Finnish

Contributed by Ksenia Shagal (Academia.edu profile)

K.S.'s photo

The data were provided by Ksenia Shagal in 2017 based on her second-language knowledge and consultations with native speakers. The English version of the questionnaire was used for the consultations. The data presented here were kindly proofread by Olli Silvennoinen in 2021.

How to cite

Shagal, Ksenia. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Finnish. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on July 24, 2021; last revised on December 31, 2020.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 62.0, 25.0.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Uralic, genus: Finnic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction (declarative, affirmative, and active), the subject (A- or S-argument) is in the nominative, while the object (P-argument) can have different marking depending on morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics of the clause. In perfective contexts, totally affected objects, or the so-called “total objects”, can be expressed by the genitive with singular nouns, as in (1), or the nominative with plural nouns, as in (2), or by a specialized accusative form, which only exists in personal pronouns, as in (3):

(1) Pekka   löy-si        avaim-en
    PN.NOM  find-PST.3SG  key-GEN
    ‘Pekka found the key.’

(2) Pekka   löy-si        avaim-et
    PN.NOM  find-PST.3SG  key-NOM.PL
    ‘Pekka found the keys.’

(3) Pekka   löy-si        minut
    PN.NOM  find-PST.3SG  1SG.ACC
    ‘Pekka found me.’

In imperfective contexts or when the object is not totally affected, it can be expressed by the partitive; compare (4) with a total object in the genitive to (5) with a partitive object:

(4) Pekka   joi            maido-n
    PN.NOM  drink.PST.3SG  milk-GEN
    ‘Pekka drank the milk.’

(5) Pekka   juo             maito-a
    PN.NOM  drink.PRS.3SGg  milk-PART
    ‘Pekka drinks milk.’

Verbs like juoda ‘drink’, which allow for both genitive and partitive encoding, are considered transitive. There is, however, a large group of verbs that use only (or predominantly) partitive encoding, such as rakastaa ‘love’ or odottaa ‘wait’. These are considered intransitive. In the standard language, the verb normally agrees with the nominative subject in person and number. Non-subjects are never indexed on the verb. Non-core arguments are usually flagged by oblique cases or by postpositions, which typically require genitive marking on the noun.

Case system

Finnish has fifteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, accusative, essive, translative, inessive, elative, illative, adessive, ablative, allative, abessive, comitative, and instructive.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their infinitive form.

Glossing abbreviations

1, 2, 3 — 1st, 2nd, 3rd person; ABL — ablative; ADE — adessive; ADV — adverb; ALL — allative; ELA — elative; FREQ — frequentative; GEN — genitive; ILL — illative; IMPERS — impersonal; INE — inessive; INF — infinitive; NOM — nominative; PART — partitive; PASS — passive; PL — plural; PN — proper name; POSS — possessive; PRS — present; PST — past; TRANS — translative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain särkeä

Valency pattern: ADE_PART

X: ADE

Y: PART

Locus: XY

Peka-lla	särk-ee	pää-tä
pn - ade	ache- prs .3 sg	head- part
‘Pekka has a headache.’

2. have (illness) olla

Valency pattern: ADE_NOM

X: ADE

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peka-lla	on	flunssa
pn - ade	be. prs .3 sg	flu. nom
‘Pekka has the flu.’

3. be afraid pelätä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	pelkä-ä	koira-a
pn	be.afraid- prs .3 sg	dog- part
‘Pekka is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw heittää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	heitt-i	kiv-en
pn . nom	throw- pst .3 sg	stone- gen
‘Pekka threw a stone.’

5. have enough tarpeeksi + COP

Valency pattern: ADE_PART

X: ADE

Y: PART

Locus: XY

Peka-lla	on	tarpeeksi	raha-a
pn - ade	be. prs .3 sg	enough	money- part
‘Pekka has enough money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

6. resemble näköinen + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pekka	on	Mati-n	/	hänen	näköinen
pn . nom	be. prs .3 sg	pn - gen	/	he. gen	similar.looking
‘Pekka resembles Matti / him.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe uskoa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	usko-o	Matti-a
pn . nom	believe- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka believes Matti.’

8. take ottaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	ott-i	kirja-n	kirjahylly-ltä
pn . nom	take- pst .3 sg	book- gen	bookshelf- abl
‘Pekka took a book from the shelf.’

9. see nähdä

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	näke-e	talo-n
pn . nom	see- prs .3 sg	house- gen
‘Pekka sees a house.’

10. influence vaikuttaa

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

ikä	vaikutta-a	muisti-in
age. nom	influence- prs .3 sg	memory- ill
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter tavata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	tapa-si	Mati-n
pn . nom	encounter- pst .3 sg	pn - gen
‘Pekka encountered Matti’

12. enter astua

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Pekka	astu-i	talo-on
pn . nom	enter- pst .3 sg	house- ill
‘Pekka entered the house.’

13. win voittaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	voitt-i	Mati-n
pn . nom	win- pst .3 sg	pn - gen
‘Pekka beat Matti’

14. go out poistua

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	poistu-i	talo-sta
pn . nom	go.out- pst .3 sg	house- ela
‘Pekka went out of the house.’

15. drive ajaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	aj-aa	lehmä-ä	pello-lle
pn . nom	drive- prs .3 sg	cow- part	field- all
‘Pekka is driving the cow to the pasture.’
Note: The actual sentence displays the NOM_PART pattern, which is conditioned by use of the present tense.

16. bend taivuttaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	taivutt-i	oksa-n
pn . nom	bend- pst .3 sg	branch- gen
‘Pekka bent the branch.’

17. tell sanoa

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Pekka	san-oi	Mati-lle:
pn . nom	say- pst .3 sg	pn - all
‘Pekka told Matti: ...’

18. hold pitää

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	pit-ää	kirja-a	käde-ssä-än
pn . nom	hold- prs .3 sg	book- part	hand- ine - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka is holding a book in his hand.’

19. catch up ottaa kiinni

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	ott-i	Mati-n	kiinni
pn . nom	take- pst .3 sg	pn - gen	shut
‘Pekka caught up with Matti’

20. milk lypsää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	lyps-i	lehmä-n
pn . nom	milk- pst .3 sg	cow- gen
‘Pekka milked the cow.’

21. reach saavuttaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	saavutt-i	ranna-n
pn . nom	reach- pst .3 sg	bank- gen
‘Pekka reached the bank.’

22. touch koskea

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Pekka	kosk-i	seinä-än
pn . nom	touch- pst .3 sg	wall- ill
‘Pekka touched the wall.’

23. fight tapella

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkanssa

X: NOM

Y: GENkanssa

Locus: Y

Pekka	tappel-ee	Mati-n	kanssa
pn . nom	fight- prs .3 sg	pn - gen	with
‘Pekka is fighting with Matti’

24. be friends *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Pekka	ja	Matti	ovat	ystäv-i-ä
pn . nom	and	pn . nom	be. prs .3 pl	friend- pl - part
‘Pekka is friends with Matti.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

25. think ajatella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	ajattel-ee	Matti-a
pn . nom	think- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka is thinking about Matti’

26. eat syödä

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	söi	omena-n
pn . nom	eat. pst .3 sg	apple- gen
‘Pekka ate an apple.’

27. fry paistaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	paist-oi	kala-n
pn . nom	fry- pst .3 sg	fish- gen
‘Pekka fried the fish.’

28. wait odottaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	odott-aa	Matti-a
pn . nom	wait- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka is waiting for Matti’

29. forget unohtaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	unoht-i	toisen	tie-n
pn . nom	forget- pst .3 sg	second. gen	road- gen
‘Pekka forgot about the other road.’

30. depend riippua

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

muisti	riippu-u	iä-stä
memory. nom	depend- prs .3 sg	age- ela
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call kutsua

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	kutsu-i	Matti-a
pn . nom	call- pst .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka called Matti.’
Note: It is not clear whether M. came or didn’t come after all.

32. get to know tutustua

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Pekka	tutustu-i	Matti-in	vuosi	sitten
pn . nom	get.to.know- pst .3 sg	pn - ill	year. nom	ago
‘Pekka got to know Matti a year ago.’

33. know tuntea

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	tunt-ee	Mati-n
pn . nom	know- prs .3 sg	pn - gen
‘Pekka knows Matti.’

34. play (instrument) soittaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	soitt-aa	kitara-a
pn . nom	play- prs .3 sg	guitar- part
‘Pekka is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid vältellä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	vältt-el-ee	Matti-a
pn . nom	avoid- freq - prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka avoids Matti.’

36. make tehdä

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	tek-i	hiirenlouku-n
pn . nom	make- pst .3 sg	mousetrap- gen
‘Pekka made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun pilkata

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	pilkka-a	Matti-a
pn . nom	make.fun- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka is making fun of Matti.’

38. have olla

Valency pattern: ADE_NOM

X: ADE

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peka-lla	on	auto
pn - ade	be. prs .3 sg	car. nom
‘Pekka has a car.’

39. look for etsiä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	etsi-i	avaim-ia-an
pn . nom	look.for- prs .3 sg	key- part . pl - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka is looking for his keys.’

40. paint maalata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	maala-si	aida-n
pn . nom	paint- pst .3 sg	fence- gen
‘Pekka painted the fence.’

41. bite purra

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

koira	pur-i	Pekka-a
dog. nom	bite- pst .3 sg	pn - part
‘A dog bit Pekka.’

42. forfeit menettää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	menett-i	talo-nsa
pn . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	house- gen . poss .3 sg
‘Pekka lost his house.’

43. try to catch yrittää saada … kiinni

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	yritt-ää	saa-da	kissa-n	kiinni
pn . nom	try- prs .3 sg	get- inf	cat- gen	caught
‘Pekka is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break katkoa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	katko-i	oksa-n
pn . nom	break- pst .3 sg	branch- gen
‘Pekka broke a branch.’

45. flatter imarella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	imartel-ee	Lotta-a
pn . nom	flatter- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka is flattering Lotta.’

46. love (person) rakastaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	rakast-aa	Matti-a
pn . nom	love- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka loves Matti’

47. wave huiskuttaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	huiskutt-aa	nenäliina-a
pn . nom	wave- prs .3 sg	handkerchief- part
‘Pekka is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream haaveilla

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	haaveil-ee	uude-sta	auto-sta
pn . nom	dream- prs .3 sg	new- ela	car- ela
‘Pekka is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash pestä

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	pes-i	kupi-n
pn . nom	wash- pst .3 sg	cup- gen
‘Pekka washed the cup.’

50. put on pukea ylleen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	puk-i	paida-n	ylle-en
pn . nom	put.on- pst .3 sg	shirt- gen	on. all - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka put on the shirt.’

51. be called kutsua (PASS.IMPERS)

Valency pattern: PART_TRANS

X: PART

Y: TRANS

Locus: XY

tä-tä	työkalu-a	kutsu-taan	kompassi-ksi
this- part	tool- part	call- pass . impers	compass- trans
‘This tool is called a compass.’

52. punish rangaista

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	rankais-i	poika-a-nsa
pn . nom	punish- pst .3 sg	son- part - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka punished his son.’

53. attack hyökätä

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkimppuun

X: NOM

Y: GENkimppuun

Locus: Y

karhu	hyökkä-si	kalastaja-n	kimppuun
bear. nom	attack- pst .3 sg	fisherman- gen	to
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) täyttyä

Valency pattern: NOM_ADE

X: NOM

Y: ADE

Locus: Y

ämpäri	täytty-i	vede-llä
bucket. nom	fill- pst .3 sg	water- ade
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find löytää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	löy-si	avaim-en
pn . nom	find- pst .3 sg	key- gen
‘Pekka found the key.’

56. be short puuttua

Valency pattern: ABL_NOM

X: ABL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peka-lta	puuttu-u	yksi	euro
pn - abl	lack- prs .3 sg	one. nom	euro. nom
‘Pekka is short one euro.’

57. hate vihata

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	viha-a	Matti-a
pn . nom	hate- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka hates Matti’

58. like pitää

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	pit-ää	tä-stä	paida-sta
pn . nom	like- prs .3 sg	this- ela	shirt- ela
‘Pekka likes this shirt.’

59. need tarvita

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	tarvits-ee	raha-a
pn . nom	need- prs .3 sg	money- part
‘Pekka needs money.’
Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb.

60. surround ympäröidä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

muuri-t	ympäröi-vät	kaupunki-a
wall- nom . pl	surround-3 pl	city- part
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb.

61. remain jäädä

Valency pattern: ALL_NOM

X: ALL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peka-lle	jä-i	yksi	euro
pn - all	remain- pst .3 sg	one. nom	euro. nom
‘Pekka has 1 euro left.’

62. answer vastata

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Pekka	vasta-si	opettaja-lle
pn . nom	answer- pst .3 sg	teacher- all
‘Pekka answered the teacher.’

63. open avata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	ava-si	tölki-n
pn . nom	open- pst .3 sg	can- gen
‘Pekka opened a can.’

64. be different erota

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

minun	paita-ni	ero-aa	sinun	paida-sta-si
1 sg . gen	shirt. nom - poss .1 sg	differ- prs .3 sg	2 sg . gen	shirt- ela - poss .2 sg
‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’

65. fall behind jäädä jälkeen

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	jä-i	jälkeen	Mati-sta
pn . nom	stay- pst .3 sg	behind	pn - ela
‘Pekka fell behind Matti.’

66. plough kyntää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	kynt-ää	pelto-a
pn . nom	plough- prs .3 sg	field- part
‘Pekka is ploughing the field.’

67. smell haista

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

käte-ni	hais-e-vat	bensiini-ltä
hand. nom . pl - poss .1 sg	smell- prs -3 pl	gasoline- abl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross ylittää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	ylitt-i	tie-n
pn . nom	cross- pst .3 sg	road- gen
‘Pekka crossed the road.’

69. sing laulaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	laul-oi	kaunii-n	laulu-n
pn . nom	sing- pst .3 sg	beautiful- gen	song- gen
‘Pekka sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kirjoittaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	kirjoitt-i	kirje-en
pn . nom	write- pst .3 sg	letter- gen
‘Pekka wrote a letter.’

71. drink juoda

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	joi	maido-n
pn . nom	drink. pst .3 sg	milk- gen
‘Pekka drank the milk.’

72. melt sulattaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	sulatt-i	metallipala-n
pn . nom	melt- pst .3 sg	piece.of.metal- gen
‘Pekka melted a piece of metal.’

73. match sopia

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

tämä	vyö	sopi-i	mekko-o-ni
this. nom	belt. nom	match- prs .3 sg	dress- ill - poss .1 sg
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave lähteä

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	läht-i	koti-kaupungi-sta-an
pn . nom	leave- pst .3 sg	home-city- ela - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka left his native city.’

75. cover peittää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

matto	peitt-ää	koko	lattia-n
carpet. nom	cover- prs .3 sg	whole	floor- gen
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember muistaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	muist-aa	talo-n	hyv-in
pn . nom	remember- prs .3 sg	house- gen	good- adv
‘Pekka remembers the house well.’

77. help auttaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	autt-oi	Matti-a
pn . nom	help- pst .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka helped Matti.’

78. understand (language) ymmärtää

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	ymmärt-ää	ranska-a
pn . nom	understand- prs .3 sg	f rench- part
‘Pekka understands French.’

79. hit (target) osua

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

salama	osu-i	talo-on
l ightning. nom	strike- pst .3 sg	house- ill
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself tehdä itselleen haavan

Valency pattern: NOM_ADE

X: NOM

Y: ADE

Locus: Y

Pekka	tek-i	itse-lle-en	haava-n	partaterä-llä
pn . nom	do- pst .3 sg	self- all - poss .3 sg	cut- gen	razor- ade
‘Pekka cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck juuttua

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

lasi	juuttu-i	pöytä-än
glass. nom	get.stuck- pst .3 sg	table- ill
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) hävitä

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Pekka	hävi-si	Mati-lle
pn . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	pn - all
‘Pekka lost to Matti.’

83. be glad iloinen + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	oli	iloinen	kirjee-stä
pn . nom	be. pst .3 sg	glad. nom	letter- ela
‘Pekka was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak puhua

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkanssa

X: NOM

Y: GENkanssa

Locus: Y

Pekka	puhu-u	Mati-n	kanssa
pn . nom	speak- prs .3 sg	pn - gen	with
‘Pekka is speaking with Matti.’

85. give birth synnyttää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Lotta	synnytt-i	poja-n
pn . nom	give.birth- pst .3 sg	son- gen
‘Lotta gave birth to a son.’

86. drop pudottaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	pudott-i	lasi-n
pn . nom	drop- pst .3 sg	glass- gen
‘Pekka dropped the glass.’

87. govern johtaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	joht-aa	kaupunki-a-mme
pn . nom	govern- prs .3 sg	town- part - poss .1 pl
‘Pekka runs our town.’

88. miss ikävä + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peka-lla	on	ikävä	Matti-a
pn - ade	be. prs .3 sg	sad. nom	pn - part
‘Pekka misses Matti’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow seurata

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	seura-a	Matti-a
pn . nom	follow- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka follows Matti’

90. dismount laskeutua

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	laskeutu-i	hevose-n	selä-stä
pn . nom	dismount- pst .3 sg	horse- gen	back- ela
‘Pekka got down from the horse.’

91. listen kuunnella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	kuuntel-ee	radio-ta
pn . nom	listen- prs .3 sg	radio- part
‘Pekka is listening to radio.’

92. obey totella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	tottel-ee	äiti-ä-än	aina
pn . nom	obey- prs .3 sg	mother- part - poss .3 sg	always
‘Pekka always obeys his mother.’

93. hear kuulla

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	kuul-ee	musiiki-n
pn . nom	hear- prs .3 sg	music- gen
‘Pekka hears the music.’

94. mix sekoittua

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

hunaja	sekoittu-i	maito-on
honey. nom	mix- pst .3 sg	milk- ill
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look katsoa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	katso-o	pilv-i-ä
pn . nom	look- prs .3 sg	cloud- pl - part
‘Pekka is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off riisua

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	riisu-i	paida-n
pn . nom	take.off- pst .3 sg	shirt- gen
‘Pekka took off the shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) nähdä unta

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	näk-ee	un-ta	Mati-sta
pn . nom	see- prs .3 sg	dream- part	pn - ela
‘Pekka dreams about Matti.’

98. agree samaa mieltä + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkanssa

X: NOM

Y: GENkanssa

Locus: Y

Pekka	oli	sama-a	miel-tä	Mati-n	kanssa
pn . nom	be. pst .3 sg	same- part	mind- part	pn - gen	with
‘Pekka agreed with Matti.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel riidellä

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkanssa

X: NOM

Y: GENkanssa

Locus: Y

Pekka	riitel-i	Mati-n	kanssa
pn . nom	have.a.quarrel- pst .3 sg	pn - gen	with
‘Pekka had a quarrel with Matti.’

100. cost maksaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

tämä	kuppi	maks-aa	yhden	euro-n
this. nom	cup. nom	cost- prs .3 sg	one. gen	euro- gen
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

101. shoot at ampua

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	ampu-i	lintu-a
pn . nom	shoot- pst .3 sg	bird- part
‘Pekka shot at the bird.’

102. pour kaataa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	kaat-oi	sokeri-n	kuppi-in
pn . nom	pour- pst .3 sg	sugar- gen	cup- ill
‘Pekka poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose hukata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	hukka-si	avaim-en
pn . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	key- gen
‘Pekka lost the key.’

104. sink upota

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

tukki	uppo-si	vete-en
log. nom	sink- pst .3 sg	water- ill
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill tappaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	tapp-oi	Mati-n
pn . nom	kill- pst .3 sg	pn - gen
‘Pekka killed Matti.’

106. hit lyödä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	löi	Matti-a
pn . nom	hit. pst .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka hit Matti.’

107. kiss suudella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	suutel-i	Matti-a
pn . nom	kiss- pst .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka kissed Matti.’

108. read lukea

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	luk-i	mielenkiintoisen	kirja-n
pn . nom	read- pst .3 sg	interesting. gen	book- gen
‘Pekka read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) liikuttaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	liikutt-i	sorme-a-an
pn . nom	move- pst .3 sg	finger- part - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka moved his finger.’

110. respect kunnioittaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	kunnioitt-aa	Matti-a
pn . nom	respect- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka respects Matti’

111. be squeamish karsastaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	karsast-aa	likais-i-a	asti-oi-ta
pn . nom	be.squeamish- prs .3 sg	dirty- pl - part	dish- pl - part
‘Pekka is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content tyytyväinen + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Pekka	on	tyytyväinen	poika-ansa
pn . nom	be. prs .3 sg	content. nom	son- ill . poss .3 sg
‘Pekka is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love rakastua

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Pekka	rakastu-i	Matti-in
pn . nom	fall.in.love- pst .3 sg	pn - ill
‘Pekka fell in love with Matti.’

114. trust luottaa

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Pekka	luott-aa	Matti-in
pn . nom	trust- prs .3 sg	pn - ill
‘Pekka trusts Matti.’

115. sympathise sääliä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	sääli-i	äiti-ä-än
pn . nom	feel.pity- prs .3 sg	mother- part - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka feels pity for his mother.’

116. envy kadehtia

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	kadehti-i	Matti-a
pn . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka envies Matti.’

117. be angry vihainen + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Pekka	on	vihainen	Mati-lle
pn . nom	be. prs .3 sg	angry. nom	pn - all
‘Pekka is angry with Matti.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised yllättyä

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	yllätty-i	tä-stä	lahja-sta
pn . nom	be.surprised- pst .3 sg	this- ela	gift- ela
‘Pekka was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) pitää

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	pit-ää	tee-stä
pn . nom	like- prs .3 sg	tee- ela
‘Pekka loves tea.’

120. enjoy nauttia

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	nautti-i	tee-stä
pn . nom	enjoy- prs .3 sg	tea- ela
‘Pekka enjoys hot tea.’
Note: With objects denoting food or drinks, the NOM_PART pattern is also possible.

121. want haluta

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	halu-aa	uuden	kännykä-n
pn . nom	want- prs .3 sg	new. gen	mobile.phone- gen
‘Pekka wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge kantaa kaunaa

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Pekka	kant-aa	kauna-a	Mati-lle
pn . nom	bear- prs .3 sg	grudge- part	pn - all
‘Pekka has a grudge against Matti.’

123. take offence loukkaantua

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Pekka	loukkaantu-i	Mati-lle
pn . nom	take.offence- pst .3 sg	pn - all
‘P got cross with Matti.’

124. upset suututtaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	suututt-i	Mati-n	pahanpäiväisesti
pn . nom	upset- pst .3 sg	pn - gen	badly
‘Pekka greatly upset Matti.’

125. marvel hämmästyä

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	hämmästy-i	tä-stä	kaupungi-sta
pn . nom	marvel- pst .3 sg	this- ela	town- ela
‘Pekka marvelled at this town.’

126. despise halveksia

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	halveksi-i	Matti-a
pn . nom	despise- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka despises Matti.’

127. get upset suuttua

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Pekka	suuttu-i	poja-lle-en
pn . nom	get.upset- pst .3 sg	son- all - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ärsyyntyä

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	ärsyynty-y	tytö-stä-än
pn . nom	be.irritated- prs .3 sg	daughter- ela - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond tykätä

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	tykkä-ä	Mati-sta
pn . nom	like- prs .3 sg	pn - ela
‘Pekka is fond of Matti.’

130. be shy ujostella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	ujostel-ee	pituu-tta-an
pn . nom	be.shy- prs .3 sg	height- part - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka is shy about his height.’