BivalTyp

Irish

Contributed by Dmitry Nikolaev (Academia.edu profile)

D.N.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2012 on the Dingle peninsula. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Nikolaev, Dmitry. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Irish. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on April 11, 2023; last revised on July 11, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain bí tinneas cinn

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tinneas cinn air Phól.
be. prs pain head. gs on pn
‘Pól has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) bí slaghdán

Valency pattern: ar_SBJ
X: ar
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
slaghdán air Phól.
be. prs flu on pn
‘Pól has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid bí eagla

Valency pattern: ar_roimh
X: ar
Y: roimh
Locus: XY
eagla air Phól roimh an gadhar.
be. prs fear on pn in.front.of def dog
‘Pól is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw caith

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chaith Pól cloch.
pst =throw pn stone
‘Pól threw a stone.’

5. have enough bí dothain

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
a dhothain airgid aige Pól.
be. prs poss .3 sg . m enough money. gs at pn
‘Pól has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble bí cosúil

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pól cosúil le Máire.
be. prs pn similar with pn
‘Pól resembles Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe creid

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Creid-eann Pól i Mícheal.
believe- prs pn in pn
‘Pól believes Mícheal.’

8. take tóg

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=thóg Pól leabhar do-n seilf.
pst =take pn book for- def shelf
‘Pól took a book from the shelf.’

9. see feic

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Cí-onn Pól an tigh.
see- prs pn def house
‘Pól sees the house.’

10. influence bí tionchar

Valency pattern: aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
Bí-onn tionchar aige an t-aois air a’ gcuimhne.
be. hab - prs influence at def age on def memory
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

11. encounter buail

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=bhuail Pól le Mícheal.
pst =meet pn with pn
‘Pól encountered Mícheal.’

12. enter téigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_isteach
X: SBJ
Y: isteach
Locus: Y
Chuaigh Pól isteach an tigh.
go. pst pn inside def house. gs
‘Pól entered the house.’

13. win buaigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=bhuaigh Pól air Mhícheal.
pst =win pn on pn
‘Pól beat Mícheal.’

14. go out téigh amach

Valency pattern: SBJ_as
X: SBJ
Y: as
Locus: Y
Chuigh Pól amach as an tigh.
go_out. pst pn outside from def house
‘Pól went out of the house.’

15. drive tiomáin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pól aig tiomáint an bhó.
be. prs pn at drive. nmlz def . gs cow( gs )
‘Pól is driving the cow.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

16. bend lúb

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Lúb Pól an tuige.
bend( pst ) pn def branch
‘Pól bent the branch.’

17. tell abair

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Dúirt Pól le Mícheal...
tell. pst pn with pn ...
‘Pól told Mícheal.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: aige_SBJ
X: aige
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
leabhar aige Pól in-a lámh.
be. prs book at pn in- poss .3 sg hand
‘Pól is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

19. catch up tar suas

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=thanic Pól suas le Máire.
pst =catch.up pn up with pn
‘Pól caught up with Máire.’

20. milk crúigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chrúig Pól an bhó.
pst =milk pn def cow
‘Pól milked the cow.’

21. reach bain amach

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Bhain Pól amach an banc.
pst /reach pn outside def bank
‘Pól reached the bank.’

22. touch buail

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhuail Pól an fala.
pst =touch pn def wall
‘Pól touched the wall.’

23. fight bruíon

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pól ag bruíon le Máire.
be. prs pn at fight. nmlz with pn
‘Pól is fighting with Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

24. be friends is cairde

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Is cairde Pól agus Máire.
cop . prs friend. pl pn and pn
‘Pól is friends with Máire.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

25. think cuimhnigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Pól aig cuimhneamh air Mháire.
be. prs pn at think. nmlz on pn
‘Pól is thinking about Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

26. eat ith

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=ith Pól úll.
pst =eat pn apple
‘Pól ate an apple.’

27. fry róst

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Róst Pól iasc.
fry( pst ) pn fish
‘Pól fried the fish.’

28. wait fan

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pól ag fanúint le Máire.
be. prs pn at wait. nmlz with pn
‘Pól is waiting for Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

29. forget déan dearúd

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Dhein Pól dearúd air an mbóthar eile.
pst /make pn oblivion on def road other
‘Pól forgot (about) the other road.’

30. depend braith

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Braith-inn an cuimhne air an aois.
depend- prs def memory on def age
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call glaoigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=glaoigh Pól air Mháire.
pst =call pn on pn
‘Pól called Máire.’

32. get to know buail

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=bhuail Pól le Máire bliain ó shin.
pst =meet pn with pn year ago ago
‘Pól got to know Máire a year ago.’

33. know bí aithne

Valency pattern: aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
aithne aige Pól air Mháire.
be. prs knowledge at pn on pn
‘Pól knows Máirel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

34. play (instrument) seinn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pól ag seimint an guitar.
be. prs pn at play. nmlz def guitar( gs )
‘Pól is playing the guitar.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

35. avoid déan sheachaint

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dein-eann Pól Máire a sheachaint.
make- prs pn pn trans avoid
‘Pól avoids Máire.’
Note: This translation contains a nominalized clause. However, the use of "a" (with lenition) indicates that the verb is transitive.

36. make déan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dhein Pól a’ boma.
pst /make pn def bomb
‘Pól made a bomb.’

37. make fun cráigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pól ag crá Mháire.
be. prs pn at make_fun. nmlz gs / pn
‘Pól is making fun of Máire.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

38. have

Valency pattern: aige_SBJ
X: aige
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
gluaisteán aige Pól.
be. prs car at pn
‘Pól has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for lorg

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pól ag lorg a eochr-acha.
be. prs pn at look_for. nmlz poss .3 sg . m key- gp
‘Pól is looking for his keys.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GP-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

40. paint péinteáil

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Phéinteáil Peter an falla.
pst /paint pn def fence
‘Pól painted the fence.’

41. bite beir greim

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=rug madra greim ar Phól.
pst =take dog seizure on pn
‘A dog bit Pól.’

42. forfeit caill

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Chaill Pól a thig.
pst /lose pn poss .3 sg . m house
‘Pól lost his house.’

43. try to catch iarr breith

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Pól ag iarraidh breith air an gcat.
be. prs pn at try. nmlz catch on def cat
‘Pól is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

44. break bris

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhris Pól an maide.
pst =break pn def branch
‘Pól broke the stick.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) bí grá

Valency pattern: aige_do(PREP)
X: aige
Y: do(PREP)
Locus: XY
grá aig Pól do Mháire.
be. prs love at pn for pn
‘Pól loves Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

47. wave croith

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pól ag croitheadh ciairsiúir.
be. prs pn at wave. nmlz gs /handkerchief
‘Pól is waving a handkerchief.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

48. dream taibhrigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_mar.gheall.ar
X: SBJ
Y: mar.gheall.ar
Locus: Y
ag taibhreamh mar_gheall_air chairt nú.
be. prs 3 sg . m at dream. nmlz with.respect.to car. gs new
‘He is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

49. wash nigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=nigh Pól an cupa.
pst =wash pn def cup
‘Pól washed the cup.’

50. put on cuir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chuir Pól air a bhríste.
pst =put pn on.3 sg . m poss .3 sg . m trousers
‘Pól put on his trousers.’

51. be called glaoigh

Valency pattern: ar_SBJ
X: ar
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Glaoí-tear compass air an uirlis.
call- pass . prs compass on def instrument
‘The instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish cuir piniós

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Chuir Pól piniós air a mhac.
pst /put pn punishment on poss .3 sg . m son
‘Pól punished his son.’

53. attack ionsaigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=ionsaigh béar iascaire.
pst =attack bear fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) líon

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Líon an buicéad le huisce.
fill( pst ) def bucket with water
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find faigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fuair Pól a chuid neochr-acha.
find. pst pn poss .3 sg . m share keys- gp
‘Pól found his keys.’

56. be short bí gearra

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
Pól euro gearra.
be. prs pn euro short
‘Pól is one euro short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Unusual structure (calqued from English).

57. hate bí gráin

Valency pattern: aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
an ghráin aige Pól air Mháire.
be. prs def hatred at pn on pn
‘Pól hates Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like is maith

Valency pattern: le_SBJ
X: le
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Is maith le Pól an léine sea
cop . prs good with pn def shirt dem
‘Pól likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need

Valency pattern: o_SBJ
X: o
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
airgid ó Phól.
be. prs money from pn
‘Pól needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround bí timpeall

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
fall-aí timpeall air an gcathair.
be. prs wall- pl around on def town
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain fág

Valency pattern: ar_SBJ
X: ar
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
deich euro fág-tha air Pól.
be. prs ten euro remain- part on pn
‘Pól has ten euro left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

62. answer freagair

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=fhreagair Pól an múinteoir.
pst =answer pn def teacher
‘Pól answered the teacher.’

63. open oscail

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=oscail Pól cana.
pst =open pn can
‘Pól opened a can.’

64. be different bí difriúil

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Thá mo léine=sin difriúil le d’=cheann=sa.
be. prs poss .1 sg shirt= dem different with poss .2 sg =head= dem
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind tit siar

Valency pattern: SBJ_o
X: SBJ
Y: o
Locus: Y
Thit Peter siar ó Mary.
pst /fall.behind pn back from pn
‘Pól fell behind Máire.’

66. plough treabh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pól ag treabh an ghoirt.
be. prs pn at plough. nmlz def . gs field/ gs
‘Pól is ploughing the field.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

67. smell bí boladh

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
boladh gásailín ó mo láimh.
be. prs smell fuel( gs ) from poss .1 sg hand. pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross trasnaigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=thrasnaigh Pól an bóthar.
pst =cross pn def road
‘Pól crossed the road.’

69. sing can

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Chan Pól amhrán álainn.
pst /sing pn song beautiful
‘Pól sang a beautiful song.’

70. write scríobh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=scríobh Pól leitir.
pst =write pn letter
‘Pól wrote a letter.’

71. drink ól

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=ól Pól an bainne.
pst =drink pn def milk
‘Pól drank the milk.’

72. melt leáigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=leáigh Pól píosa luaidhe.
pst =melt pn piece lead( gs )
‘Pól melted a piece of lead.’

73. match téigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Té-ann an belt le mo ghúna.
go- prs def belt with poss .1 sg dress
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave fág

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=fhág Pól a chathair dúchais.
pst =leave pn poss .3 sg . m city native
‘Pól left his native city.’

75. cover clúdaigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Clúd-íonn an cairpéad an urlár air_fad.
cover- prs def carpet def floor fully
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember cuimhnigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Cuimhn-íonn Peter an tigh d’´=fhag suas go_maith.
remember- prs pn def house pst =grow he up well
‘Pól remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help cabhraigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=chabhraigh Pól le Máire.
pst =help pn with pn
‘Pól helped Máire.’

78. understand (language) tuig

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tuig-eann Pól Fraincis.
understand- prs pn f rench
‘Pól understands French.’

79. hit (target) buail

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhuail splanc an tigh.
pst =strike lightning def house
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself gearr

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Ghearr Pól é fein le rásúr.
pst /cut pn he. acc refl with razor
‘Pól cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck greamaigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(PREP)
X: SBJ
Y: do(PREP)
Locus: Y
Greamaigh an gloine do-n bord.
get_stuck. pst def glass for- def table
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) caill

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Chaill le Mary.
pst /lose he with pn
‘He lost to Máire.’

83. be glad bí an-shásta

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=bhí Pól an-shásta leis an leitir.
pst =be. pst pn int -content with def letter
‘Pól was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak caintigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pól ag caint le Máire.
be. prs pn at speak. nmlz with pn
‘Pól is speaking with Máire.’

85. give birth beir

Valency pattern: do(PREP)_SBJ
X: do(PREP)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Do=rug-adh leanbh mic do Mháire.
pst =take- pst . pass child son/ gs for pn
‘Máire gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tit

Valency pattern: o_SBJ
X: o
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Do=thit an ghloine ó Phól.
pst =fall def glass from pn
‘Pól dropped the glass.’

87. govern rith

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Rith-eann Peter an monarcha.
govern- prs pn def factory
‘Pól runs the factory.’

88. miss braith ó

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Braith-ean Pól uaid Máire.
miss- prs pn from.3 sg . m pn
‘Pól misses Máire.’
Note: uaid is not a device for flagging Y.

89. follow lean

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Lean-aíonn Pól Máire.
follow- prs pn pn
‘Pól follows Máire.’

90. dismount tar anuas

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Tháinig Pól anuas de-n gcapall.
come. pst pn down from- def horse
‘Pól got down from the horse.’

91. listen éist

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pól ag éisteacht leis an radio.
be. prs pn at listen. nmlz with def radio
‘Pól is listening to radio.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

92. obey éist

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Éist-eann Pól i gcónaí lena mháthair.
listen- prs pn always always with. poss .3 sg . m mother
‘Pól always listens to his mother.’

93. hear clois

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Clois-eann Pól an ceol.
hear- prs pn def music
‘Pól hears the music.’

94. mix measc

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=measc-adh an mhíl leis an mbainne.
pst =mix- pst . pass def honey with def milk
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look féach

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Pól ag féach-aint air na scamaill.
be. prs pn at look. nmlz on def . pl cloud. pl
‘Pól is looking at the clouds.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

96. take off bain do

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhain Pól a léine.
pst =take_off pn from.3 sg poss .3 sg shirt
‘Pól took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) taibhrigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_mar.gheall.ar
X: SBJ
Y: mar.gheall.ar
Locus: Y
Máire ag taibhreamh mar_gheall_air Peter.
be. prs pn at dream. nmlz with.respect.to pn
‘Pól dreams about Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

98. agree aontaigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
D’=aontaigh Pól le Máire.
pst =agree pn with pn
‘Pól agreed with Máire.’

99. have a quarrel bí argóint

Valency pattern: aige_le
X: aige
Y: le
Locus: XY
Bhí argóint ag Pól le Máire.
be. pst quarrel at pn with pn
‘Pól had a quarrel with Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

100. cost cosain

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Chosain an cupa=sa euro amhaín
pst /cost def cup= dem euro one
‘This cup costs one euro.’

101. shoot at scaoil

Valency pattern: SBJ_faoi
X: SBJ
Y: faoi
Locus: Y
Scaoil Pól fé-n éan.
shoot( pst ) pn under- def bird
‘Pól shot at the bird.’

102. pour doirt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dhoirt Pól an siúcra isteach a’ gcupa.
pst /pour pn def sugar inside def cup
‘Pól poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose caill

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chaill Pól a chuid neochr-acha.
pst =lose pn poss .3 sg . m share keys- gp
‘Pól lost his keys.’

104. sink báigh

Valency pattern: DO_i
X: DO
Y: i
Locus: XY
Bá-dh é in-san uisce.
sink- pst . pass he. acc in- def water
‘It sank in the water.’
Note: Passive construction (but no promotion to the subject position).

105. kill maraigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=mhairbh Pól Máire.
pst =kill pn pn
‘Pól killed Máire.’

106. hit buail

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhuail Pól Máire.
pst =hit pn pn
‘Pól hit Máire.’

107. kiss póg

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=phóg Pól Máire.
pst =kiss pn pn
‘Pól kissed Máire.’

108. read léigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=léigh Pól leabhar an-shuimiúil.
pst =read pn book int -interesting
‘Pól read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) bog

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Bhog Pól a mhéar.
pst /move pn poss .3 sg . m finger
‘Pól moved his finger.’

110. respect bí meas

Valency pattern: aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
meas aig Pól air Máire.
be. prs respect at pn on pn
‘Pól respects Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

111. be squeamish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

112. be content bí an-shásta

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pól an-shásta le-na mhac.
be. prs pn int -content with- poss .3 sg . m son
‘Pól is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love tit i ngrá

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=thit Pól i ngrá le Máire.
pst =fall pn in love with pn
‘Pól fell in love with Máire.’

114. trust bí muinín

Valency pattern: aige_as
X: aige
Y: as
Locus: XY
muinín aige Pól as Mháire.
be. prs trust at pn from pn
‘Pól trusts Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise bí trua

Valency pattern: aige_le
X: aige
Y: le
Locus: XY
trua aige Pól le-na mháthair.
be. prs sympathy at pn with- poss .3 sg . m mother
‘Pól sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy bí formad

Valency pattern: aige_le
X: aige
Y: le
Locus: XY
formad aige Pól le Máire.
be. prs envy at pn with pn
‘Pól envies Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry bí feargach

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pól feargach le Máire.
be. prs pn angry with pn
‘Pól is angry with Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised bí iontas

Valency pattern: ar_mar.gheall.air
X: ar
Y: mar.gheall.air
Locus: XY
Bhí iontas air Phól mar_gheall_air an mbronntanas.
be. pst surprise on pn with.respect.to def gift
‘Pól was surprised at the gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) is breá

Valency pattern: le_SBJ
X: le
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Is breá le Pól tae.
cop . prs pleasant with pn tea
‘Pól loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want teastaigh

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Teast-aíonn fón ó Peter.
be_necessary- prs telephone new from pn
‘Pól wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

122. have a grudge bí an chloch sa muinirtle

Valency pattern: aige_do(PREP)
X: aige
Y: do(PREP)
Locus: X
an chloch sa muinirtle aige Pól do Mháire.
be. prs def stone in. def sleeve at pn for pn
‘Pól holds a grudge against Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence bí an goimh

Valency pattern: ar_go.dti
X: ar
Y: go.dti
Locus: XY
Bhí an goimh air Phól go_dtí Máire.
be. pst def sting on pn in_direction pn
‘Pól took offence at Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset gortaigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ghortaigh Pól Máire g’ mór.
pst /cause_pain pn pn strongly
‘Pól greatly upset Máire.’

125. marvel bí iontas

Valency pattern: ar_le
X: ar
Y: le
Locus: XY
Bhí iontas air Phól leis an chathair.
be. pst surprise on pn with def town
‘Pól was impressed by the town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise bí an ghrain dearg

Valency pattern: aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
an ghrain dearg aige Pól air Máire.
be. prs def hatred red at pn on pn
‘Pól despises Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

127. get upset bí trína chéile

Valency pattern: SBJ_de.dheascaibh
X: SBJ
Y: de.dheascaibh
Locus: Y
Bhí Pól trína chéile de_dheascaibh a mhac.
be. pst pn upset upset because_of poss .3 sg . m son
‘Pól got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated fáil imníoch

Valency pattern: SBJ_faoi
X: SBJ
Y: faoi
Locus: Y
Pól a’ fáilt imníoch faoi-na hiníon.
be. prs pn at become. nmlz irritated under- poss .3 sg . m daughter
‘Pól is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The copula-like verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

129. be fond bí mór

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pól mór le Máire.
be. prs pn big with pn
‘Pól is fond of Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy bí náire

Valency pattern: ar_mar.gheall.air
X: ar
Y: mar.gheall.air
Locus: XY
náire air Phól mar_gheall_air a airde.
be. prs shame on pn with.respect.to poss .3 sg . m height
‘Pól is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.