Guinean Kpelle
Contributed by Maria Konoshenko (Academia.edu profile )
The French version of the questionnaire was used for the elicitation.
How to cite
Konoshenko, Maria. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Guinean Kpelle.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on March 6, 2024;
last revised on March 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on .)
Basic info
Coordinates: 7.9, -9.1 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Mande, genus: Western Mande.
Macro-area: Sub-Saharan Africa.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
bha_SBJ
DO_SBJ
SBJ_a
SBJ_bha
SBJ_hu
SBJ_la
SBJ_mei
SBJ_mu
SBJ_po
SBJ_pulu
TR
yei_SBJ
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
Y
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
kɔ́ɣɔ
káa
ŋwàná-ì
pn
leg
cop
3
sg
\hurt-
inf
‘Pepee has leg pain.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
bha_SBJ
X: bha
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
kwɛ́lɛ-ɲɔ́ŋ̀
gáa
Pépèe
ɓà
cold-illness\
l
cop
pn
on1
‘Pepee has fever.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
káa
ɲɔ̀w-íì
ɲìlé-i
ɲɛ́i
ɓâ
pn
cop
be_afraid.
inf
def
\dog-
art
dem
on1
‘Pepee is afraid of this dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
kwɛ̀ni
píli
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
stone
throw
‘Pepee threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
yei_SBJ
X: yei
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
wálî
káa
Pépèe
yéì
kɛ́nɛ
money
cop
pn
hand.
loc
many
‘Pepee has much money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
kùlo-á-ì
Hèhee
ɓà
pn
go_out-
stat
-
pred
pn
on1
‘Pepee resembles Hehee.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Pépèe
láa-ì
Hèhee
lá
pn
lie.stat-
pred
pn
on2
‘Pepee believes Hehee.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àa
hɛ́ɓɛ̂
hèɣě
dàɓálî
ɲɛ́
pn
3
sg
.
prf
book
take
def
\table
on3
‘Pepee took a book from the table.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
káa
pɛ́lɛ
káa-ì
pn
cop
house
see-
inf
‘Pepee sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àá
kìéŋ̀
à
Nɔ̌wai
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
meet
with
pn
‘Pepee encountered Nowai.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mu
X: SBJ
Y: mu
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àa
lɔ́
bɛ̀lɛ́-í
ɲɛ́i
mû
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
enter
def
\house-
art
dem
under
‘Pepee entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
yée
àá
tɛ̀ɛ
Hɛ́ni
ɓâ
pn
hand
3
sg
.
prf
pass
pn
on1
‘Pepee beat Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mu
X: SBJ
Y: mu
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àá
kùló
bɛ̀lɛ́-i
́ɲɛ́i
mû
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
go_out
def
\house-
art
dem
under
‘Pepee went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pépèe
káa
lì-î
à
ŋwɔ̀
nìŋɛ̌-ì
nàá
mìǐ
mɛ́ni
ɓà
pn
cop
go-
inf
with
3
sg
.
poss
cow-
art
there
eat
issue\
l
on1
‘Pepee is taking his cow to eat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
ŋwùlú
ɓéɣéŋ̀
kpíníŋ́
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
def
\tree
branch
bend
‘Pepee bent a branch.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
yɛ̀
Hèhee
ɓà:
Pá
é
gáa
pn
3
sg
.say
pn
on1
come
2
sg
1
sg
\see
‘Pepee told Hehee: Come see me.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zɛ̀ɓɛ̂
káa
Pépèe
yée
ɲá
def
\book
cop
pn
hand
on3
‘Pepee holds the book in his hand.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
àá
ǹókòlò
kpɛ̀ɛ́,
àá
zǒŋ
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
def
\child
chase
3
sg
.
pfv
3
sg
\catch
‘Pepee chased the child and caught him.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (two clauses).
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
ŋwɔ̀
nìŋɛ
ɲíni
yá
kǔlo
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
3
sg
.
poss
cow
breast
milk\
if
go_out
‘Pepee has milked his cow.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àá
hèlí
ɲà
ɓâ
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
reach
def
\river
on1
‘Pepee reached the river.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àá
ɲèe
pɛ́lɛ
dàɓálî
ɓà
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
3
sg
\hand
stretch
def
\table
on1
‘Pepee touched the table.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
dà
Hèhee
dàá
kpìléŋ̀
gɔ́
pn
3.and
pn
3
pl
.
prf
battle
fight
‘Pepee has fought with Hehee.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
dà
Hèhee
dì
káa
à
ɓɛ̀laŋ-aa
pn
3.and
pn
3
pl
cop
with
friend-
pl
‘Pepee is friends with Hehee.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
káa
gìli
ɲɛ́
hìé-ì
Hɛ́ní
ɓâ
pn
cop
3
sg
\mind
on
walk-
inf
pn
on1
‘Pepee is thinking about Heni.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
gwìî
mɛ̌ɛ
pn
3
sg
.
prf
def
\banana
eat
‘Pepee ate a banana.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
hɔ̀ɣɔlee
yéliŋ̀
pn
3
sg
.
prf
fish
fry
‘Pepee fried a fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
káa
Hèhee
màá
kpɔ̀z-î
pn
cop
pn
surface
unite-
inf
‘Pepee is waiting for Hehee.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àá
lɛ̀a
Hɛ́ni
ɓâ
pn
3
sg
.
prf
forget
pn
on1
‘Pepee forgot Heni.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
Hèhee
tólu
pn
3
sg
.
prf
pn
call
‘Pepee called Hehee.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
Hèhee
kɔ́lɔŋ
pn
3
sg
.
prf
pn
know
‘Pepee got to know Hehee.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
è
Hèhee
kɔ́lɔŋ
pn
3
sg
.
b
pn
know
‘Pepee knows Hehee.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
káa
kwíi-gwɛ́nîŋ
ɲɔ̀w-î
pn
cop
white-guitar\
l
play-
inf
‘Pepee is playing the guitar .’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
káa
vàláŋ̀
mó-í
Hèhee
ɓà
pn
cop
3
sg
\avoidance
implement-
inf
pn
on1
‘Pepee is avoiding Hehee.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
ŋwɛ̀ni
pɛ́li
pn
3
sg
.
prf
bird
make
‘Pepee made a bird.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
káa
yɛ́lɛ-ì
Ɲàákwɛ̀i
ɓà
pn
cop
laugh-
inf
pn
on1
‘Pepee is making fun of Nyakwei.’
Valency pattern:
yei_SBJ
X: yei
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
mɔ̀ɓíliì
káa
Pépèe
yéì
car
cop
pn
hand.
loc
‘Pepee has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
káa
nàklê
kwɛ́li-ì
pn
cop
def
\key
look_for-
inf
‘Pepee is looking for the key.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
àá
peinture
tɛ́
ŋwɔ̀
pɛ́lɛ-í
ɓà
3
sg
.
prf
peinture
go_up
3
sg
.
poss
house-
def
on1
‘He has painted his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yílê
àa
Hólomo
ɲíŋ
dog
3
sg
.
prf
pn
bite
‘A dog bit Holomo.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_hu
X: SBJ
Y: hu
Locus: Y
Tòkpa
àá
hwɛ̀ɣɛ́
ŋwɔ̀
pɛ́lɛ-í
hù
pn
3
sg
.
prf
lose
3
sg
.
poss
house-
def
in
‘Tokpa lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
ǹókòlò
kpɛ̌ɛ
pn
3
sg
.
pfv
def
\child
chase
‘Pepee chased the child.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hwáahúɣû
àa
gbɔ́ŋ̀
hǔ
yáli
pn
3
sg
.
prf
stick
interior
break
‘Hwahughu broke the stick.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
àa
Hɛ́ni
ɲáa
hɛ́ŋ
pn
3
sg
.
prf
pn
surface
aim
‘Pepee cajoled Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hɛ́ni
wɛ́li
káa
Pépèe
ɓà
pn
love
cop
pn
on1
‘Pepee loves Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Hèhee
è
hḭ̀ḭ̂
ɓò
à
mɔ̀ɓílíì
pn
3
sg
.b
dream
implement
with
car
‘Hehee dreamt of a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hɛ́ni
àá
ŋwɔ̀
hɛ̀ɲáŋaa-ì
wǎa
pn
3
sg
.
prf
3
sg
.
poss
plate-
art
wash
‘Heni washed her plate.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hɛ́ni
àá
kɔ̀lɔ
lɔ́
gwɛ̀án
pn
3
sg
.
prf
shoe
enter
3
sg
\leg.
loc
‘Heni put on shoes.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
vɛ̀lî
kɛ́
hɛ́ŋ̀
ɲɛ́i
láa
ɓáa
à
dàmaŋ
def
\music
make
thing\
l
dem
name
cop
with
daman
‘This instrument is called daman.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
yílê
àa
wólo
Tòkpa
ɓà
dog
3
sg
.
prf
attack
pn
on1
‘The dog attacked Tokpa.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zòô
láa
káa
hwɛ́ɛ-ì
à
yá
def
\bucket
mouth
cop
fill-
inf
with
water
‘The bucket is being filled with water.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
nàklê
káa
pn
3
sg
.
prf
def
\key
see
‘Pepee found the key.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Yɔ̀uyɔu
wɛ́li
hwó
Kɔ̀lukɔlu
ɓà
pn
love
neg
.
cop
pn
on1
‘Kolukolu hates Youyou.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: TR
Hɛ́ni
àa
Pépèe
líi
hǒŋ
pn
3
sg
.
prf
pn
heart
catch
‘Pepee likes Heni.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
wálî
màa
kpááŋ̀
gáa
míì
money
surface
need\
l
be
1
sg
.on1
‘I need money.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
tínɛŋ
bɛ́lɛ-ɣàa
dàá
gwèlí
màa
tínɛŋ
turn
house-
pl
3
pl
.
prf
def
\yard
surface
turn
‘The huts surround the yard.’
Valency pattern:
yei_SBJ
X: yei
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
wáa
tɔ́nɔ̂
ɓé
àá
lɛ̀ɛ
Pépèe
yéì
thousand
one
foc
3
sg
.
prf
remain
pn
hand.
loc
‘Pepee has 1000 francs left.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
nàkwɛ́li
kàlamɔɔ
wóo
púlu
pěne
pn
3
sg
.
prf
def
\school
teacher\
l
speech
back
return
‘Pepee answered to the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
gbòɣo
láa
ɓó
pn
3
sg
.
prf
def
\box
mouth
open
‘Pepee opened the box.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
ŋwɔ́
hèɣe-í
tèé-ì
éwɛ̀-ì
ɓâ
1
sg
.
poss
shirt-
art
be
different-
pred
3
sg
.
poss
-
art
on1
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pulu
X: SBJ
Y: pulu
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àá
lɛ̀ɛ
Hɛ́ni
púlû
pn
3
sg
.
prf
remain
pn
back
‘Pepee fell behind Heni.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
kɛ̀ɛ
híŋ
pn
3
sg
.
prf
field
cultivate
‘Pepee cultivated a field.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
èsáns
kùŋ
gáa
ɲée-ɣáà
dìê
gazoline
smell\
l
be
1
sg
\hand-
pl
3
pl
.on1
‘My hands smell of gazoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
bèle
téɣeŋ
pn
3
sg
.
prf
def
\road
cross
‘Pepee crosses the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hɛ́ni
àá
wèle
tóo
pn
3
sg
.
prf
song
fall
‘Heni sang a song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
hɛ́ɓɛ̂
pɛ̰̌ɛ̰
pn
3
sg
.
prf
letter
write
‘Pepee wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hwáahuɣû
àá
nìŋɛ
níni
yà
kpěle
pn
3
sg
.
prf
cow
breast\
l
milk\
l
drink
‘Hwaahughu drank cow milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
hɛ́ni
pú
pn
3
sg
.
prf
gold
pour
‘Pepee melted gold.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
éwɔ́
hèɣè-í
dà
bɛ̀lɛ̀ŋ̀
dàá
dì-kéè
màa
hóŋ
2
sg
.
poss
shirt-
art
3.and
trousers
3
pl
.
prf
3
pl
-
refl
surface
catch
‘Your shirt and your trousers match.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_hu
X: SBJ
Y: hu
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àá
hèɣé
gàá
táa
hù
pn
3
sg
.
prf
leave
be_born
town\
l
in
‘Pepee left his hometown.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ɲìi
héɣê
àá
gbìŋ
gélee
mɛ̀i
kpúlu
def
\sleep
cloth\
l
3
sg
.
prf
def
\bed
all
upper_surface
close
‘The bedsheet covered all the bed.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Zálikwɛ̀lɛ
kíli
káa
ɲá
n
zerekore
spirit
be
1
sg
.on3
‘I remember Nzerekore..’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Nzerekore is the capital of Forest Guinea.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àá
kpɔ̀ŋmáà
tɛ̀ɣɛ
Hɛ́ni
ɓâ
pn
3
sg
.
prf
help
give
pn
on1
‘Pepee helped Heni.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
ǎ
kpɛ̀lɛɛwoo
màŋ
pn
3
sg
.
hab
kpelle-language\
l
understand\
l
‘Pepee understands the Kpelle language.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
yèle
gbɛ́náà
àá
tòo
bɛ̀lɛ́
ɓâ
sky
gun\
l
3
sg
.
prf
fall
def
\house
on1
‘The lightning hit the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pépèe
àá
dèɣé
à
mɛ̀ikɔ́ù
pn
3
sg
.
prf
3
sg
\cut
with
arrow
‘Pepee cut himself with an arrow.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
gbèle
kɔ́ɣɔ̂
àa
kánaŋ
dàɓálî
ɓà
def
\drink
cup\
l
3
sg
.
prf
stick
def
\table
on1
‘The cup stuck to the table..’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
yée
àa
pɛ́li
Hèhee
ɓà
pn
hand
3
sg
.
prf
be_able
pn
e
on1
‘Hehee lost to Pepee.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
kwèi
nɛ̀ɛ́-ì
zɛ̀ɓɛ́-ì
ɲɛ́i
màa
mɛ́nî
ɓà
pn
stomach.
loc
be_nice-
pred
def
\book-
art
dem
surface
issue\
l
on1
‘Pepee is glad about this letter.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
dà
Hɛ́ni
dì
káa
lóno
kɛ́-ì
pn
3.and
pn
3
pl
cop
speech
make-
inf
‘Pepee is speaking with Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àá
gàa
3
sg
.
prf
3
sg
/give_birth
‘She gave birth to him .’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àá
kpèle
kɔ́ɣɔ̂
tǒo
3
sg
.
prf
drink
cup\
l
fall
‘She dropped a cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
ɓé
kúwɔ
tàá-ì
ɲáa
wóò
ɓó-ì
pn
foc
1
pl
.
excl
.
poss
town-
art
surface
speech\
l
implement-
inf
‘It's Pepee who governs our village.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kɔ̀lukɔlu
wɛ́li
káa
Pépèe
hò-zî
pn
love
cop
pn
catch-
inf
‘Pepee misses Kolukolu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pulu
X: SBJ
Y: pulu
Locus: Y
àa
hwíléŋ̀
Pépèe
púlû
3
sg
.
prf
follow
pn
back
‘He followed Pepee.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mei
X: SBJ
Y: mei
Locus: Y
àá
kùlo
mòtó
mɛ̀i
3
sg
.
prf
go_out
motorbike
on4
‘He went down from the motorbike.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
káa
ŋwèlí
tɔ̌ɔ-i
radio
ɓà
pn
cop
3
sg
\ear
install-
inf
radio
on
‘Pepee is listening to the radio.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
gáa
wèle
wóo
mɛ̀ŋ-zḭ̂
1
sg
\
cop
song
voice
hear-
inf
‘I hear a song.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
nòú
àá
hùmuŋ
à
mà
def
\sauce
3
sg
.
prf
mix
with
def
\rice
‘The sauce has mixed with rice.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
gàá
ɲɛ̀í
kpàŋɔ́-zì
míì
3
sg
\
cop
3
sg
\face
push-
inf
1
sg
.on1
‘He is staring at me.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hèhee
àá
ŋwɔ̀
hèɣe-i
kúlo
gwàna
pn
3
sg
.
prf
3
sg
.
poss
shirt-
art
go_out
3
sg
\neck.
loc
‘Hehee took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Hèhee
káa
hḭ̀ḭ́ŋ
mò-í
à
Hɛ́ni
pn
cop
dream
implement-
inf
with
pn
‘Hehee is dreaming of Heni.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hèhèe
dà
Pépèe
dàá
dì
wóo
tɔ̌ɔ
dì
kéè pɔ́
pn
3.and
pn
3
pl
.
prf
speech
install
3
pl
refl
to
‘Hehee agreed with Pepee.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
dà
Kwɛ́likɔlɔ̂
dàa
hwáa
kɛ́
pn
3.and
k
welikolo
3
pl
.
prf
argument
make
‘Pepee had a quarrel with Kwelikolo.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
gwíi
kpɔ̀lu
hàaɓa
káa
à
wáa
tɔ́nɔ̂
banana
red
three
be
with
thousand
one
‘Three bananas cost one thousand.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Hwáahuɣû
àa
gbɛ́naa
tòo
ŋwɛ̀ni
ɓâ
pn
3
sg
.
prf
gun
fall
def
\bird
on
‘Hwaahughu shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hɛ́ni
àá
lɔ̀ɔ
kwélê
pú
ŋwɔ̀
kpèle
kɔɣɔ̂
hù
pn
3
sg
.
prf
wine
white
pour
3
sg
.
poss
drink
cup\
l
in
‘Heni poured some white wine to her cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àá
gwɛ̀li
píli
pn
3
sg
.
prf
def
\key
lose
‘Pepee lost the key.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_hu
X: SBJ
Y: hu
Locus: Y
nú
tà
è
wɛ́i
lɛ̀ɛ
ɲà-í
ɲɛ́í
hû
person
some
3
sg
yesterday
stay
def
\water-
art
dem
in
‘Someone got drowned in this river yesterday.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àa
Ámadù
pǎa
pn
3
sg
.
prf
pn
kill
‘Pepee killed Amadu.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àa
Ámadù
kɛ́lɛ̂
pn
3
sg
.
prf
pn
hit
‘Pepee hit Amadu.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àa
hɛ́ɓɛ̂
lɛ́lɛ-ɛ
tà
ɓó
pn
3
sg
.
prf
book
be_good-
stat
some
implement
‘Pepee read a good book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àá
ɲèe
kpúô
túmuŋ
3
sg
.
prf
3
sg
\hand
short\
l
move
‘He moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul
ǎ
Màrí
màa
wíê
pn
3
sg
.
hab
pn
surface
be_heavy
‘Paul respects Marie.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_po
X: SBJ
Y: po
Locus: Y
Hɛ́ni
hwó
kɔ̀ɣɔ
kpàŋ
bɔ́
pn
be.
neg
cup
dirty\
l
to
‘Heni does not like (dirty) dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Ɲàákwɛì
kwèi
nɛ̀ɛ́-ì
nòŋ
bɔ́
pn
stomach.
loc
be_nice-
pred
3
sg
\child
to
‘Nyakwei is content about his child.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kwɛ́likɔlɔ̂
wɛ́li
àá
tòo
Pépèe
ɓà
pn
love
3
sg
.
prf
fall
pn
on1
‘Pepee fell in love with Kwelikolo.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Pépèe
láa-ì
Hèhee
lá
pn
lie.stat-
pred
pn
on2
‘Pepee trusts Hehee.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Paul
nèe
ɲɛ́i
màa
wɛ́li
káa
mà
pn
3
sg
\mother
face
surface
love
be
3
sg
.on1
‘Paul sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
káa
hwɛ́ɛ-ì
Hèhee
ɓà
pn
cop
fill-
inf
pn
on1
‘Pepee envies Hehee.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
líi
àa
hólu
Ɲàákwɛ̀i
pɔ́
pn
heart
3
sg
.
prf
sting
pn
to
‘Pepee is angry with Nyakwei.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Paul
kwèi
àá
pìlí
mà
dàa
ɲɛ́í
màa
mɛ́nî
ɓà
pn
stomach.
loc
3
sg
.
prf
throw
3
sg
.on1
def
\town
dem
surface
issue\
l
on1
‘Pepee is surprised by this town.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
kwíi
tóù
wɛ́li
káa
Hɛ́ni
ɓâ
white_person
palm\
l
love
be
pn
on1
‘Heni loves pineapples.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
nɔ̀ɔ
kwélê
àa
Pépèe
kwèi
nɛ̌ɛ
def
\wine
white
3
sg
.
prf
pn
stomach.
loc
be_tasty
‘Pepee enjoys white wine.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_po
X: SBJ
Y: po
Locus: Y
Pépèe
káa
yá
pɔ́
pn
cop
water
to
‘Pepee wants water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
líi
àa
hólu
Ɲàákwɛ̀i
pɔ́
pn
heart
3
sg
.
prf
sting
pn
to
‘Pepee is angry with Nyakwei.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe
àa
Hɛ́ni
ɲɛ́i
páa
pn
3
sg
.
prf
pn
face
kill
‘Pepee upset Heni.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Paul
kwèi
àá
pìlí
mà
dàa
ɲɛ́í
màa
mɛ́nî
ɓà
pn
stomach.
loc
3
sg
.
prf
throw
3
sg
.on1
def
\town
dem
surface
issue\
l
on1
‘Pepee is surprised by this town.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_hu
X: SBJ
Y: hu
Locus: Y
Hɛ́ni
ǎ
tɛ̀ɣɛ
ɓó
Màrí
hù
pn
3
sg
.
hab
pass
implement
pn
in
‘Heni despises Mari.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe
líi
àa
hólu
Ɲàákwɛ̀i
pɔ́
pn
heart
3
sg
.
prf
sting
pn
to
‘Pepee is angry with Nyakwei.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe
kpáaŋ-aa-ì
gbùo
́mɛ́nî
ɓà
pn
be_shy-
stat
-
pred
3
sg
\be_short
issue\
l
on1
‘Pepee is shy about being short .’