Italian
Contributed by Anna Alexandrova. Maria Ralko greatly contributed to the technical preparation of the Italian dataset.
How to cite
Alexandrova, Anna. 2022. Bivalent patterns in Italian.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp:
Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS.
(Data first published on May 14, 2022; last revised on May 9, 2023.)
(Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info , Accessed on )
Basic info
Coordinates: 43.05, 12.65 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Romance.
Macro-area: Europe.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
a_SBJ
SBJ_a
SBJ_con
SBJ_da
SBJ_di
SBJ_in
SBJ_per
SBJ_PRED
SBJ_rispetto.a
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
Y
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a
Leo
duol-e
la
test-a
to
pn
(
m
)
ache-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
f
head-
sg
.
f
‘Leo has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
l’
influenz-a
pn
(
m
)
have.3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
f
flu-
sg
.
f
‘Leo has a flu.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo
ha
paur-a
del
can-e
pn
(
m
)
have.3
sg
.
prs
fear-
sg
.
f
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
dog-
sg
.
m
‘Leo is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
tirato
un
sass-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
throw.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
stone-
sg
.
m
‘Leo threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a
Leo
bast-ano
i
sold-i
to
pn
(
m
)
be_enough-3
pl
.
prs
def
.
pl
.
m
money-
pl
.
m
‘Leo has enough money.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo
somigli-a
a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
look_like-3
sg
.
prs
to
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo resembles Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo
cred-e
a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
believe-3
sg
.
prs
to
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo believes Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
preso
un
libr-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
take.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
book-
sg
.
m
‘Leo took a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ved-e
un-a
cas-a
pn
(
m
)
see-3
sg
.
prs
indf
.
sg
-
f
house-
sg
.
f
‘Leo sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
l’età
influenz-a
negativamente
la
memori-a
def
.
sg
.
f
-age.
sg
.
f
influence-3
sg
.
prs
negatively
def
.
sg
.
f
memory-
sg
.
f
‘Age negatively influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
incontrato
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
meet.
pst
.
ptcp
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo encountered Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
Leo
è
entrat-o
nella
cas-a
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
enter.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
in.
def
.
sg
.
f
house-
sg
.
f
‘Leo entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
ha
vinto
con
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
win.
pst
.
ptcp
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo won over Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
X: SBJ
Y: da
Locus: Y
Leo
è
uscit-o
dall’
uffici-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
exit.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
by.
def
.
sg
.
m
office-
sg
.
m
‘Leo exited the office.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
port-a
la
mucc-a
a
pascol-o
pn
(
m
)
lead-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
f
cow-
sg
.
f
to
pasture-
sg
.
m
‘Leo is leading the cow to the pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
piegato
un
ramoscell-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
bend.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
branch-
sg
.
m
‘Pedro bent a branch.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo
ha
detto
a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
say.
pst
.
ptcp
to
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo told Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
tien-e
un
libr-o
in
man-o
pn
(
m
)
hold-3
sg
.
prs
indf
.
sg
.
m
book-
sg
.
m
in
hand-
sg
.
f
‘Leo is holding a book in his hands.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
rincorso
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
reach.
pst
.
ptcp
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo caught up with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
munto
la
mucc-a
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
milk.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
cow-
sg
.
f
‘Leo milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo
è
arrivat-o
a
riv-a
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
reach.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
to
shore-
sg
.
f
‘Leo reached the coast.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
toccato
il
mur-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
touch.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
wall-
sg
.
m
‘Leo touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
si
azzuff-a
con
Maria
pn
(
m
)
refl
fight-3
sg
.
prs
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is fighting with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Leo
è
amic-o
di
Maria
pn
(
m
)
be.
prs
.3
sg
friend-
sg
.
m
of
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is friends with Maria.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo
pens-a
a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
think-3
sg
.
prs
to
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is thinking about Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
mangiato
un-a
mel-a
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
eat.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
-
f
apple-
sg
.
f
‘Leo ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
fritto
il
pesc-e
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
fry.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
fish-
sg
.
m
‘Leo fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
aspett-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
wait-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is waiting for Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo
si
è
dimenticat-o
dell’
altr-a
strad-a
pn
(
m
)
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
forget.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
of.
def
.
sg
.
f
other-
sg
.
f
road-
sg
.
f
‘Leo forgot about the other road.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
X: SBJ
Y: da
Locus: Y
la
salut-e
dipend-e
dall’
età
def
.
sg
.
f
health-
sg
.
f
depend-3
sg
.
prs
by.
def
.
sg
.
f
age.
sg
.
f
‘Health depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
chiamato
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
call.
pst
.
ptcp
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo called Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
conosciuto
Maria
un
ann-o
fa
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
know_someone.
pst
.
ptcp
pn
(
f
)
indf
.
sg
.
m
year-
sg
.
m
ago
‘Leo got to know Maria a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
conosc-e
Maria
pn
(
m
)
know_someone-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo knows Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
suon-a
la
chitarr-a
pn
(
m
)
play-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
f
guitar-
sg
.
f
‘Leo is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
evit-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
avoid-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo avoids Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
fabbricato
un-a
bomb-a
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
make.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
-
f
bomb-
sg
.
f
‘Leo made a bomb.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
schernisc-e
Maria
pn
(
m
)
mock-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is making fun of Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
un-a
macchin-a
pn
(
m
)
have-3
sg
.
prs
indf
.
sg
-
f
car-
sg
.
f
‘Leo has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
cerc-a
le
chiav-i
pn
(
m
)
look_for-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
pl
.
f
key-
pl
.
f
‘Leo is looking for the keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
pitturato
il
recint-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
paint.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
fence-
sg
.
m
‘Leo painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
il
can-e
ha
morso
Leo
def
.
sg
.
m
dog-
sg
.
m
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
bite.
pst
.
ptcp
pn
(
m
)
‘The dog bit Leo.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
perso
cas-a
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
house-
sg
.
f
‘Leo lost house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
cerc-a
di
cattur-are
il
gatt-o
pn
(
m
)
look_for-3
sg
.
prs
of
catch-
inf
def
.
sg
.
m
cat-
sg
.
m
‘Leo is catching the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
rotto
un
baston-e
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
break.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
stick-
sg
.
m
‘Leo broke the stick.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
lusing-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
flatter-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is flattering Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
am-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
love-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo loves Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
agit-a
un
fazzolett-o
pn
(
m
)
wave-3
sg
.
prs
indf
.
sg
.
m
handkerchief-
sg
.
m
‘Leo is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
sogn-a
un-a
macchin-a
pn
(
m
)
dream-3
sg
.
prs
indf
.
sg
-
f
car-
sg
.
f
‘Leo is dreaming of a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
lavato
la
tazz-a
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
wash.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
cup-
sg
.
f
‘Leo washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
si
è
mess-o
i
pantalon-i
pn
(
m
)
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
put_on.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
def
.
pl
.
m
trousers-
pl
.
m
‘Leo put on trousers.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_PRED
X: SBJ
Y: PRED
Locus: Y
quest-o
strument-o
si
chiam-a
bussol-a
this-
sg
.
m
instrument-
sg
.
m
refl
call-3
sg
.
prs
compass-
sg
.
f
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
punito
su-o
figli-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
punish.
pst
.
ptcp
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
m
son-
sg
.
m
‘Leo punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
l’
ors-o
ha
aggredito
un
pescator-e
def
.
sg
.
m
bear-
sg
.
m
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
attack.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
fisherman-
sg
.
m
‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
il
secchi-o
si
è
riempit-o
d’
acqu-a
def
.
sg
.
m
bucket-
sg
.
m
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
fill.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
of
water-
sg
.
f
‘The bucket filled up with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
trovato
le
chiav-i
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
find.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
pl
.
f
key-
pl
.
f
‘Leo found the keys.’
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a
Leo
manc-a
un
dollar-o
to
pn
(
m
)
lack-3
sg
.
prs
indf
.
sg
.
m
dollar-
sg
.
m
‘Leo is one dollar short.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
odi-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
hate-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo hates Maria.’
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a
Leo
piac-e
quest-a
camici-a
to
pn
(
m
)
like-3
sg
.
prs
this-
sg
.
f
shirt-
sg
.
f
‘Leo likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a
Leo
serv-ono
sold-i
to
pn
(
m
)
need-3
pl
.
prs
money-
pl
.
m
‘Leo needs money.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
le
mur-a
circond-ano
la
città
def
.
pl
.
f
wall-
pl
.
f
surround-3
pl
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
f
city.
sg
.
f
‘The walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a
Leo
sono
rimast-i
dieci
dollar-i
to
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
pl
.
prs
stay.
pst
.
ptcp
-
pl
.
m
10
dollar-
pl
.
m
‘Leo has ten dollars left.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo
ha
risposto
all’
insegnant-e
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
answer.
pst
.
ptcp
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
teacher-
sg
.
m
‘Leo answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
aperto
un
barattol-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
open.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
can-
sg
.
m
‘Leo opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
X: SBJ
Y: da
Locus: Y
la
mi-a
camici-a
è
divers-a
dalla
tu-a
def
.
sg
.
f
poss
.1
sg
-
sg
.
f
shirt-
sg
.
f
be-3
sg
.
prs
different-
sg
.
f
by.
def
.
sg
.
f
poss
.2
sg
-
sg
.
f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_rispetto.a
X: SBJ
Y: rispetto.a
Locus: Y
Leo
è
rimast-o
indietro
rispetto
a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
stay.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
behind
compared
to
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo fell behind Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ar-a
il
camp-o
pn
(
m
)
plough-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
m
field-
sg
.
m
‘Leo is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
le
mi-e
man-i
sanno
di
benzin-a
def
.
pl
.
f
poss
.1
sg
-
pl
.
f
hand-
pl
.
f
smell.3
pl
.
prs
.
of
gasoline-
sg
.
f
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
attraversato
la
strad-a
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
cross.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
street-
sg
.
f
‘Leo crossed the street.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
cantato
un-a
bell-a
canzon-e
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
sing.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
-
f
beautiful-
sg
.
f
song-
sg
.
f
‘Leo sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
scritto
un-a
letter-a
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
write.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
-
f
letter-
sg
.
f
‘Leo wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
bevuto
il
latt-e
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
drink.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
milk-
sg
.
m
‘Leo drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
fuso
un
pezz-o
di
piomb-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
melt.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
piece-
sg
.
m
of
lead-
sg
.
m
‘Leo melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
quest-a
cintur-a
si
abbin-a
al
mi-o
vestit-o
this-
sg
.
f
belt-
sg
.
f
refl
go_together-3
sg
.
prs
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
poss
.1
sg
-
sg
.
m
dress-
sg
.
m
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
lasciato
la
su-a
città
natal-e
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
leave.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
f
city.
sg
.
f
native-
sg
.
f
‘Leo left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
il
tappet-o
copr-e
tutt-o
il
paviment-o
def
.
sg
.
m
carpet-
sg
.
m
cover-3
sg
.
prs
all-
sg
.
m
def
.
sg
.
m
floor-
sg
.
m
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ricord-a
bene
la
cas-a
pn
(
m
)
remember-3
sg
.
prs
well
def
.
sg
.
f
house-
sg
.
f
‘Leo remembers the house well.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
aiutato
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
help.
pst
.
ptcp
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo helped Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
capisc-e
il
frances-e
pn
(
m
)
understand-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
m
f
rench-
sg
.
m
‘Leo understands French.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
un
fulmin-e
è
finit-o
nel-la
cas-a
indf
.
sg
.
m
lightning-
sg
.
m
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
strike.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
in.
def
.
sg
-
f
house-
sg
.
f
‘The lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
si
è
tagliat-o
con
il
rasoi-o
pn
(
m
)
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
cut.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
with
def
.
sg
.
m
razor-
sg
.
m
‘Leo cut himself with the razor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
il
bicchier-e
si
è
appiccicat-o
al
tavol-o
def
.
sg
.
m
glass-
sg
.
m
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
stick.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
table-
sg
.
m
‘The glass hot stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
ha
perso
con
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo lost to Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_per
X: SBJ
Y: per
Locus: Y
Leo
si
è
rallegrat-o
per
la
letter-a
pn
(
m
)
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
be_happy.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
for
def
.
sg
.
f
letter-
sg
.
f
‘Leo was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
parl-a
con
Maria
pn
(
m
)
talk-3
sg
.
prs
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is talking to Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Maria
ha
partorito
un
figli-o
pn
(
f
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
give_birth.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
son-
sg
.
m
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
fatto
cad-ere
un
bicchier-e
pn
(
f
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
make.
pst
.
ptcp
fall-
inf
indf
.
sg
.
m
glass-
sg
.
m
‘Leo dropped a glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
dirig-e
il
nostr-o
paes-e
pn
(
m
)
rule-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
m
poss
.1
pl
-
sg
.
m
village-
sg
.
m
‘Leo runs our village.’
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a
Leo
manc-a
Maria
to
pn
(
m
)
lack-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo misses Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
segu-e
Maria
pn
(
m
)
follow-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo follows Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
X: SBJ
Y: da
Locus: Y
Leo
è
smontat-o
dal
cavall-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
dismount.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
by.
def
.
sg
.
m
horse-
sg
.
m
‘Leo dismounted the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ascolt-a
la
radio
pn
(
m
)
listen-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
f
radio.
sg
.
f
‘Leo is listening to the radio.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo
obbedisc-e
alla
mamm-a
pn
(
m
)
obey-3
sg
.
prs
to.
def
.
sg
.
f
mom-
sg
.
f
‘Leo obeys the mom.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
sent-e
la
music-a
pn
(
m
)
hear-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
f
music-
sg
.
f
‘Leo hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
il
miel-e
si
è
fus-o
con
il
latt-e
def
.
sg
.
m
honey-
sg
.
m
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
mix.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
with
def
.
sg
.
m
milk-
sg
.
m
‘The honey is mixing with the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
guard-a
le
nuvol-e
pn
(
m
)
look_at-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
pl
.
f
cloud-
pl
.
f
‘Leo is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
si
è
levat-o
la
camici-a
pn
(
m
)
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
remove.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
def
.
sg
.
f
shirt-
sg
.
f
‘Leo took off the shirt.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
sogn-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
dream-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is dreaming of Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
ha
concordato
con
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
agree.
pst
.
ptcp
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo agreed with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
ha
litigato
con
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
argue.
pst
.
ptcp
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo had a quarrel with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
la
tazz-a
cost-a
un
dollar-o
def
.
sg
.
f
cup-
sg
.
f
cost-3
sg
.
prs
indf
.
sg
.
m
dollar-
sg
.
m
‘The cup costs a dollar.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo
ha
sparato
all’
uccell-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
shoot.
pst
.
ptcp
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
bird-
sg
.
m
‘Leo shot a bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
messo
lo
zuccher-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
put.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
sugar-
sg
.
m
‘Leo poured some sugar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
perso
le
chiav-i
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
pl
.
f
key-
pl
.
f
‘Leo lost the keys.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
il
tronc-o
di
legn-o
è
affondat-o
nell’
acqu-a
def
.
sg
.
m
log-
sg
.
m
of
wood-
sg
.
m
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
sink.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
in.
def
.
sg
.
f
water-
sg
.
f
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
ucciso
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
kill.
pst
.
ptcp
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo killed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
colpito
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
hit.
pst
.
ptcp
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo hit Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
baciato
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
kiss.
pst
.
ptcp
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo kissed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
letto
un
libr-o
interessant-e
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
read.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
book-
sg
.
m
interesting-
sg
.
m
‘Leo read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
mosso
un
dit-o
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
move.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
finger-
sg
.
m
‘Leo moved a finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
rispett-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
respect-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo respects Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo
si
schif-a
dei
piatt-i
sporch-i
pn
(
m
)
refl
be_disgusted-3
sg
.
prs
of.
def
.
pl
.
m
dish-
pl
.
m
dirty-
pl
.
m
‘Leo is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo
è
content-o
di
su-o
figli-o
pn
(
m
)
be.3
sg
.
prs
pleased-
sg
.
m
of
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
m
son-
sg
.
m
‘Leo is pleased with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo
si
è
innamorat-o
di
Maria
pn
(
m
)
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
fall_in_love.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
of
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo fell in love with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo
si
fid-a
di
Maria
pn
(
m
)
refl
trust-3
sg
.
prs
of
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo trusts Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo
ha
pietà
di
su-a
madr-e
pn
(
m
)
have.3
sg
.
prs
pity.
sg
.
f
of
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
f
mother-
sg
.
f
‘Leo fells sorry for his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
invidi-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
envy-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo envies Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
è
arrabbiat-o
con
Maria
pn
(
m
)
be.3
sg
.
prs
angry-
sg
.
m
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is angry with Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
X: SBJ
Y: da
Locus: Y
Leo
è
rimast-o
sorpres-o
dal
regal-o
pn
(
m
)
be.3
sg
.
prs
stay.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
surprise.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
by.
def
.
sg
.
m
gift-
sg
.
m
‘Leo got surprised at the gift.’
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a
Leo
piac-e
il
tè
to
pn
(
m
)
like-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
m
tea.
sg
.
m
‘Leo loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
si
god-e
il
tè
cald-o
pn
(
m
)
int
enjoy-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
sg
.
m
tea.
sg
.
m
hot-
sg
.
m
‘Leo is enjoying the hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
vuol-e
un
cellular-e
nuov-o
pn
(
m
)
want-3
sg
.
prs
indf
.
sg
.
m
mobile_phone-
sg
.
m
new-
sg
.
m
‘Leo wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
è
arrabbiat-o
con
Maria
pn
(
m
)
be.3
sg
.
prs
angry-
sg
.
m
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo holds a grudge against Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
ci
è
rimast-o
male
con
Maria
pn
(
m
)
cl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
stay.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
bad
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo got offended at Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
ha
reso
molto
trist-e
Maria
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
make.
pst
.
ptcp
very
sad-
sg
.
f
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo made Maria very sad.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
X: SBJ
Y: da
Locus: Y
Leo
è
rimast-o
stupit-o
dalla
città
pn
(
m
)
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
stay.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
impress.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
by.
def
.
sg
.
f
city.
sg
.
f
‘Leo was impressed by this city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo
disprezz-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
despise-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo despises Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_per
X: SBJ
Y: per
Locus: Y
Leo
si
è
rammaricat-o
per
su-o
figli-o
pn
(
m
)
refl
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
get_upset.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
for
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
m
son-
sg
.
m
‘Leo got upset with his son.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo
si
adir-a
con
su-a
figli-a
pn
(
m
)
refl
get_angry-3
sg
.
prs
with
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
f
daughter-
sg
.
f
‘Leo is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a
Leo
st-a
simpatic-a
Maria
to
pn
(
m
)
be-3
sg
.
prs
nice-
sg
.
f
pn
(
f
)
‘Leo is fond of Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo
si
vergogn-a
della
su-a
statur-a
pn
(
m
)
refl
be_ashamed-3
sg
.
prs
of.
def
.
f
.
sg
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
f
height-
sg
.
f
‘Leo is ashamed of his height.’