English

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Contributed by Dmitry Nikolaev (Academia.edu profile) and Johanna Nichols.

D.N.'s photo

Nikolaev, Dmitry & Johanna Nichols. 2023. Bivalent patterns in English. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 9, 2023; last revised on June 9, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Coordinates: 53.0, -1.0.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Germanic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain have X-ache

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Peter	has	a	headache.


Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

2. have (illness) have

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	has	the	flu.

3. be afraid be afraid

Valency pattern: SBJ_of

X: SBJ

Y: of

Locus: Y

Peter	is	afraid	of	the	dog.


Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw throw

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	threw	a	stone	first.

5. have enough have enough

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Now	Peter	has	enough	money.


Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble resemble

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	resembles	Mary.

7. believe believe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	believes	Mary.

8. take take

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	took	a	book	from	the	shelf.

9. see see

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	sees	a	house.

10. influence influence

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Age	influences	memory.

11. encounter encounter

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	encountered	Mary.

12. enter enter

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	entered	the	house.

13. win beat

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	beat	Mary.

14. go out go out

Valency pattern: SBJ_of

X: SBJ

Y: of

Locus: Y

Peter	went	out	of	the	house.

15. drive drive

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	is	driving	the	cow	to	the	pasture.

16. bend bend

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	bent	the	branch.

17. tell tell

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	told	Mary:	‘Call	me	this	evening.’

18. hold hold

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	is	holding	a	book.

19. catch up catch up

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	caught	up	with	Mary.

20. milk milk

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	milked	the	cow.

21. reach reach

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	reached	the	bank.

22. touch touch

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	touched	the	wall.

23. fight fight

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	is	fighting	with	Mary.

24. be friends be friends

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	is	friends	with	Mary.


Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think think

Valency pattern: SBJ_about

X: SBJ

Y: about

Locus: Y

Peter	is	thinking	about	Mary.

26. eat eat

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	ate	an	apple.

27. fry fry

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	fried	the	fish.

28. wait wait

Valency pattern: SBJ_for

X: SBJ

Y: for

Locus: Y

Peter	is	waiting	for	Mary.

29. forget forget

Valency pattern: SBJ_about

X: SBJ

Y: about

Locus: Y

Peter	forgot	about	the	other	road.

30. depend depend

Valency pattern: SBJ_on

X: SBJ

Y: on

Locus: Y

Memory	depends	on	age.

31. call call

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	called	Mary.

32. get to know get to know

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	got	to	know	Mary	a	year	ago.

33. know know

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	knows	Mary.

34. play (instrument) play

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	is	playing	the	guitar.

35. avoid avoid

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	avoids	Mary.

36. make make

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	made	a	mousetrap.

37. make fun make fun

Valency pattern: SBJ_of

X: SBJ

Y: of

Locus: Y

Peter	is	making	fun	of	Mary.

38. have have

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	has	a	car.

39. look for look

Valency pattern: SBJ_for

X: SBJ

Y: for

Locus: Y

Peter	is	looking	for	his	keys.

40. paint paint

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	painted	the	fence.

41. bite bite

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

A	dog	bit	Peter.

42. forfeit lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	lost	his	house.

43. try to catch try to catch

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	is	trying	to	catch	the	cat.

44. break break

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	broke	a	stick.

45. flatter flatter

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	is	flattering	Mary.

46. love (person) love

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	loves	Mary.

47. wave wave

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	is	waving	a	handkerchief.

48. dream dream

Valency pattern: SBJ_of

X: SBJ

Y: of

Locus: Y

Peter	is	dreaming	of	a	new	car.

49. wash wash

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	washed	the	cup.

50. put on put on

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	put	on	his	trousers.

51. be called be called

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE

X: SBJ

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

This	tool	is	called	a	compass.


Note: Passive.

52. punish punish

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	punished	his	son.

53. attack attack

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

A	bear	attacked	a	fisherman.

54. fill (intr) fill

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

The	bucket	filled	with	water.

55. find find

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	found	his	keys.

56. be short lack

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	lacks	one	euro.

57. hate hate

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	hates	Mary.

58. like like

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	likes	this	shirt.

59. need need

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	needs	money.

60. surround surround

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Walls	surround	the	city.

61. remain have left

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Peter	has	10	euros	left.


Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination.

62. answer answer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	answered	the	teacher.

63. open open

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	opened	a	can.

64. be different be different

Valency pattern: SBJ_from

X: SBJ

Y: from

Locus: Y

65. fall behind fall

Valency pattern: SBJ_behind

X: SBJ

Y: behind

Locus: Y

Peter	fell	behind	Mary.

66. plough plough

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	is	ploughing	the	field.

67. smell smell

Valency pattern: SBJ_like

X: SBJ

Y: like

Locus: Y

My	hands	smell	like	gasoline.

68. cross cross

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	crossed	the	road.

69. sing sing

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	sang	a	beautiful	song.

70. write write

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	wrote	a	letter.

71. drink drink

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	drank	the	milk.

72. melt melt

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	melted	a	piece	of	lead.

73. match go well

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

This	belt	goes	well	with	my	dress.

74. leave leave

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	left	his	native	city.

75. cover cover

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

The	carpet	covers	the	whole	floor.

76. remember remember

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	remembers	the	house	where	he	grew	up	well.

77. help help

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	helped	Mary.

78. understand (language) understand

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	understands	French.

79. hit (target) hit

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Lightning	hit	the	house.

80. cut oneself cut oneself

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	cut	himself	with	a	razor.

81. get stuck get stuck

Valency pattern: SBJ_to

X: SBJ

Y: to

Locus: Y

82. lose (game) lose

Valency pattern: SBJ_to

X: SBJ

Y: to

Locus: Y

Peter	lost	to	Mary.

83. be glad be glad

Valency pattern: SBJ_about

X: SBJ

Y: about

Locus: Y

Peter	was	glad	about	the	letter.


Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak speak

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	is	speaking	with	Mary.

85. give birth give birth

Valency pattern: SBJ_to

X: SBJ

Y: to

Locus: Y

Mary	gave	birth	to	a	son.

86. drop drop

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	dropped	the	glass.

87. govern run

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	runs	our	town.

88. miss miss

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	misses	Mary.

89. follow follow

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	follows	Mary.

90. dismount get down

Valency pattern: SBJ_from

X: SBJ

Y: from

Locus: Y

Peter	got	down	from	the	horse.

91. listen listen

Valency pattern: SBJ_to

X: SBJ

Y: to

Locus: Y

Peter	is	listening	to	radio.

92. obey obey

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	obeys	his	mother.

93. hear hear

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	hears	the	music.

94. mix get mixed

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

95. look look

Valency pattern: SBJ_at

X: SBJ

Y: at

Locus: Y

Peter	is	looking	at	the	clouds.

96. take off take off

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	took	off	his	shirt.

97. dream (sleeping) dream

Valency pattern: SBJ_about

X: SBJ

Y: about

Locus: Y

Peter	dreams	about	Mary.

98. agree agree

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	agreed	with	Mary.

99. have a quarrel have quarrel

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	had	a	quarrel	with	Mary.

100. cost cost

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

This	cup	costs	1	euro.

101. shoot at shoot

Valency pattern: SBJ_at

X: SBJ

Y: at

Locus: Y

Peter	shot	at	the	bird.

102. pour pour

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	poured	the	sugar	into	the	cup.

103. lose lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	lost	his	keys.

104. sink sink

Valency pattern: SBJ_in

X: SBJ

Y: in

Locus: Y

The	log	sank	in	the	water.

105. kill kill

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	killed	Mary.

106. hit hit

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	hit	Mary.

107. kiss kiss

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	kissed	Mary.

108. read read

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	read	an	interesting	book.

109. move (bodypart) move

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	moved	his	finger.

110. respect respect

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	respects	Mary.

111. be squeamish be squeamish

Valency pattern: SBJ_about

X: SBJ

Y: about

Locus: Y

Peter	is	squeamish	about	dirty	dishes.


Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content be ok

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	is	ok	with	his	son.


Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love fall in love

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	fell	in	love	with	Mary.

114. trust trust

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	trusts	Mary.

115. sympathise sympathise

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	sympathises	with	his	mother.

116. envy envy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	envies	Mary.

117. be angry be angry

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	is	angry	with	Mary.


Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised be surprised

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	was	surprised	at	this	gift.


Note: Passive.

119. love (tea) love

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	loves	tea.

120. enjoy enjoy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	enjoys	hot	tea.

121. want want

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	wants	a	new	mobile	phone.

122. have a grudge have a grudge

Valency pattern: SBJ_against

X: SBJ

Y: against

Locus: Y

Peter	has	a	grudge	against	Mary.

123. take offence take offence

Valency pattern: SBJ_at

X: SBJ

Y: at

Locus: Y

Peter	took	offence	at	Mary.

124. upset upset

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	greatly	upset	Mary.

125. marvel marvel

Valency pattern: SBJ_at

X: SBJ

Y: at

Locus: Y

Peter	marvelled	at	this	town.

126. despise despise

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	despises	Mary.

127. get upset get upset

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	got	upset	with	his	son.

128. get irritated get irritated

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

129. be fond be fond

Valency pattern: SBJ_of

X: SBJ

Y: of

Locus: Y

Peter	is	fond	of	Mary.


Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy be shy

Valency pattern: SBJ_about

X: SBJ

Y: about

Locus: Y

Peter	is	shy	about	his	height.


Note: Non-verbal predicate.