BivalTyp

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Kazym Khanty

Contributed by Daria Ryzhova (Academia.edu profile)

D.R.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2021 in Kazym, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra, Russia and supplemented with the data from the Kazym dialect segment of the Khanty texts corpus (prepared by E. Kashkin within the program of the presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Corpus Linguistics” in 2012–2014). The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation. Data collection was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation: “Argument structure, voice and valency-changing derivations in the languages of Western Siberia”, grant No. 19-78-10139. We also thank Nikita Muraviev and Anna Melnik for their assistance in data collection.

How to cite

Ryzhova, Daria. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Kazym Khanty. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on November 22, 2021; last revised on January 6, 2022.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

The basic word order is S(O)V. Subjects and direct objects are distinguished by dependent marking only in pronouns, which have formally distinct nominative and accusative forms. Nouns remain unmarked in both subject and direct object positions.

The verb agrees with the subject in person and number in transitive and intransitive constructions and, under certain conditions, in number with the direct object of the transitive construction. In transitive clauses, the choice between the subject and subject-object indexing depends on the topicality of the direct object (Differential Object Indexing). In case the direct object is pragmatically more prominent than the subject, the passive construction is favored.

Case system

There are four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and locative. Nominative and accusative are formally distinct only in pronouns. Postpositions combine with the nouns in the unmarked form (marked as NOM in the valency pattern formulas).

Verb lemmas

The verbs are cited in the basic non-finite form of the nonpast tense.

Glossing abbreviations

ADD — additive particle; ATTR — attributiviser; DAT — dative; DU — dual; EP — epenthesis; FOC — focus; LOC — locative; NEG — negative particle; NFIN — nonfinite; NPST — nonpast; PASS — passive; PL — plural; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; PST — past; SG — singular; SO — subject-object agreement.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain kăši

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
waśa-j-en ŏχ-ǝλ kăši
pn - ep - poss .2 sg head- poss .3 sg sick
‘Vasja has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

2. have (illness) mǫšǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pet'a-j-en grip mǫš-ǝn mǫšǝt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg flu illness- loc be_ill- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja has the flu.’
Note: Some speakers disallow overt expression of Y.

3. be afraid păλti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt
X: NOM
Y: NOMewelt
Locus: Y
petˊa-j-en amp-ǝλ ewǝλt păλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg dog- poss .3 sg from be_afraid. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw wǒśkəti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petˊa-j-en kew wǒśkə-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg stone throw- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough tărəmti + PASS

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
petˊa-j-en wŏχ-ǝn tărəm-λ-a
pn - ep - poss .2 sg money- loc suffice- npst - pass [3 sg ]
‘Petja has enough money.’
Note: This is a passive construction, more natural here (cf. 56 for an active construction).

6. resemble maŋǝn tăjti

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
petˊa-j-en śat'śaś-ǝλ maŋǝn tăj-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg grandfather- poss .3 sg outlook have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja resembles his grandfather.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

7. believe ewǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
petˊa-j-en waśa-j-eλ-a ewǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg - dat believe. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja believes Vasja.’

8. take wŭti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petˊa-j-en (nŏrǝm ewǝλt) kinška wŭ-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg (shelf from) book take- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

9. see kǎλti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pet’a-j-en-a χɔt kǎλ-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat house be.visible- npst [3 sg ]
‘The house is visible to Petja.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter wǫjtantti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila
X: NOM
Y: NOMpila
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-əλ piλ-a wǫjtantə-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg with- dat meet- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja encountered Vasja.’

12. enter λŏŋti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en χɔt-a λŏŋ-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg house- dat enter- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja entered the house.’

13. win nŏχ pitti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-ǝλ šaχmat-ǝn nŏχ pit-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg chess- loc upward fall- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja won over Vasja at chess.’

14. go out ԑtti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt
X: NOM
Y: NOMewelt
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en χɔt ewǝλt kim ԑt-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg house from outside go.out- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive wɔšitti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petr-en wǔλǝ-t wɔšit-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg deer- pl drive- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is driving the reindeer.’

16. bend mɛnši

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en nŭw mɛnš-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg branch bend- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja bent the branch.’

17. tell lŏpti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en-a lŏp-ǝs: …
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat tell- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja told Maša: ...’

18. hold jɔšən tǎjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en kinška jɔš-ən tǎj-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg book hand- loc have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up ԑλtǝ jŏχǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ ԑλtǝ jŏχǝt-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg from_behind come- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja caught up with Maša.’

20. milk pǫsti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
maša-j-en mis-ǝλ pǫsǝ-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg cow- poss .3 sg milk- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach jŏχǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en imǝλtijǝn jŏχan kimλ-a śi jŏχǝt-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg finally river bank- dat foc come- pst [3 sg ]
‘Finally, Petja reached the riverbank.’

22. touch χɔjti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
petr-en χɔt pitǝr-a χɔj-ǝs
pn - poss .2 sg house wall- dat touch- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight kŭlaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila
X: NOM
Y: NOMpila
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-en piλ-a kŭlaś-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg with- dat fight- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is fighting with Vasja.’

24. be friends λǫχǝs wԑrti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila
X: NOM
Y: NOMpila
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-en piλ-a λǫχǝs wԑr-λ-ǝt
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg with- dat friend make- npst -3 pl
‘Petja is friends with Vasja.’

25. think nǫmǝsti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMolenen
X: NOM
Y: NOMolenen
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en ɔλǝŋǝn nǫmǝs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg about think- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’

26. eat λԑti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en ńań λԑ-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg bread eat- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is eating bread.’

27. fry šarǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en χǔλ šarǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg fish fry- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja fried the fish.’

28. wait λawǝλti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ λawǝλ-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg wait- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is waiting for Maša.’

29. forget jŏrԑmǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en wan jǫš-ǝλ jŏrԑmǝ-s-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg short road- poss .3 sg forget- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja forgot about the short road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call wɔχti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-ǝλ wɔχ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg call- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja called Vasja.’

32. get to know wǫjtantti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila
X: NOM
Y: NOMpila
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ piλ-a tǫńaλ wǫjtant-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg with- dat last_year year meet- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja got to know Maša last year.’

33. know wǫti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en wǫ-λ-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg know- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja knows Maša.’

34. play (instrument) jǒntti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en nars_jŭχ-ǝn jŏnt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg nares_jux- loc play- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is playing the nares-jux.’

35. avoid χǒntǝtˊλǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt
X: NOM
Y: NOMewelt
Locus: Y
petr-en was’a-j-ǝλ ewǝλt χǒntǝtˊλ-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg from avoid- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja avoids Vasja.’

36. make wԑrti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petr-en śɔrkan wԑr-ǝs
pn - poss .2 sg trap make- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja made a (small rodents) trap.’

37. make fun ńŏsǝrλǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petr-en waśa-j-ǝλ ńŏsǝrλ-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg make_fun- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is making fun of Vasja.’
Note: The basic meaning of the verb is ‘to furrow’.

38. have tǎjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petr-en mašina tǎj-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg car have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja has a car.’

39. look for kǎnti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en tǒman-λ-aλ kǎn-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg key- pl - poss .3 sg look_for- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is looking for his keys.’

40. paint ɔλǝpǝn nԑrti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en χɔp-ǝλ ɔλǝp-ǝn nԑr-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg boat- poss .3 sg paint- loc smear- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja painted the boat.’

41. bite pǒrԑmǝti + PASS

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
tǎm amp-ǝn pet’a-j-en pǒrԑm-ǝs-i
this dog- loc pn - ep - poss .2 sg bite- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘This dog bit Petja.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

42. forfeit *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

43. try to catch katǝλti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en kǎt’i-j-ǝλ katλ-əλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg cat- ep - poss .3 sg try_to_catch- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break mǫrǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en jǔχ šǫpa mǫrǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg tree across break- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja broke a stick in half.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) sămǝŋa tǎjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ săm-ǝŋ-a tǎj-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg heart- attr - dat have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja loves Maša.’

47. wave jɔwǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en pa pԑlǝk-ǝn λǫp-ǝn jɔwǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg other side- loc oar- loc wave. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is waving an oar on the other bank.’

48. dream nǫmǝsti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMolenen
X: NOM
Y: NOMolenen
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en jiλǝp mašina oλǝŋǝn nǫmǝs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg new car about think- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash λˊǒχǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en an-ǝλ λˊǒχǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg cup- poss .3 sg wash- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on λǫmǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
maša-j-en jɛrnas λǫmǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg dress put_on- pst [3 sg ]
‘Maša put on her dress.’

51. be called *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tǎm pǒrmǝs-en nԑm-ǝλ kɔmpas
this thing- poss .2 sg name- poss .3 sg compass
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aś-eλ pǒχ-ǝλ λǒst-ǝs-λe
father- poss .3 sg son- poss .3 sg slap- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja slapped his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

53. attack nǎpǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pǔpi weλpǝs χǫ-j-a nǎpt-ǝs
bear hunt man- ep - dat attack- pst [3 sg ]
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) tekǝnti + PASS

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
wetra-j-en jiŋ(k)-ǝn tekǝn-s-i
bucket- ep - poss .2 sg water- loc fill- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

55. find wǫjǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petr-en λǫp-ǝλ wǫjt-ǝs
pn - poss .2 sg oar- poss .3 sg find- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja found his oar.’

56. be short tărǝmti + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pet’a-j-en-a jaŋ šɔjt ǎn tǎrm-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat ten rouble neg suffice- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is 10 roubles short.’
Note: This is an active construction, more natural here (cf. 5 for the passive).

57. hate λǝkǝŋ εtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-ǝλ λǝkǝŋ εt-λ-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss . sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg evil- attr go_out- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja hates Vasja.’

58. like mǫstǝti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet’a-j-en-a mǫst-əλ śi jɛrnas-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat like- npst [3 sg ] foc shirt- poss .3 sg
‘Petja likes this shirt.’

59. need mɔsti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pet’a-j-en-a wǒχ mɔs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat money be_necessary- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja needs money.’

60. surround *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

61. remain χǎjǝλti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en jaŋ šɔjt-at χǎjλ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg ten rouble- pl leave- pst
‘Petja has ten roubles left.’
Note: It is not (yet) certain that this translation is semantically accurate.

62. answer jǒχi lǒpti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en uśit’el’-a jǒχi lǒp-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg teacher- dat home say- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja answered the teacher.’

63. open pǔnši

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en panka pǔnš-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg can open- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja opened a can.’

64. be different *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

65. fall behind jǒχi χǎśti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt
X: NOM
Y: NOMewelt
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ ewǝλt jǒχi χǎś-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg from home remain- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja fell behind Maša.’

66. plough χirti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en akarat-ǝλ χir-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg garden- poss .3 sg dig- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is digging his garden.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

67. smell awti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
maša-j-en jɔš-ŋəλ ԑsǝm jiŋ(k)-ǝn awə-λ-əŋən
pn - ep - poss .2 sg hand- poss [ du ] udder water- loc smell- npst -3 du
‘Maša’s hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross mănti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en jǫš šǫpa măn-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg road in_halves go- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing ariti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en jǎm arn ari-j-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg good song sing- ep - pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write χǎnši

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en piśma χǎnš-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg letter write- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink jańśi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en ԑsǝm jiŋk jańś-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg udder water drink- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt λǒλtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en λǒλpi λǒλt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg lead melt- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’

73. match mǫstǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
tǎm ŏχšam-en ma jԑrnas-ɛm-a most-ǝλ
this headscarf- poss .2 sg i dress- poss .1 sg - dat fit- npst [3 sg ]
‘This headscarf goes well with my dress.’

74. leave χǎjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en rǫt wɔš-ǝλ χǎj-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg native town- poss .3 sg leave- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover laŋkti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
tăm laŋkǝp isa χɔt_χǎri laŋk-s-ǝλλe
this coverlet totally floor cover- pst -3 sg . so
‘The coverlet covered the whole floor.’

76. remember nǫmti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en rǫt χɔt-ǝλ jǎma nǫm-λ-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg native house- poss .3 sg well remember- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja remembers his native home well.’

77. help ńɔtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en-a ńɔt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat help- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja helped Maša.’
Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb.

78. understand (language) χǫλti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en χǎnti jasǝŋ χǫλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg k hanty language hear. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja understands the Khanty language.’

79. hit (target) χɔjti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pǎλǝŋ_tŭt pet’a-j-en χɔt-a χɔj-ǝs
lightning pn - ep - poss .2 sg house- dat get- pst [3 sg ]
‘Lightning struck Petja’s house.’

80. cut oneself ewtantti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en tŭš λǒrt-ti ǒt-ǝλ-ǝn ewtant-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg beard cut- nfin . npst thing- poss .3 sg - loc cut_oneself- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck χǎnti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
an-ǝλ pǎsan-a χǎn-s
cup- poss .3 sg table- dat stick- pst [3 sg ]
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) nŏχ pitti + PASS

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-en-ǝn nŏχ pit-s-a
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg - loc upward fall- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘Petja lost to Vasja.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

83. be glad amǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en piśma-j-a amt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg letter- ep - dat rejoice- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja was glad about the letter.’

84. speak pǒtǝrtti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila
X: NOM
Y: NOMpila
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en piλa pǒtǝrt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg with speak- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

85. give birth tăjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
maša-j-en pǒχ tăj-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg son have- pst [3 sg ]
‘Maša gave birth to a son.’

86. drop iλ pawǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en an pawǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg cup down drop- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja dropped the cup.’

87. govern *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pet’a-j-en mŭŋ wɔš kǫśa-ew
pn - ep - poss .2 sg we village boss- poss .1 pl
‘Petja runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

88. miss mǎrԑmǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMtakla
X: NOM
Y: NOMtakla
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ takλa mǎrԑmǝ-s-i
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg without miss- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘Petja misses Maša.’
Note: The verb is in the passive form.

89. follow šǫtši

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjupijen
X: NOM
Y: NOMjupijen
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ jŭpijǝn šǫt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg behind go- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja follows Maša.’

90. dismount (iλ) wɔχǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt
X: NOM
Y: NOMewelt
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en λɔw ewǝλt (iλ) wɔχλ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg horse from (down) descend- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja got down from the horse.’

91. listen χǫλǝntti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en ar χǫλǝnt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg song listen- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is listening a song.’

92. obey χǫλǝntti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ńawrεm aŋke-λ-a χǫλǝnt-ǝλ
child mother- poss .3 sg - dat listen- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja listens to his mother.’

93. hear χǫλti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en amp χǒrtǝpsi χǫλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg dog barking hear. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja hears the barking.’

94. mix rǔwǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
maw ԑsǝm jiŋ(k)-ǝn rŭwtǝs-ǝs
sweet udder water- loc mix- pst [3 sg ]
‘A sweet dissolved into milk.’

95. look wantti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela
X: NOM
Y: NOMpela
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en χot pελa want-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg house at look- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is looking at the house.’

96. take off ԑŋχti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en jεrnas-λ ԑŋχ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg shirt- poss .3 sg put_off- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) wǫλmiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ wǫλmi-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg see_in_dream- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’

98. agree χǫλmǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ-a χǫλm-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg - dat heed- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja heeded Maša.’

99. have a quarrel kǔtǝŋa jiti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila
X: NOM
Y: NOMpila
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ piλa kǔt-ǝŋ-a ji-s-ŋǝn
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg with gap- attr - dat become- pst -3 du
‘Petja had a quarrel with Maša.’

100. cost *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tǎm an-en tǝn-λ sɔt šɔjǝt
this cup- poss .2 sg price- poss .3 sg hundred rouble
‘This cup costs 100 roubles.’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

101. shoot at pǒškan ewǝλt ԑsǝλti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en pǒškan ewǝλt tǒχλǝŋ_woj εsλ-ǝs pa an χɔj-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg gun from bird let_out- pst [3 sg ] add neg hit- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja shot at the bird, but he missed.’

102. pour pǒnti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en an-λ-a sakkar pǒn-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg cup- poss .3 sg - dat sugar put- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose wǫtšǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en λǫp-ǝt wǫtšǝ-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg oar- pl lose- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja lost his oars.’

104. sink šǫjλǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
jŭχ šǫp-ǝλ jiŋk-a šǫjλ-ǝs
wood piece- poss .3 sg water- dat sink- pst [3 sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill weλti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-en weλ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg kill- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja killed Vasja.’

106. hit χǎtśǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-en χǎtśǝ-s-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg hit- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja hit Vasja.’

107. kiss mɔsǝλtǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en mɔsǝλtǝ-s-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg kiss- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja kissed Maša.’

108. read λǔŋǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en kinška-j-ǝλ λǔŋt-ǝs-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg book- ep - poss .3 sg read- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ńǒχaλti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en λŭj-ǝλ ńǒχaλ-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg finger- poss .3 sg move- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

111. be squeamish ŭkśǝmti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt
X: NOM
Y: NOMewelt
Locus: Y
petr-en χǫlεŋ an ewǝλt ŭkśǝm-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg dirty dishes from be_squeamish- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

113. fall in love *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

114. trust ewǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en-a ewǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat believe. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja trusts Maša.’

115. sympathise šalitti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petr-en aŋke-λ šalit-λ-ǝλλe
pn - poss .2 sg mother- poss .3 sg sympathise- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy wǔšmaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
waśa-j-en pet’a-j-a wǔšmaś-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - dat envy- npst [3 sg ]
‘Vasja envies Petja.’

117. be angry λǝkaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela
X: NOM
Y: NOMpela
Locus: Y
waśa-j-en λǝkaś-əλ maša-j-en pɛλa
pn - ep - poss .2 sg be_angry- npst [3 sg ] pn - ep - poss .2 sg at
‘Vasja is angry with Maša.’

118. be surprised *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

119. love (tea) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want λǎŋχati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ńawrεm-ew jiλǝp jǒntǒt λǎŋχa-λ
child- poss .1 pl new toy want- npst [3 sg ]
‘The child wants a new toy.’

122. have a grudge λǝkaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela
X: NOM
Y: NOMpela
Locus: Y
waśa-j-en λǝkaś-əλ maša-j-en pɛλa
pn - ep - poss .2 sg be_angry- npst [3 sg ] pn - ep - poss .2 sg at
‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’

123. take offence χǫrǝmti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela
X: NOM
Y: NOMpela
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en pελa χǫrǝm-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg at take_offence- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja took offence at Maša.’

124. upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

125. marvel *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

126. despise λǝkǝŋ εtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-ǝλ λǝk-ǝŋ εt-λ-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss . sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg evil- attr go_out- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja despises Vasja.’

127. get upset šŭmaλ’a jiti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpata
X: NOM
Y: NOMpata
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en pǒχ-ǝλ pǎta šŭmaλ’a ji-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg son- poss .3 sg because_of sad become- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy wǫλǝ wԑrti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpata
X: NOM
Y: NOMpata
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en aj păλattǝ-λ păta wǫλǝ wԑr-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg small height- poss .3 sg because_of alien make- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’