Estonian

Contributed by Merit Niinemägi

Irina (Pavlovna) Külmoja provided some preliminary data in 2013. In 2021, Merit Niinemägi provided and analyzed the current version of the data. She used the English version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Niinemägi, Merit. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Estonian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 12, 2021; last revised on December 12, 2021.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 58.55, 25.82.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Uralic, genus: Finnic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM

X: ADESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peetri-l	on	peavalu
pn - adess	be. prs .3 sg	headache. sg . nom
‘Peeter has a headache.’

2. have (illness) olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM

X: ADESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peetri-l	on	gripp
pn - adess	be. prs .3 sg	flu. sg . nom
‘Peeter has the flu.’

3. be afraid kartma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	karda-b	koera
pn . sg . nom	fear- prs .3 sg	dog. sg . part
‘Peeter is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw viskama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	viska-s	kivi	esimese-na
pn . sg . nom	throw- pst .3 sg	stone. sg . part	first- ess
‘Peeter threw a stone first.'

5. have enough piisavalt olema

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

nüüd	on	Peetri-l	piisavalt	raha
now	be. prs .3 sg	pn - adess	enough	money. sg . part
‘Now Peeter has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + NP-internal component).

6. resemble meenutama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	meenuta-b	Madis-t
pn . sg . nom	resemble- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter resembles Madis.’

7. believe uskuma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	usu-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	believe- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter believes Maret.’

8. take võtma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	võtt-is	raamatu
pn . sg . nom	take- pst .3 sg	book. sg . gen
‘Peeter took a book.’

9. see nägema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	näe-b	maja
pn . sg . nom	see- prs .3 sg	house. sg . part
‘Peeter sees a house.’

10. influence mõjutama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

vanus	mõjuta-b	mälu
age. sg . nom	influence- prs .3 sg	memory. sg . part
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter kohtama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	kohta-s	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	encounter- pst .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter encountered Maret.’

12. enter sisenema

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Peeter	sisene-s	majja.
pn . sg . nom	enter- pst .3 sg	house. sg . ill
‘Peeter entered the house.’

13. win võitma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	võit-is	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	win- pst .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter beat Maret.’

14. go out väljuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	väljus	maja-st
pn . sg . nom	go_out. pst .3 sg	house- ela
‘Peeter went out of the house.’

15. drive ajama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	aja-b	lehma	karjamaa-le
pn . sg . nom	drive- prs .3 sg	cow. sg . part	pasture- all
‘Peeter is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend painutama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	painuta-s	oksa
pn . sg . nom	bend- pst .3 sg	branch. sg . part
‘Peeter bent the branch.’

17. tell ütlema

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Peeter	ütles	Mareti-le: ...
pn . sg . nom	say- pst .3 sg	pn - all
‘Peeter said to Maret: ...’

18. hold hoidma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	hoia-b	raamatu-t	käe-s
pn . sg . nom	hold- prs .3 sg	book- sg . part	hand- iness
‘Peeter is holding the book in his hands.’

19. catch up järele jõudma

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Peeter	jõud-is	Mareti-le	järele
pn . sg . nom	reach- pst .3 sg	pn - all	after
‘Peeter caught up with Maret.’
Note: Phrasal verb (järele is not a flagging device).

20. milk lüpsma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	lüps-is	lehma
pn . sg . nom	milk- pst .3 sg	cow. sg . part
‘Peeter milked the cow.’

21. reach jõudma

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Peeter	jõud-is	kalda-le
pn . sg . nom	reach- pst .3 sg	bank- all
‘Peeter reached the bank.’

22. touch puudutama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	puuduta-s	seina
pn . sg . nom	touch- pst .3 sg	wall. sg . part
‘Peeter touched the wall.’

23. fight tülitsema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peeter	tülitse-b	Mareti-ga
pn . sg . nom	fight- prs .3 sg	pn - com
‘Peeter is fighting with Maret.’

24. be friends sõber olema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peeter	on	Mareti-ga	sõber
pn . sg . nom	be. prs .3 sg	pn - com	friend. sg . nom
‘Peeter is friends with Maret.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think mõtlema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	mõtle-b	Mareti-st
pn . sg . nom	think- prs .3 sg	pn - ela
‘Peeter is thinking about Maret.’
Note: Peeter mõtleb Maretle (ALL instead of ELA) is also possible, so the y-argument could be analysed as ELA~ALL

26. eat sööma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	sõi	õuna
pn . sg . nom	eat. pst .3 sg	apple. sg . part
‘Peeter ate an apple.’

27. fry küpsetama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	küpseta-s	kala
pn . sg . nom	fry- pst .3 sg	fish. sg . part
‘Peeter fried the fish.’

28. wait ootama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	oota-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	wait- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter is waiting for Maret.’

29. forget unustama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	unusta-s	teise	tee
pn . sg . nom	forget- pst .3 sg	other. sg . gen	road. sg . gen
‘Peeter forgot the other road.’

30. depend sõltuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

mälu	sõltu-b	vanuse-st
memory. sg . nom	depend- prs .3 sg	age- ela
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call helistama

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Peeter	helista-s	Mareti-le
pn . sg . nom	call- pst .3 sg	pn - all
‘Peeter called Maret.’

32. get to know tutvuma

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peeter	tutvu-s	Mareti-ga	aasta	tagasi
pn . sg . nom	get_to_know- pst .3 sg	pn - com	year	back
‘Peeter got to know Maret a year ago.’

33. know tundma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	tunne-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	know- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter knows Maret.’

34. play (instrument) mängima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	mängi-b	kitarri
pn . sg . nom	play- prs .3 sg	guitar. sg . part
‘Peeter is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid vältima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	väldi-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	avoid- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter avoids Maret.’

36. make tegema

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	teg-i	hiirelõksu
pn . sg . nom	make- pst .3 sg	mousetrap. sg . gen
‘Peeter made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun nalja tegema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENule

X: NOM

Y: GENule

Locus: Y

Peeter	tee-b	Mareti	üle	nalja
pn . sg . nom	make- prs .3 sg	pn . sg . gen	over	joke. sg . part
‘Peeter is making fun of Maret.’

38. have olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM

X: ADESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peetri-l	on	auto
pn - adess	be. prs .3 sg	car. sg . nom
‘Peeter has a car.’

39. look for otsima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	otsi-b	oma	võtme-id
pn . sg . nom	search- prs .3 sg	poss . refl	key- pl . part
‘Peeter is searching for his keys.’

40. paint värvima

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	värvi-s	aeda
pn . sg . nom	paint- pst .3 sg	fence. sg . part
‘Peeter painted the fence.’

41. bite hammustama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

koer	hammusta-s	Peetri-t
dog. sg . nom	bite- pst .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘A dog bit Peeter.’

42. forfeit ilma jääma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	jä-i	oma	maja-st	ilma
pn . sg . nom	stay- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	house- ela	without
‘Peeter lost his house.’
Note: Phrasal verb (ilma is not a flagging device).

43. try to catch üritama kinni püüda

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	ürita-b	kassi	kinni	püüd-a
pn . sg . nom	try- prs .3 sg	cat. sg . part	closed	catch- inf
‘Peeter is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break murdma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	murd-is	pulga
pn . sg . nom	break- pst .3 sg	stick. sg . gen
‘Peeter broke a stick.’

45. flatter meelitama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	meelita-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	flatter- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter is flattering Maret.’

46. love (person) armastama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	armasta-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	love- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter loves Maret.’

47. wave lehvitama

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peeter	lehvita-b	taskurätiku-ga
pn . sg . nom	wave- prs .3 sg	handkerchief- com
‘Peeter is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream unistama

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	unista-b	uue-st	auto-st
pn . sg . nom	dream_of- prs .3 sg	new- ela	car- ela
‘Peeter is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash pesema

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	pes-i	tassi
pn . sg . nom	wash- pst .3 sg	cup. sg . gen
‘Peeter washed the cup.’

50. put on jalga panema

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	pan-i	püksi-d	jalga
pn . sg . nom	put- pst .3 sg	trouser- pl . nom	leg. sg . ill
‘Peeter put on his trousers.’

51. be called kutsuma

Valency pattern: PART_TRANSL

X: PART

Y: TRANSL

Locus: XY

seda	mõõteriista	kutsu-takse	kompassi-ks
dem . sg . part	measuring_tool. sg . part	call- prs . imprs	compass- transl
‘This measuring tool is called a compass.’

52. punish karistama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	karista-b	oma	poega
pn . sg . nom	punish- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	son. sg . part
‘Peeter punished his son.’

53. attack ründama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

karu	ründa-s	kalamees-t
bear. sg . nom	attack- pst .3 sg	fisherman- sg . part
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) täituma

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

ämber	täitu-s	vee-ga
bucket. sg . nom	fill- pst .3 sg	water- com
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find leidma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	leid-is	oma	võtme-d
pn . sg . nom	find- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	key- pl . nom
‘Peeter found his keys.’

56. be short puudu jääma

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM

X: ADESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peetri-l	jää-b	üks	euro	puudu
pn - adess	stay- prs .3 sg	one. sg . nom	euro. sg . nom	missing
‘Peeter is short one euro.’
Note: Phrasal verb (puudu is not a flagging device).

57. hate vihkama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	vihka-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	hate- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter hates Maret.’

58. like meeldima

Valency pattern: ALL_NOM

X: ALL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peetri-le	meeldi-b	see	särk
pn - all	appeal_to- prs .3 sg	dem	shirt. sg . nom
‘Peeter likes this shirt.’

59. need vajama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	vaja-b	raha
pn . sg . nom	need- prs .3 sg	money. sg . part
‘Peeter needs money.’

60. surround ümbritsema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

müüri-d	ümbritse-vad	linna
wall- pl . nom	surround- prs .3 pl	city. sg . part
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain alles olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM

X: ADESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peetri-l	on	kümme	euro-t	alles
pn - adess	be. prs .3 sg	ten. sg . nom	euro- sg . part	left
‘Peeter has ten euros left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

62. answer vastama

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Peeter	vasta-s	õpetaja-le
pn . sg . nom	answer- pst .3 sg	teacher- all
‘Peeter answered the teacher.’

63. open avama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	ava-s	konservi
pn . sg . nom	open- pst .3 sg	can. sg . gen
‘Peeter opened a can.’

64. be different erinema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

ei,	minu	särk	erine-b	sinu	oma-st
no,	1 sg . gen	shirt. sg . nom	differ- prs .3 sg	2 sg . gen	poss . refl - ela
‘No, my shirt differs from yours.’

65. fall behind maha jääma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	jä-i	Mareti-st	maha
pn . sg . nom	stay- pst .3 sg	pn - ela	down
‘Peeter fell behind Maret.’
Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device).

66. plough kündma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	künna-b	põldu
pn . sg . nom	plough- prs .3 sg	field. sg . part
‘Peeter is ploughing the field.’

67. smell lõhnama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENjarele

X: NOM

Y: GENjarele

Locus: Y

mu	käe-d	lõhna-vad	bensiini	järele
1 sg . gen	hand- pl . nom	smell- prs .3 pl	gasoline. sg . gen	after
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross ületama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	ületa-s	tee
pn . sg . nom	cross- prs .3 sg	road. sg . gen
‘Peeter crossed the road.’

69. sing laulma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	laul-is	ilusa	laulu
pn . sg . nom	sing- pst .3 sg	beautiful. sg . gen	song. sg . gen
‘Peeter sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kirjutama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	kirjuta-s	kirja
pn . sg . nom	write- pst .3 sg	letter. sg . gen
‘Peeter wrote a letter.’

71. drink jooma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	jõ-i	piima
pn . sg . nom	drink- pst .3 sg	milk. sg . part
‘Peeter drank milk.’

72. melt sulatama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	sulata-s	tüki	plii-d
pn . sg . nom	melt- pst .3 sg	piece. sg . gen	lead- sg . part
‘Peeter melted a piece of lead.’

73. match sobima

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

see	vöö	sobi-b	minu	kleidi-ga
dem . sg . nom	belt. sg . nom	fit- prs .3 sg	1 sg . gen	dress- com
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave lahkuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	lahku-s	oma	sünnilinna-st
pn . sg . nom	leave- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	birth_city- ela
‘Peeter left his native city.’

75. cover katma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

vaip	kata-b	terve	põranda
carpet. sg . nom	cover- prs .3 sg	whole. sg . gen	floor. sg . gen
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember mäletama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	mäleta-b	maja	hästi
pn . sg . nom	remember- prs .3 sg	house. sg . part	well
‘Peeter remembers the house well.’

77. help aitama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	aita-s	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	help- pst .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter helped Maret.’

78. understand (language) aru saama

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	saa-b	prantsuse	keele-st	aru
pn . sg . nom	get- prs .3 sg	f rench	language- ela	wit. sg . part
‘Peeter understands French.’

79. hit (target) lööma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

välk	lõ-i	majja
lightning. sg . nom	hit- pst .3 sg	house. sg . ill
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself ennast vigastama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	vigasta-s	ennast	habemenoa-ga
pn . sg . nom	hurt- pst .3 sg	refl . sg . part	beard_knife- com
‘Peeter hurt himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck kinni jääma

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkulge

X: NOM

Y: GENkulge

Locus: Y

klaas	jä-i	laua	külge	kinni
glass. sg . nom	stay- pst .3 sg	table. sg . gen	on	stuck
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) kaotama

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Peeter	kaota-s	Mareti-le
pn . sg . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	pn - all
‘Peeter lost to Maret.’

83. be glad rõõmustama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENule

X: NOM

Y: GENule

Locus: Y

Peeter	rõõmusta-s	kirja	üle
pn . sg . nom	be_glad- pst .3 sg	letter. sg . gen	over
‘Peeter was glad about the letter.’

84. speak rääkima

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peeter	räägi-b	Mareti-ga
pn . sg . nom	speak- prs .3 sg	pn - com
‘Peeter is speaking with Maret.’

85. give birth sünnitama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Maret	sünnita-s	poja
pn . sg . nom	bear- pst .3 sg	son. sg . gen
‘Maret gave birth to a son.’

86. drop maha pillama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	pilla-s	klaasi	maha
pn	drop- pst .3 sg	glass. sg . gen	down
‘Peeter dropped the glass.’
Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device).

87. govern juhtima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	juhi-b	meie	linna
pn . sg . nom	lead- prs .3 sg	1 pl . gen	town. sg . part
‘Peeter runs our town.’

88. miss igatsema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	igatse-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	miss- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter misses Maret.’

89. follow jälitama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	jälita-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	follow- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter follows Maret.’

90. dismount maha tulema

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Peeter	tul-i	hobuse-lt	maha
pn . sg . nom	come- pst .3 sg	horse- abl	down
‘Peeter got down from the horse.’
Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device).

91. listen kuulama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	kuula-b	raadio-t
pn . sg . nom	listen- prs .3 sg	radio- sg . part
‘Peeter is listening to the radio.’

92. obey kuuletuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Peeter	kuuletu-b	ema-le
pn . sg . nom	obey- prs .3 sg	mother- all
‘Peeter obeys his mother.’

93. hear kuulma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	kuule-b	muusika-t
pn . sg . nom	hear- prs .3 sg	music- sg . part
‘Peeter hears the music.’

94. mix segunema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

mesi	segune-s	piima-ga
honey	get_mixed- pst .3 sg	milk- com
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look vaatama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	vaata-b	pilv-i
pn . sg . nom	look- prs .3 sg	cloud- pl . part
‘Peeter is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off seljast võtma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	võtt-is	särgi	selja-st
pn . sg . nom	take- pst .3 sg	shirt. sg . gen	back- elat
‘Peeter took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) und nägema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	näe-b	Mareti-st	und
pn . sg . nom	see- prs .3 sg	pn - ela	dream. sg . part
‘Peeter dreams about Maret.’

98. agree nõustuma

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peeter	nõustu-s	Mareti-ga
pn . sg . nom	agree- pst .3 sg	pn - com
‘Peeter agreed with Maret.’

99. have a quarrel riidu minema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peeter	läks	Mareti-ga	riidu
pn . sg . nom	go. pst .3 sg	pn - com	quarrel. sg . ill
‘Peeter got into a quarrel with Maret.’

100. cost maksma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

see	tops	maksa-b	ühe	euro
dem . sg . nom	cup. sg . nom	cost- prs .3 sg	one. sg . gen	euro. sg . gen
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

101. shoot at tulistama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	tulista-s	lindu.
pn . sg . nom	fire- pst .3 sg	bird. sg . part
‘Peeter shot at the bird.’

102. pour valama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	vala-s	suhkru-t
pn . sg . nom	pour- pst .3 sg	sugar- sg . part
‘Peeter poured sugar.’

103. lose kaotama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	kaota-s	oma	võtme-d
pn . sg . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	key- pl . nom
‘Peeter lost his keys.’

104. sink vajuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

palk	vaju-s	vette
log. sg . nom	sink- pst .3 sg	water. sg . ill
‘The log sank into the water.’

105. kill tapma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	tapp-is	Mareti
pn . sg . nom	kill- pst .3 sg	pn . sg . gen
‘Peeter killed Maret.’

106. hit lööma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	lõ-i	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	hit- pst .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter hit Maret.’

107. kiss suudlema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	suudle-s	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	kiss- pst .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter kissed Maret.’

108. read lugema

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	luge-s	huvitava	raamatu
pn . sg . nom	read- pst .3 sg	interesting. sg . gen	book. sg . gen
‘Peeter read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) liigutama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	liiguta-s	oma	sõrme
pn . sg . nom	move- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	finger. sg . part
‘Peeter moved his finger.’

110. respect austama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	austa-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	respect- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter respects Maret.’

111. be squeamish pirtsakas olema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENsuhtes

X: NOM

Y: GENsuhtes

Locus: Y

Peeter	on	musta-de	nõu-de	suhtes	pirtsakas
pn . sg . nom	be. prs .3 sg	dirty- pl . gen	dish- pl . gen	about	squeamish
‘Peeter is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content rahul olema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peeter	on	oma	poja-ga	rahul
pn . sg . nom	be. prs .3 sg	poss . refl	son- com	content
‘Peeter is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love armuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Peeter	armu-s	Mareti-sse
pn . sg . nom	fall_in_love- pst .3 sg	pn - ill
‘Peeter fell in love with Maret.’

114. trust usaldama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	usalda-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	trust- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter trusts Maret.’

115. sympathise kaasa tundma

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Peeter	tunne-b	oma	ema-le	kaasa
pn . sg . nom	feel- prs .3 sg	poss . refl	mother- all	with
‘Peeter sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Phrasal verb (kaasa is not a flagging device).

116. envy kadestama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	kadesta-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter envies Maret.’

117. be angry vihane olema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpeale

X: NOM

Y: GENpeale

Locus: Y

Peeter	on	Mareti	peale	vihane
pn . sg . nom	be. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . gen	at	angry
‘Peeter is angry with Maret.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised üllatunud olema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENule

X: NOM

Y: GENule

Locus: Y

Peeter	ol-i	selle	kingituse	üle	üllatu-nud
pn . sg . nom	be- pst .3 sg	dem . sg . gen	gift. sg . gen	over	be_surprised- act . pst . ptcp
‘Peeter was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) armastama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	armasta-b	tee-d
pn . sg . nom	love- prs .3 sg	tea- part
‘Peeter loves tea.’

120. enjoy nautima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	naudi-b	kuuma	tee-d
pn . sg . nom	enjoy- prs .3 sg	hot. part	tea- sg . part
‘Peeter enjoys hot tea.’

121. want tahtma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	taha-b	uut	mobiiltelefoni
pn . sg . nom	want- prs .3 sg	new. part	mobile_phone. part
‘Peeter wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge pidama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENvastu

X: NOM

Y: GENvastu

Locus: Y

Peeter	pea-b	Mareti	vastu	viha
pn . sg . nom	hold- prs .3 sg	pn . sg . gen	against	grudge. sg . part
‘Peeter holds a grudge against Maret.’

123. take offence solvuma

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpeale

X: NOM

Y: GENpeale

Locus: Y

Peeter	solvu-s	Mareti	peale
pn . sg . nom	take_offence- pst .3 sg	pn . sg . gen	at
‘Peeter took offence at Maret.’

124. upset pahaseks tegema

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	teg-i	Mareti	väga	pahase-ks
pn . sg . nom	make- pst .3 sg	pn . sg . gen	very	upset- transl
‘Peeter made Maret very upset.’

125. marvel imetlema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	imetle-s	seda	linna
pn . sg . nom	marvel- pst .3 sg	dem . sg . part	town. sg . part
‘Peeter marvelled at this town.’

126. despise põlgama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	põlga-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	despise- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter despises Maret.’

127. get upset pahaseks saama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpeale

X: NOM

Y: GENpeale

Locus: Y

Peeter	sa-i	oma	poja	peale	pahase-ks
pn . sg . nom	become- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	son. sg . gen	at	upset- transl
‘Peeter got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ärrituma

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpeale

X: NOM

Y: GENpeale

Locus: Y

Peeter	ärritu-b	oma	tütre	peale
pn . sg . nom	get_irritated- prs .3 sg	poss . refl	daughter. sg . gen	at
‘Peeter is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond kiindunud olema

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Peeter	on	Mareti-sse	kiindu-nud
pn . sg . nom	be. prs .3 sg	pn - ill	become_fond- act . pst . ptcp
‘Peeter is fond of Maret.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy häbenema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	häbene-b	oma	pikkus-t
pn . sg . nom	be_ashamed- prs .3 sg	poss . refl	length- part
‘Peeter is ashamed about his height.’