Alik Kryz

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the French version of the questionnaire (Azerbaijani was used for the elicitation in some cases). The data have been provided by Rahman Shamseddinov.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Alik Kryz. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 27, 2023; last revised on January 29, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.18, 48.24.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative alignment, except on personal pronouns, which have non-ergative morphology. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative. The oblique stem corresponds to the genitive case (except on proper nouns), and the ergative case is added to it. The verb takes gender-number prefixes, infixes and/or suffixes agreeing with the S/P argument in the nominative. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers or, rarely, by postpositions (in combination with the genitive case).

Case system

Overall, there are 23 case forms in Alik Kryz. The 5 original non-locative cases are nominative, genitive, ergative, dative, instrumental. Historically, the system of locative cases consisted of two layers, involving 6 localizations and 3 directions (the unmarked essive, the lative and the elative), which yields 18 locative combinations. However, many of these combinations have shifted to more abstract, argumental functions and/or changed their spatial functions. Table 1 shows the relationships between the labels used in the data below (these labels are based on synchronic functions) and the original functions of cases.

Table 1. Alik Kryz nominal declension

case label	form	‘house’	‘man’	original function
NOM	-Ø	k’ul	furi	= NOM
ERG	-r	k’ul-ci-r	furaʕar	= EL
GEN	-ci, -a, etc.	k’ul-ci	fura	< ERG, IN
DAT	-z	k’ul-ci-z	fura-z	= DAT
INS	-zina	k’ul-ci-zina	fura-zina	< DAT+?
IN	-a(ʕ)	k’ul-ca	Ø	< IN
INEL	-ʕa-r	k’ul-caʕar	Ø	< IN+EL
ADV	*-ʕan	Ø	Ø	< IN+LAT
AD	-v	k’ul-ci-v	fura-v	< AD
ADR	-v-an	Ø	furavan	< AD+LAT
ADEL	-v-ar	k’ul-cavar	furavar	< AD+EL
APUD	-ux	k’ul-cux	fura-ux	< POST
DIR	-xv-an	k’ul-cu-xvan	fura-xv-an	< POST+LAT
APUDEL	-xv-ar	Ø	Ø	< POST+EL
SUPER	-ğ	k’ul-ci-ğ	fura-ğ	< SUPER
EQU	-ğ-an	k’ul-ci-ğ-an	fura-ğ-an	< SUPER+LAT
SUPEREL	-ğ-ar	k’ul-ci-ğar	fura-ğ-ar	< SUPER+EL
SUB	-k	k’ul-ci-k	Ø	< SUB/CONT
INVOC	-k-an	Ø	fura-k-an	< SUB/CONT+LAT
PART	-k-ar	k’ul-ci-kar	fura-k-ar	< SUB/CONT+EL
CUM	-vas	Ø	fura-vas	< AD+?
CUMLAT	-vas-an	Ø	fura-vas-an	< AD+?+LAT
CUMEL	-vas-ar	Ø	fura-vas-ar	< AD+?+EL

Despite their labels, the adelative and the superelative cases are mostly used to denote arguments rather than spatial adjuncts. The adverbial and apudelative cases are rare and lexically restricted. The instrumental case also conveys the comitative meaning. The equative case also has the transformative function. The case labeled as “IN” synchronically denotes both position (the inessive function) and direction (the illative function).

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by their masdar form, based on the perfective stem, with IV class agreement.

Glossing abbreviations used in the examples below

AD — adessive; ADEL — adelative; ADJ — adjectivizer; ADR — addressative; ADV — adverbial; AOR — aorist; APUD — apudessive; APUDEL — apudelative; ATTR — attributive; COMP — comparative; COMPL — complementizer; COP — copula; CUM — localization ‘in contact with’; CVB — converb; DAT — dative; DIR — directive; EQU — equative; ERG — ergative; EXIST — existential copula; F — feminine gender; GEN — genitive; IMPER — imperative; IN — inessive/illative; INEL — inelative; INF — infinitive; INS — instrumental; INTERR — interrogative; INVOC — invocative; IPFV — imperfective; M — human masculine gender; MP — mediopassive; MSD — masdar; N — neuter gender; NMLZ — nominalization; NN — non-neuter; NOM — nominative; OBL — oblique; PART — partitive; PERF — perfect tense; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PLEXCL — exclusive plural; PN — person name; PROG — progressive; PRS — present; PST — past; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SEQ — sequential; SUB — subessive; SUBST — substantivizer; SUPER — superessive; SUPEREL — superelative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain tuta aric

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan	q'il	yaman	tuta	yi-ryu
pn ( gen )	head( f )	extreme	hurt. cvb	do. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan has a terrible headache.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

2. have (illness) grip xhiyic

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

terlan	grip-e
pn ( m )	flu- cop . m
‘Terlan has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

3. be afraid kiç'a xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_ADEL

X: DAT

Y: ADEL

Locus: XY

terlan-iz	xvara-var	kiç'a	şe-re
pn - dat	dog. obl - adel	fear. cvb	be. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw saʕayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	dahar	saʕa-c
pn - erg	stone	throw. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan threw a stone.’

5. have enough surq'vic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan	pul	surq'var-e
pn ( gen )	money	reach. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan has enough money.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

6. resemble uxşamiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_EQU.ADJ.SUBST

X: NOM

Y: EQU.ADJ.SUBST

Locus: Y

terlan	murad-ğan-a-d	uxşamiş	şe-re
pn	pn - equ - adj - subst . nn . nom	resemble	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan resembles Murad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe inanmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul-uğ	inanmiş	şe-re
pn	pn - super	believe	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan believes Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take ğaynic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	raf-ul-ar	kitab	ğayn-ic
pn - erg	shelf- obl - inel	book	take. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan took a book from the shelf.’

9. see ipqhayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	k'ul	iurqhvar-yu
pn - dat	house( f )	f .see. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan sees a house.’

10. influence tahsir aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

yaş-il-ir	yaddaş-ciz	tahsir	yi-re
age- obl - erg	memory- obl . dat	consequence	do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter rast xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul-uğ	rast	xhiy-id
pn	pn - super	encounter	be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter ʕaç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

terlan	k'ul-ca	ʕaç'-id
pn	house( f )- obl . in	go_in. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan entered the house.’

13. win ğalib ʕaxhr-ic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Terlan	Rasul-iz	ğalib	ʕaxhr-id
pn	pn - dat	victorious	m .come. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan beat Rasul.’

14. go out ğaç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

terlan	k'ul-caʕar	ğaç'-id
pn	house( f )- obl . inel	m .go_out. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan went out of the house.’

15. drive hay aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	zar	ürüş-ca	hay	yi-raʕacu
pn - erg	cow	pasture- obl . in	dispatched	do. ipfv - prog . f
‘Terlan is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend agmiş aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	budağ	agmiş	ar-ic
pn - erg	branch	bend	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan bent the branch.’

17. tell lipic

Valency pattern: ERG_ADR

X: ERG

Y: ADR

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-van	lip-uc-ki	ja-vas	ʕaşa
pn - erg	pn - adr	say. pfv - aor . n - compl	1 plexcl . obl - cum	come. imper . m
‘Terlan told Rasul: “Come to our place!”’

18. hold yiqhric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	ug	xab-a	kitab	yiqhir-ca
pn - erg	refl . m ( gen )	hand- in	book	catch. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan is holding a book.’

19. catch up surq'vic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

terlan	yixh-ci	leyla-ğ	surq'u-d
pn	go. pfv - seq . interr	pn - super	m .reach. pfv - aor ( m )
‘Terlan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk vazayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	zar	v-aza-du
pn - erg	cow	f -milk. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan milked the cow.’

21. reach surq'vic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

terlan	kur	aabad-a	ğirağ-ca	surq'u-d
pn	river. gen	further- attr	side- obl . in	m .reach. pfv - aor ( m )
‘Terlan reached the other bank of the river.’

22. touch ğurq'vic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

terlan	divar-ciğ	ğurq'u-d
pn	wall( f )- obl . super	m .touch. pfv - aor ( m )
‘Terlan touched the wall.’

23. fight davʕa varic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-zina	davʕa	yi-raʕacu
pn - erg	pn - ins	quarrel( f )	do. ipfv - prog . f
‘Terlan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends dustuval varic

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-zina	dust-uval	yi-re
pn - erg	pn - ins	friend- nmlz	do. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is friends with Rasul.’

25. think fikirreşmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_baraca

X: NOM

Y: baraca

Locus: Y

terlan	leyla	baraca	fikirreşmiş	şe-re
pn	pn	for	think	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is thinking about Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat ulayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	yeç	ula-du
pn - erg	apple( f )	eat. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan ate an apple.’

27. fry ğizartmiş aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	baluğ	ğizartmiş	var-du
pn - erg	fish( f )	fry	f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan fried the fish.’

28. wait guzat aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	rasul	guzat	yi-raʕaca
pn - erg	pn	wait	do. ipfv - prog . m
‘Terlan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget saxana aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	la	sab	rix	sauxvana	var-cu
pn - erg	that	one. f . nom	road( f )	f .forget. cvb	f .do. pfv - perf . f
‘Terlan forgot the other road.’

30. depend asli xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

yaddaş	yaş-in-var	asli-ya
memory	age- obl - adel	depending- cop . n
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call sas aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR

X: ERG

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-xvan	sas	ar-ic
pn - erg	pn - dir	call	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan called Rasul.’

32. get to know ats'ara xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	rasul	sad	san	ʕuran	ats'ara	xhica
pn - dat	pn	one. n	year	before	know. cvb	be. pfv . perf . m
‘Terlan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know ats'ayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	rasul	ats'ar-e
pn - dat	pn	know- prs . m
‘Terlan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) çat'ic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	gitara	çart'-iraʕaca
pn - erg	guitar	play. ipfv - prog . n
‘Terlan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid çekinmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul-kar	çekinmiş	şe-re
pn	pn - part	withdraw	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan avoids Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

36. make dixha aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	çil	dixha	ar-ca
pn - erg	trap	build. n	do. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun uyun ğvaqhuric

Valency pattern: ERG_PART

X: ERG

Y: PART

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-kar	uyun	ğvarqh-uryu
pn - erg	pn - part	game( f )	f .lift. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have xhiyic

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-ux	halu	saʕat	maşin	suca
pn - apud	this	moment	car	exist . n
‘Terlan now has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for vadq'vara aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	açar-bi	vadq'vara	yi-raʕaca
pn - erg	lock- pl . nom	n .find. cvb	do. ipfv - prog . n
‘Terlan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint rang aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	hasar	rang	ar-ca
pn - erg	fence	colour	do. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan painted the fence.’

41. bite yiqhric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan	xvara-r	yiqhr-id
pn	dog. obl - erg	catch. pfv - aor . m
‘A dog bit Terlan.’

42. forfeit xabaʕar ğatfic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan	k'ul	ug	xab-aʕar	ğap-du
pn ( gen )	house( f )	refl . m ( gen )	hand- inel	f .go_out. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan lost his house.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

43. try to catch yiqhriz ika xhiyic

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

terlan-iz	gaç	yuqhr-uz	iukva-cu
pn - dat	cat	f .catch. pfv - inf	f .want. pfv - perf . f
‘Terlan wants to catch the cat.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

44. break qhaçayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	k'ina	qhaça-c
pn - erg	wood	break- aor . n
‘Terlan broke a stick.’

45. flatter yaltaxlanmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan	leyla-z	yaltaxlanmiş	şe-re
pn	pn - dat	flatter	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is flattering Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

46. love (person) ikayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	leyla	iukva-cu
pn - dat	pn	f .want. pfv - perf . f
‘Terlan loves Leyla.’

47. wave yelletmiş aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	dasmal	yelletmiş	yi-re
pn - erg	towel	wave	do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is waving a towel.’

48. dream xayalca xhiyic

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

terlan	taza	sad	maşin	ğayn-ic	xayal-ca-ya
pn	new	one. n	machine	take. pfv - msd	imagination( f )- obl . in - cop
‘Terlan is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

49. wash zimadu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	çeşka	zima-du
pn - erg	cup( f )	wash. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan washed the cup.’

50. put on ğixhayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	ug	şalvar	ğixha-c
pn - erg	refl . m ( gen )	trousers	wear. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan put on his trousers.’

51. be called lipic

Valency pattern: SUPEREL_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: SUPEREL

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

uc-ğar	kompas	li-re
this. n . nom - superel	compass	say. ipfv - prs . n
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction.

52. punish cazalandirmiş aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	ug	gada	cazalandirmiş	ar-id
pn - erg	refl . m ( gen )	boy	punish	do. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan punished his son.’

53. attack ʕaxhric

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN7adig

X: NOM

Y: GEN7adig

Locus: Y

svar	baluğçi-c	ʕadi-ğ	ʕaxhur-du
bear	fisherman- gen	surface- super	f .arrive. pfv - aor . f
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ʕats'ts'a xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

vedre	xhic-zina	ʕats'ts'a	xhi-du
bucket( f )	water. obl - ins	full	be. pfv - aor . f
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find vadq'vara aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	açar-bi	vadq'vara	ar-ic
pn - erg	lock- pl . nom	n .find. cvb	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan found his keys.’

56. be short aksug xhiyic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

za	şidri	sa-d	dullar	aksug-e
1. gen	sister. gen	one- n	dollar	missing- cop . n
‘My sister is one dollar short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

57. hate zehle ğabç'ic

Valency pattern: DAT_PART

X: DAT

Y: PART

Locus: XY

terlan-iz	rasul-kar	zehle	ğarç'ar-yu
pn - dat	pn - part	hate( f )	go_up. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan hates Rasul.’

58. like xvaş xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	lu	pirem	xvaş	şu-ryu
pn - dat	this	shirt( f )	good	be. f . ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need ikayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	pul	ika-ca
pn - dat	money	want. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan needs money.’

60. surround xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GENgara7ali

X: NOM

Y: GENgara7ali

Locus: Y

şahar-ci	ğaraʕali	duvar-bi-ya
town- gen	around	wall- pl . nom - cop . n
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain itkinic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	qhata-ciz	yits'id	dullar	itkin-ca
pn - dat	tomorrow- obl . dat	ten. n	dollar	n .remain. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan has ten dollars left for tomorrow.’

62. answer cuğab vuyic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	meʕlim-ciz	cuğab	vu-du
pn - erg	teacher- obl . dat	answer( f )	give. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan answered the teacher.’

63. open açuğ aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	banka	açuğ	ar-ic
pn - erg	jar	open	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan opened a can.’

64. be different curad xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

za	pirem	vaʕac-kar	cura-d-yu
1. gen	shirt( f )	yours. n - part	separate- subst . nn . nom - prs . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind yiq'can irkinic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul-kar	yiq'-can	irkin-id
pn	pn - part	back- adv	m .remain. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough yizayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	ciga	yizats'-re
pn - erg	place	plough. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell neʕ ʕaxhric

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

za	xab-rime-ğar	benzin-ci	neʕ	ʕaşxha-re
1. gen	hand- pl . obl - superel	gazoline- gen	smell	come. ipfv - prs . n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is arguably expressed as an NP-internal modifier. To be checked.

68. cross yaç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

terlan	rixeʕar	yaç'-ci	mağaza-ca	ʕaç'-id
pn	road. inel	pass. pfv - seq	shop- obl . in	go_in. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan crossed the road.’

69. sing uxvayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	ʕayara	mahni	uxva-du
pn - erg	good	song( f )	read. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write yazmiş aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	mexhtub	yazmiş	var-du
pn - erg	letter( f )	write	f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan wrote a letter.’

71. drink ğirayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	yux	ğira-c
pn - erg	milk	drink. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan drank the milk.’

72. melt yits'ara aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	sad	tike	q'urq'uşun	yits'ara	ar-ic
pn - erg	one. n	piece	lead	melt	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match vafnic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

lu	ğayiş	za	halavar-iz	vanfan-e
this	belt	1. gen	clothes- dat	suit. ipfv - prs . n
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave ğaç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

terlan	ug	duğma	şahar-caʕar	ğaç'-id
pn	refl . m ( gen )	genuine	town( f )- obl . inel	m .go_out. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan left his native town.’

75. cover q'iç yirqhric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

xalça-cir	girt	k'ul-ci	q'iç	yirqh-re
carpet- obl . erg	all	house- gen	inside	catch. ipfv - prs . n
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember k'iyiğ ghala xhiyic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ug	buʔu-d	xhiyi	k'ul	terlan	k'iy-iğ	ghala	ipkun-cu
refl . m ( nom )	big- subst . nn . nom	be. pfv . ptcp	house( f )	pn ( gen )	heart. obl - super	good	f .remain. pfv - perf . f
‘Terlan remembers the house where we grew up well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

77. help kumak aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-uz	kumak	ar-ic
pn - erg	pn - dat	help	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) q'aleʕ ʕarfic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

terlan	fransuz-ca	q'aleʕ	ʕarfar-e
pn	f rench- obl . in	head. obl . in	m .go(down). ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan understands French.’

79. hit (target) ʕaq'lic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

k'ul-ca	ildirim	ʕaq'ul-du
house( f )- obl . in	lightning	f .fall. pfv - aor . f
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself yat'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

terlan	lezva-czina	ug	ug	yat'-id
pn	blade- obl . ins	refl . m ( erg )	refl . m ( nom )	cut. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan cut himself with a blade.’

81. get stuck qikvayc

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN7adig

X: NOM

Y: GEN7adig

Locus: Y

iskan	miz-il	ʕadı-ğ	qikva-cu
glass( f )	table- gen	surface- super	f .stick_on- perf . f
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) uduzmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul-iz	uduzmiş	xhiy-id
pn	pn - dat	lose	be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan lost to Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

83. be glad şad xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan	mexhtub-ciz	şad	xhiy-id
pn	letter( f )- obl . dat	happy	be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak acnic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul-zina	acan-aʕaca
pn	pn - ins	talk. ipfv - prog . m
‘Terlan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth xuyic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

leyla-r	sar	gada	xuy-id
pn - erg	one. m	boy	give_birth. pfv - aor . m
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop ʕaq'ala aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	iskan	ʕaq'vala	var-du
pn - erg	glass( f )	f .fall. cvb	f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan dropped the glass.’

87. govern buʔutuval aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	kum-uz	buʔutuval	yi-re
pn - erg	village- dat	leadership	do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan runs our village.’

88. miss darixmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan	leyla-z	darixmiş	şe-re
pn	pn - dat	be_bored	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan misses Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow yixhic

Valency pattern: NOM_cixe7

X: NOM

Y: cixe7

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul	çixeʕ	çe-re
pn	pn	behind	go. ipfv - prs
‘Terlan follows Rasul.’

90. dismount ʕaç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

terlan	barkan-ci-ğar	ʕaç'-id
pn	horse- obl - superel	go_in. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan got down from the horse.’

91. listen ibur ğiyts'ayc

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	radyu-ciğ	ibur	ğiyts'-raʕaca
pn - erg	radio- obl . super	ear	put_on. ipfv - prog . n
‘Terlan is listening to radio.’

92. obey ç'ilxvan ikayc

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

terlan-ir	umay	ç'il-xvan	ik-re
pn - erg	mother( gen )	word. obl - dir	look. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is arguably expressed as an NP-internal modifier. To be checked.

93. hear ixhayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	mahni	iuxhva-ryu
pn - dat	song( f )	f .hear. pfv - prs . f
‘Terlan hears the music.’

94. mix çixran xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

yit'	yux-a-k	çixran	xhiy-ic
honey	milk- obl - sub	confused	be. pfv - aor . n
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look buludarxvan ikayc

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR

X: ERG

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	bulud-ar-xvan	ikats'-ire
pn - erg	cloud- pl - dir	look. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off yahayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	pirem	yaha-du
pn - erg	shirt( f )	flay. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) axuraʕar itqhayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	leyla	axur-aʕar	iurqhvar-yu
pn - dat	pn	dream- inel	f .see. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree raʕzi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

terlan	leyla-zina	raʕzi	xhiy-id
pn	pn - ins	content	be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan agreed with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel davʕa varic

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	leyla-zina	davʕa	var-du
pn - erg	pn - ins	quarrel( f )	f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_EQU

X: NOM

Y: EQU

Locus: Y

lu	çeşka	sunci	dullar-ci-ğan-yu
this	cup( f )	one. attr . obl	dollar- obl - equ - prs . f
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at tufang saʕayc

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	ğuş-il-iz	tufang	saʕa-du
pn - erg	bird- obl - dat	gun( f )	throw. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan shot at the bird.’

102. pour ʕayts'ayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	çeşka-ca	pasuk'	ʕayts'a-du
pn - erg	cup- obl . in	sugar( f )	put_in. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose gula aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	açar-bi	gula	ar-ic
pn - erg	lock- pl . nom	get_lost. pfv	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan lost his keys.’

104. sink batmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

tir	xhic-a	batmiş-ce-ni
beam	water. obl - in	sink- perf . n - pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill q'ayic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	rasul	q'ay-id
pn - erg	pn	kill. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan killed Rasul.’

106. hit vaxvic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-ğar	vaxv-ic
pn - erg	pn - superel	beat. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss k'uf ğaynic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	leyla-ğar	k'uf	ğayn-ic
pn - erg	pn - superel	kiss	take. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan kissed Leyla.’

108. read uxvayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	marağlu	kitab	uxva-c
pn - erg	interesting	book	sing. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) kexhara aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	ug	t'il	keuxhvara	var-du
pn - erg	refl . m ( gen )	finger( f )	f .move. mp . cvb	f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan moved his finger.’

110. respect hurmat aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-iz	hurmat	yi-re
pn - erg	pn - dat	respect	do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish çigramiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

terlan	çurklu	ğab-ra-kar	çigramiş	şe-re
pn	dirty	vessel- pl . obl - part	disgusted	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content raʕzi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

terlan	ug	gada-kar	raʕzi-ya
pn	refl . m ( gen )	boy- part	content- cop . m
‘Terlan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love aşuğ xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

terlan	leyla-ğ	aşuğ	xhiy-id
pn	pn - super	lover	be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust ihtibar varic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	leyla-ğ	ihtibar	yi-ryu
pn - erg	pn - super	respect( f )	do. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise yazuq' ʕuxhric

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	ug	umay	yazuq'	ʕuşxhva-ryu
pn - dat	refl . m ( gen )	mother	poor	f .come_near. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy paxiluval aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-iz	paxiluval	yi-re
pn - erg	pn - dat	envy	do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry ʕasi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN7adig

X: NOM

Y: GEN7adig

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul	ʕadi-ğ	ʕasi	xhiy-id
pn	pn ( gen )	surface- super	reckless	be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised taʕcib aric

Valency pattern: ERG_EQU

X: ERG

Y: EQU

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	lu	hadya-ci-ğan	taʕcib	ar-ic
pn - erg	this	gift- obl - equ	wonder	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) xuş xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	çay	xuş	şe-re
pn - dat	tea( n )	good	be. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy lazat ğaynic

Valency pattern: ERG_PART

X: ERG

Y: PART

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	ghirra	çay-il-kar	lazat	ğan-e
pn - erg	warm	tea- obl - part	delicacy	take. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want ikayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	taza	cib-ul	telfun	ika-ca
pn - dat	new	pocket- gen	telephone	want. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge acuğlu xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GENxaba7ar

X: NOM

Y: GENxaba7ar

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul	xab-aʕar	acuğlu-ya
pn	pn ( gen )	hand- inel	angry- cop . m
‘Terlan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence daʕ ğaç'ic

Valency pattern: DAT_PART

X: DAT

Y: PART

Locus: XY

terlan-iz	rasul-kar	daʕ	ğaç'-ca
pn - dat	pn - part	sore	n .go_up. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset pert aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	rasul	pert	ar-id
pn - erg	pn	irritated	do. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan greatly upset Rasul.’

125. marvel ğarğ xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

terlan	lu	şahar-ciğ	ğarğ	xhiy-id
pn	this	town- obl . super	astonished	be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise pis ikayc

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR

X: ERG

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-xvan	pis	ikats'-ire
pn - erg	pn - dir	bad	look. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan despises Rasul.’

127. get upset pert xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan	ug	gada-z	güre	pert	xhiy-id
pn	refl . m ( gen )	boy- dat	considering	irritated	be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated ʕasi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN7adig

X: NOM

Y: GEN7adig

Locus: Y

terlan	ug	rişi	ʕadi-ğ	ʕasi	şe-re
pn	refl . m ( gen )	girl. gen	surface- super	reckless	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond hurmat aric

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

terlan-ir	rasul-iz	hurmat	yi-re
pn - erg	pn - dat	respect	do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

130. be shy raha xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_PART

X: DAT

Y: PART

Locus: XY

terlan-iz	ug	buy-un-kar	raha	şe-re
pn - dat	refl . m ( gen )	size- obl - part	shame	be. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.