sg
‘Patimat wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ačuwlanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat musa-ʁa ačuw-la-n-a
pn pn - dat anger- vblz - refl -3 sg
‘Patimat holds a grudge against Musa.’

123. take offence ačuwlanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
musa patimat-ʁa ačuw-la-n-d-ɨ
pn pn - dat anger- vblz - refl - pst -3 sg
‘Musa took offence at Patimat.’

124. upset göngün buzmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
musa patimat-nɨ göng-ün buz-d-u
pn pn - gen soul-3 sg . acc spoil- pst -3 sg
‘Musa greatly upset Patimat.’

125. marvel tamaša bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir bu šahar-ʁa tamaša bol-d-u
pn this town- dat strange be- pst -3 sg
‘Basir was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset göngü čɨqmaq

Valency pattern: GEN_ABL
X: GEN
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
musa-nɨ ulan-ɨn-dan göng-ü čɨq-d-ɨ
pn - gen child-3 sg - abl soul-3 sg go- pst -3 sg
‘Musa got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated assi bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat qɨz-ɨn-a assi bol-d-u
pn daughter-3 sg - dat irritable become- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat got irritated with her daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond ušatmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat rasul-nu ušat-a
pn pn - acc like-3 sg
‘Patimat is fond of Rasul.’

130. be shy ujalmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
basir öz-ün-ü bojun-dan ujal-a
pn self-3 sg - gen neck- abl be.shy-3 sg
‘Basir is embarrased about his height.’
Note: It is not quite clear why ‘neck’ is used.