Irish
Contributed by Dmitry Nikolaev (Academia.edu profile )
The data were gathered in 2012 on the Dingle peninsula. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.
How to cite
Nikolaev, Dmitry. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Irish.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on April 11, 2023;
last revised on July 11, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on
Basic info
Coordinates: 53.22, -7.62 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Celtic.
Macro-area: Europe.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
aige_ar
aige_as
aige_do(PREP)
aige_le
aige_SBJ
ar_go.dti
ar_le
ar_mar.gheall.air
ar_roimh
ar_SBJ
do(PREP)_SBJ
DO_i
le_SBJ
o_SBJ
SBJ_ar
SBJ_as
SBJ_BARE
SBJ_de
SBJ_de.dheascaibh
SBJ_do(PREP)
SBJ_faoi
SBJ_i
SBJ_isteach
SBJ_le
SBJ_mar.gheall.ar
SBJ_o
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Tá
tinneas
cinn
air
Phól.
be.
prs
pain
head.
gs
on
pn
‘Pól has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
ar_SBJ
X: ar
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Tá
slaghdán
air
Phól.
be.
prs
flu
on
pn
‘Pól has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ar_roimh
X: ar
Y: roimh
Locus: XY
Tá
eagla
air
Phól
roimh
an
gadhar.
be.
prs
fear
on
pn
in.front.of
def
dog
‘Pól is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chaith
Pól
cloch.
pst
=throw
pn
stone
‘Pól threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Tá
a
dhothain
airgid
aige
Pól.
be.
prs
poss
.3
sg
.
m
enough
money.
gs
at
pn
‘Pól has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
cosúil
le
Máire.
be.
prs
pn
similar
with
pn
‘Pól resembles Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Creid-eann
Pól
i
Mícheal.
believe-
prs
pn
in
pn
‘Pól believes Mícheal.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=thóg
Pól
leabhar
do-n
seilf.
pst
=take
pn
book
for-
def
shelf
‘Pól took a book from the shelf.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Cí-onn
Pól
an
tigh.
see-
prs
pn
def
house
‘Pól sees the house.’
Valency pattern:
aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
Bí-onn
tionchar
aige
an
t-aois
air
a’
gcuimhne.
be.
hab
-
prs
influence
at
def
age
on
def
memory
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=bhuail
Pól
le
Mícheal.
pst
=meet
pn
with
pn
‘Pól encountered Mícheal.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_isteach
X: SBJ
Y: isteach
Locus: Y
Chuaigh
Pól
isteach
an
tigh.
go.
pst
pn
inside
def
house.
gs
‘Pól entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=bhuaigh
Pól
air
Mhícheal.
pst
=win
pn
on
pn
‘Pól beat Mícheal.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_as
X: SBJ
Y: as
Locus: Y
Chuigh
Pól
amach
as
an
tigh.
go_out.
pst
pn
outside
from
def
house
‘Pól went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tá
Pól
aig
tiomáint
an
bhó.
be.
prs
pn
at
drive.
nmlz
def
.
gs
cow(
gs
)
‘Pól is driving the cow.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Lúb
Pól
an
tuige.
bend(
pst
)
pn
def
branch
‘Pól bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Dúirt
Pól
le
Mícheal...
tell.
pst
pn
with
pn
...
‘Pól told Mícheal.’
Valency pattern:
aige_SBJ
X: aige
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Tá
leabhar
aige
Pól
in-a
lámh.
be.
prs
book
at
pn
in-
poss
.3
sg
hand
‘Pól is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=thanic
Pól
suas
le
Máire.
pst
=catch.up
pn
up
with
pn
‘Pól caught up with Máire.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chrúig
Pól
an
bhó.
pst
=milk
pn
def
cow
‘Pól milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Bhain
Pól
amach
an
banc.
pst
/reach
pn
outside
def
bank
‘Pól reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhuail
Pól
an
fala.
pst
=touch
pn
def
wall
‘Pól touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
ag
bruíon
le
Máire.
be.
prs
pn
at
fight.
nmlz
with
pn
‘Pól is fighting with Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Is
cairde
Pól
agus
Máire.
cop
.
prs
friend.
pl
pn
and
pn
‘Pól is friends with Máire.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
aig
cuimhneamh
air
Mháire.
be.
prs
pn
at
think.
nmlz
on
pn
‘Pól is thinking about Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=ith
Pól
úll.
pst
=eat
pn
apple
‘Pól ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Róst
Pól
iasc.
fry(
pst
)
pn
fish
‘Pól fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
ag
fanúint
le
Máire.
be.
prs
pn
at
wait.
nmlz
with
pn
‘Pól is waiting for Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Dhein
Pól
dearúd
air
an
mbóthar
eile.
pst
/make
pn
oblivion
on
def
road
other
‘Pól forgot (about) the other road.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Braith-inn
an
cuimhne
air
an
aois.
depend-
prs
def
memory
on
def
age
‘Memory depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=glaoigh
Pól
air
Mháire.
pst
=call
pn
on
pn
‘Pól called Máire.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=bhuail
Pól
le
Máire
bliain
ó
shin.
pst
=meet
pn
with
pn
year
ago
ago
‘Pól got to know Máire a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
Tá
aithne
aige
Pól
air
Mháire.
be.
prs
knowledge
at
pn
on
pn
‘Pól knows Máirel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tá
Pól
ag
seimint
an
guitar.
be.
prs
pn
at
play.
nmlz
def
guitar(
gs
)
‘Pól is playing the guitar.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dein-eann
Pól
Máire
a
sheachaint.
make-
prs
pn
pn
trans
avoid
‘Pól avoids Máire.’
Note: This translation contains a nominalized clause. However, the use of "a" (with lenition) indicates that the verb is transitive.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dhein
Pól
a’
boma.
pst
/make
pn
def
bomb
‘Pól made a bomb.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tá
Pól
ag
crá
Mháire.
be.
prs
pn
at
make_fun.
nmlz
gs
/
pn
‘Pól is making fun of Máire.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
aige_SBJ
X: aige
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Tá
gluaisteán
aige
Pól.
be.
prs
car
at
pn
‘Pól has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tá
Pól
ag
lorg
a
eochr-acha.
be.
prs
pn
at
look_for.
nmlz
poss
.3
sg
.
m
key-
gp
‘Pól is looking for his keys.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GP-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Phéinteáil
Peter
an
falla.
pst
/paint
pn
def
fence
‘Pól painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=rug
madra
greim
ar
Phól.
pst
=take
dog
seizure
on
pn
‘A dog bit Pól.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Chaill
Pól
a
thig.
pst
/lose
pn
poss
.3
sg
.
m
house
‘Pól lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
ag
iarraidh
breith
air
an
gcat.
be.
prs
pn
at
try.
nmlz
catch
on
def
cat
‘Pól is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhris
Pól
an
maide.
pst
=break
pn
def
branch
‘Pól broke the stick.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
aige_do(PREP)
X: aige
Y: do(PREP)
Locus: XY
Tá
grá
aig
Pól
do
Mháire.
be.
prs
love
at
pn
for
pn
‘Pól loves Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tá
Pól
ag
croitheadh
ciairsiúir.
be.
prs
pn
at
wave.
nmlz
gs
/handkerchief
‘Pól is waving a handkerchief.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mar.gheall.ar
X: SBJ
Y: mar.gheall.ar
Locus: Y
Tá
sé
ag
taibhreamh
mar_gheall_air
chairt
nú.
be.
prs
3
sg
.
m
at
dream.
nmlz
with.respect.to
car.
gs
new
‘He is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=nigh
Pól
an
cupa.
pst
=wash
pn
def
cup
‘Pól washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chuir
Pól
air
a
bhríste.
pst
=put
pn
on.3
sg
.
m
poss
.3
sg
.
m
trousers
‘Pól put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
ar_SBJ
X: ar
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Glaoí-tear
compass
air
an
uirlis.
call-
pass
.
prs
compass
on
def
instrument
‘The instrument is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Chuir
Pól
piniós
air
a
mhac.
pst
/put
pn
punishment
on
poss
.3
sg
.
m
son
‘Pól punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=ionsaigh
béar
iascaire.
pst
=attack
bear
fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Líon
an
buicéad
le
huisce.
fill(
pst
)
def
bucket
with
water
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fuair
Pól
a
chuid
neochr-acha.
find.
pst
pn
poss
.3
sg
.
m
share
keys-
gp
‘Pól found his keys.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
euro
gearra.
be.
prs
pn
euro
short
‘Pól is one euro short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Unusual structure (calqued from English).
Valency pattern:
aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
Tá
an
ghráin
aige
Pól
air
Mháire.
be.
prs
def
hatred
at
pn
on
pn
‘Pól hates Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
le_SBJ
X: le
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Is
maith
le
Pól
an
léine
sea
cop
.
prs
good
with
pn
def
shirt
dem
‘Pól likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
o_SBJ
X: o
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Tá
airgid
ó
Phól.
be.
prs
money
from
pn
‘Pól needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Tá
fall-aí
timpeall
air
an
gcathair.
be.
prs
wall-
pl
around
on
def
town
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ar_SBJ
X: ar
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Tá
deich
euro
fág-tha
air
Pól.
be.
prs
ten
euro
remain-
part
on
pn
‘Pól has ten euro left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=fhreagair
Pól
an
múinteoir.
pst
=answer
pn
def
teacher
‘Pól answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=oscail
Pól
cana.
pst
=open
pn
can
‘Pól opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Thá
mo
léine=sin
difriúil
le
d’=cheann=sa.
be.
prs
poss
.1
sg
shirt=
dem
different
with
poss
.2
sg
=head=
dem
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_o
X: SBJ
Y: o
Locus: Y
Thit
Peter
siar
ó
Mary.
pst
/fall.behind
pn
back
from
pn
‘Pól fell behind Máire.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tá
Pól
ag
treabh
an
ghoirt.
be.
prs
pn
at
plough.
nmlz
def
.
gs
field/
gs
‘Pól is ploughing the field.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Tá
boladh
gásailín
ó
mo
láimh.
be.
prs
smell
fuel(
gs
)
from
poss
.1
sg
hand.
pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=thrasnaigh
Pól
an
bóthar.
pst
=cross
pn
def
road
‘Pól crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Chan
Pól
amhrán
álainn.
pst
/sing
pn
song
beautiful
‘Pól sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=scríobh
Pól
leitir.
pst
=write
pn
letter
‘Pól wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=ól
Pól
an
bainne.
pst
=drink
pn
def
milk
‘Pól drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=leáigh
Pól
píosa
luaidhe.
pst
=melt
pn
piece
lead(
gs
)
‘Pól melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Té-ann
an
belt
le
mo
ghúna.
go-
prs
def
belt
with
poss
.1
sg
dress
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=fhág
Pól
a
chathair
dúchais.
pst
=leave
pn
poss
.3
sg
.
m
city
native
‘Pól left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Clúd-íonn
an
cairpéad
an
urlár
air_fad.
cover-
prs
def
carpet
def
floor
fully
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Cuimhn-íonn
Peter
an
tigh
d’´=fhag
sé
suas
go_maith.
remember-
prs
pn
def
house
pst
=grow
he
up
well
‘Pól remembers the house where he grew up well.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=chabhraigh
Pól
le
Máire.
pst
=help
pn
with
pn
‘Pól helped Máire.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tuig-eann
Pól
Fraincis.
understand-
prs
pn
f
rench
‘Pól understands French.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhuail
splanc
an
tigh.
pst
=strike
lightning
def
house
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Ghearr
Pól
é
fein
le
rásúr.
pst
/cut
pn
he.
acc
refl
with
razor
‘Pól cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_do(PREP)
X: SBJ
Y: do(PREP)
Locus: Y
Greamaigh
an
gloine
do-n
bord.
get_stuck.
pst
def
glass
for-
def
table
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Chaill
sé
le
Mary.
pst
/lose
he
with
pn
‘He lost to Máire.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=bhí
Pól
an-shásta
leis
an
leitir.
pst
=be.
pst
pn
int
-content
with
def
letter
‘Pól was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
ag
caint
le
Máire.
be.
prs
pn
at
speak.
nmlz
with
pn
‘Pól is speaking with Máire.’
Valency pattern:
do(PREP)_SBJ
X: do(PREP)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Do=rug-adh
leanbh
mic
do
Mháire.
pst
=take-
pst
.
pass
child
son/
gs
for
pn
‘Máire gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
o_SBJ
X: o
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Do=thit
an
ghloine
ó
Phól.
pst
=fall
def
glass
from
pn
‘Pól dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Rith-eann
Peter
an
monarcha.
govern-
prs
pn
def
factory
‘Pól runs the factory.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Braith-ean
Pól
uaid
Máire.
miss-
prs
pn
from.3
sg
.
m
pn
‘Pól misses Máire.’
Note: uaid is not a device for flagging Y.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Lean-aíonn
Pól
Máire.
follow-
prs
pn
pn
‘Pól follows Máire.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Tháinig
Pól
anuas
de-n
gcapall.
come.
pst
pn
down
from-
def
horse
‘Pól got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
ag
éisteacht
leis
an
radio.
be.
prs
pn
at
listen.
nmlz
with
def
radio
‘Pól is listening to radio.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Éist-eann
Pól
i
gcónaí
lena
mháthair.
listen-
prs
pn
always
always
with.
poss
.3
sg
.
m
mother
‘Pól always listens to his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Clois-eann
Pól
an
ceol.
hear-
prs
pn
def
music
‘Pól hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=measc-adh
an
mhíl
leis
an
mbainne.
pst
=mix-
pst
.
pass
def
honey
with
def
milk
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
ag
féach-aint
air
na
scamaill.
be.
prs
pn
at
look.
nmlz
on
def
.
pl
cloud.
pl
‘Pól is looking at the clouds.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhain
Pól
dó
a
léine.
pst
=take_off
pn
from.3
sg
poss
.3
sg
shirt
‘Pól took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mar.gheall.ar
X: SBJ
Y: mar.gheall.ar
Locus: Y
Tá
Máire
ag
taibhreamh
mar_gheall_air
Peter.
be.
prs
pn
at
dream.
nmlz
with.respect.to
pn
‘Pól dreams about Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
D’=aontaigh
Pól
le
Máire.
pst
=agree
pn
with
pn
‘Pól agreed with Máire.’
Valency pattern:
aige_le
X: aige
Y: le
Locus: XY
Bhí
argóint
ag
Pól
le
Máire.
be.
pst
quarrel
at
pn
with
pn
‘Pól had a quarrel with Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Chosain
an
cupa=sa
euro
amhaín
pst
/cost
def
cup=
dem
euro
one
‘This cup costs one euro.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_faoi
X: SBJ
Y: faoi
Locus: Y
Scaoil
Pól
fé-n
éan.
shoot(
pst
)
pn
under-
def
bird
‘Pól shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dhoirt
Pól
an
siúcra
isteach
a’
gcupa.
pst
/pour
pn
def
sugar
inside
def
cup
‘Pól poured the sugar into the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chaill
Pól
a
chuid
neochr-acha.
pst
=lose
pn
poss
.3
sg
.
m
share
keys-
gp
‘Pól lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
DO_i
X: DO
Y: i
Locus: XY
Bá-dh
é
in-san
uisce.
sink-
pst
.
pass
he.
acc
in-
def
water
‘It sank in the water.’
Note: Passive construction (but no promotion to the subject position).
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=mhairbh
Pól
Máire.
pst
=kill
pn
pn
‘Pól killed Máire.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhuail
Pól
Máire.
pst
=hit
pn
pn
‘Pól hit Máire.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=phóg
Pól
Máire.
pst
=kiss
pn
pn
‘Pól kissed Máire.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=léigh
Pól
leabhar
an-shuimiúil.
pst
=read
pn
book
int
-interesting
‘Pól read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Bhog
Pól
a
mhéar.
pst
/move
pn
poss
.3
sg
.
m
finger
‘Pól moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
Tá
meas
aig
Pól
air
Máire.
be.
prs
respect
at
pn
on
pn
‘Pól respects Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
an-shásta
le-na
mhac.
be.
prs
pn
int
-content
with-
poss
.3
sg
.
m
son
‘Pól is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=thit
Pól
i
ngrá
le
Máire.
pst
=fall
pn
in
love
with
pn
‘Pól fell in love with Máire.’
Valency pattern:
aige_as
X: aige
Y: as
Locus: XY
Tá
muinín
aige
Pól
as
Mháire.
be.
prs
trust
at
pn
from
pn
‘Pól trusts Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
aige_le
X: aige
Y: le
Locus: XY
Tá
trua
aige
Pól
le-na
mháthair.
be.
prs
sympathy
at
pn
with-
poss
.3
sg
.
m
mother
‘Pól sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
aige_le
X: aige
Y: le
Locus: XY
Tá
formad
aige
Pól
le
Máire.
be.
prs
envy
at
pn
with
pn
‘Pól envies Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
feargach
le
Máire.
be.
prs
pn
angry
with
pn
‘Pól is angry with Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ar_mar.gheall.air
X: ar
Y: mar.gheall.air
Locus: XY
Bhí
iontas
air
Phól
mar_gheall_air
an
mbronntanas.
be.
pst
surprise
on
pn
with.respect.to
def
gift
‘Pól was surprised at the gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
le_SBJ
X: le
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Is
breá
le
Pól
tae.
cop
.
prs
pleasant
with
pn
tea
‘Pól loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Teast-aíonn
fón
nú
ó
Peter.
be_necessary-
prs
telephone
new
from
pn
‘Pól wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
aige_do(PREP)
X: aige
Y: do(PREP)
Locus: X
Tá
an
chloch
sa
muinirtle
aige
Pól
do
Mháire.
be.
prs
def
stone
in.
def
sleeve
at
pn
for
pn
‘Pól holds a grudge against Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ar_go.dti
X: ar
Y: go.dti
Locus: XY
Bhí
an
goimh
air
Phól
go_dtí
Máire.
be.
pst
def
sting
on
pn
in_direction
pn
‘Pól took offence at Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ghortaigh
Pól
Máire
g’ mór.
pst
/cause_pain
pn
pn
strongly
‘Pól greatly upset Máire.’
Valency pattern:
ar_le
X: ar
Y: le
Locus: XY
Bhí
iontas
air
Phól
leis
an
chathair.
be.
pst
surprise
on
pn
with
def
town
‘Pól was impressed by the town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
Tá
an
ghrain
dearg
aige
Pól
air
Máire.
be.
prs
def
hatred
red
at
pn
on
pn
‘Pól despises Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de.dheascaibh
X: SBJ
Y: de.dheascaibh
Locus: Y
Bhí
Pól
trína
chéile
de_dheascaibh
a
mhac.
be.
pst
pn
upset
upset
because_of
poss
.3
sg
.
m
son
‘Pól got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_faoi
X: SBJ
Y: faoi
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
a’
fáilt
imníoch
faoi-na
hiníon.
be.
prs
pn
at
become.
nmlz
irritated
under-
poss
.3
sg
.
m
daughter
‘Pól is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The copula-like verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá
Pól
mór
le
Máire.
be.
prs
pn
big
with
pn
‘Pól is fond of Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ar_mar.gheall.air
X: ar
Y: mar.gheall.air
Locus: XY
Tá
náire
air
Phól
mar_gheall_air
a
airde.
be.
prs
shame
on
pn
with.respect.to
poss
.3
sg
.
m
height
‘Pól is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
