BivalTyp

Kadar Dargwa

Contributed by Nina Sumbatova (Academia.edu profile) and Naida Vagizieva.

N.S.'s photo N.V.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2024. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Sumbatova, Nina and Naida Vagizieva. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Kadar Dargwa. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 27, 2024; last revised on June 19, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Glossing abbreviations

AD — ???; ADD — ???; ADJ — adjectivizer; ADV — adverbializer; ATR — attributive; AWAY — ???; CARD — cardinal numeral; CAUS — causative; COMP — comparative; COP — copula; cvb — coverb; DAT — dative; DOWN — ???; EL — elative; ERG — ergative; exst — existential copula; GEN — genitive; HITHER — ???; HPL — human plural; IMP — imperative; IN — ???; INF — infinitive; IPFV — ; LV — ; M — masculine; N — neuter; NEG — negation; NPL — ???; OBL — ???; ON — ???; OUTSIDE — ???; PART — ???; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; POT — ???; PRET — preterite; PRS — present; RUS — Russian loan; SUPER — ???; TH — ???.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain iz-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-la bek' iz-ur
pn - gen head hurt. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) ́CL-aˤʁ-es / CL-iʁ-es

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM
X: SUPER
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-ke gripː b-aˤʁ-i-le
pn - obl - super flu( rus ) n -reach. pfv - pret - cvb
‘Muhammad has the flu.’

3. be afraid uruχ-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad χʷa-l-zaka uruχ-0-uk'-ar
pn dog- obl - el fear- m -say. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw ib-es / ilb-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʁarqa ib-un
pn - erg stone throw. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad threw a stone.’

5. have enough ́CL-aˤʁ-es / CL-iʁ-es

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s arc d-iʁ-ur
pn - obl - dat money npl -reach. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad has enough money.’

6. resemble mušu-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad rasu-j-ke mušu-0-uk'-ar
pn pn - obl - super alike- m -say. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad resembles Rasul.’

7. believe mar-CL-uh-es / mar-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ʡaˤšura-li-ke mar-0-ur-ar
pn pn - obl - super true- m -become. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad believes Ashura.’

8. take ar-as-es / ir-is-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li kitap ar-as-ib
pn - erg book away -take. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad took a book.’

9. see ke-CL-a-es / ki-CL-i-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li qali ki-b-iʔ-u
pn - erg house on - n -see. pfv - th
‘Muhammad sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
χugi iʁ-u=cada zat qum-art-an 0-ur-ar
big reach. ipfv - prs =as.much.as thing forget- lv . pfv - pot m -become. ipfv - th
‘As you get older, you get forgetful.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter ʁarši-CL-ik-es / ʁarši-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡaˤšura ʁarši-r-ik-ib
pn - obl - dat pn opposite- f -fall. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad encountered Ashura.’

12. enter CL-erχ-es / CL-urχ-es

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad qa-j-ze 0-erχ-un
pn house- obl - in m -enter. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad entered the house.’

13. win aqu-CL-uh-es / aqu-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
meħamad rasu-j-kem aqu-0-uh-ub
pn pn - obl - comp high- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

14. go out dura-CL-uq-as / dura-CL-ulq-as

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad qa-j-zaka dura-0-uq-un
pn house- obl - el outside - m -move. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad went out of the house.’

15. drive CL-aˤħ-CL-ar-es / CL-aˤħ-CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li q'aˤl b-aˤħ-b-ir-u-le
pn - erg cow n -side- n -do. ipfv - prs - cvb
‘Muhammad is driving the cow.’

16. bend ʁaˤw-CL-ar-es / ʁaˤw-CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li q'aˤli ʁaˤw-b-ar-ib
pn - erg branch bend- n -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad bent the branch.’

17. tell es (PFV)

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad-li ʡaˤšura-l-ze ib r-aš-i nam-ču
pn - erg pn - obl - in say. pfv . pret f -walk. ipfv - imp i . obl - ad
‘Muhammad told Ashura: "Come and visit me".’

18. hold CL-uc-es / CL-urc-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li kitap b-uc-i-le naˤq'-i-ze
pn - erg book n -catch. pfv - pret - cvb hand- obl - in
‘Muhammad is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up ʡaˤ-CL-CL-aˤʁ-es / ʡaˤ-CL-CL-iʁ-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ʡaˤ-w-w-aˤʁ-ib ʡaˤšura-ke
pn catch.up- m - m -reach. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad caught up with Ashura.’

20. milk CL-irz-es / iz-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʡaˤšura-li q'aˤl b-irz-ib
pn - erg cow n -milk. pfv - pret
‘Ashura milked the cow.’

21. reach ́CL-aˤʁ-es / CL-iʁ-es

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad w-aˤʁ-ib ħark'-la dub-i-ze
pn m -reach. pfv - pret river- gen edge- obl - in
‘Muhammad reached the bank.’

22. touch t'ul-ag-es / t'ul-ig-es

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li t'ul-ag-i-le taˤm-i-ke nas-0-uh-ub
pn - erg finger-touch. pfv - pret - cvb wall- obl - super dirt- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight ask-es / usk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad rasu-j-ču usk-u-le
pn pn - obl - ad fight- prs - cvb
‘Muhammad is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends Cl-al-CL-ik-es / Cl-al-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad=ra rasul=ra b-al-b-irk-ur
pn = add pn = add n -suitable- n -fall. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is friends with Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

25. think han-CL-ik-es / han-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡaˤšura han-r-irk-ur
pn - obl - dat pn remember- f -fall. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is thinking about Ashura.’

26. eat CL-erkʷ-as / CL-uk-as

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʡinc b-erk-un
pn - erg apple n -eat. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad ate an apple.’

27. fry CL-erc'-es / uc'-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li baliq b-erc'-ib
pn - erg fish n -fry. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad fried the fish.’

28. wait t'ar-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad t'ar-0-uk'-u-le w-0-ar ʡaˤšura-li-ke
pn look- m -say. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad is waiting for Ashura.’

29. forget qum-art-es / qum-irt-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li qum-art-un cerħ-il huni
pn - erg forget- lv . pfv - pret another- atr way
‘Muhammad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
χugi iʁ-u=cada pamaˤt kam-b-ur-ar
big reach. ipfv - prs =as.much.as memory( rus ) little- n -become. ipfv - th
‘As you get older, your memory diminishes.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

31. call waˤ-CL-CL-ar-es / waˤ-CL-CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li rasul waˤ-w-0-ar-ib
pn - erg pn call- m - m -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad called Rasul.’

32. get to know CL-ah-es / CL-al-es

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad-li=ra ʡaˤšura-li=ra ca-li ca b-ah-u-wa dus b-ik-ib
pn - erg = add pn - erg = add one- erg one hpl -know. pfv - prs - cvb year n -fall. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad and Ashura got to know each other a year ago.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

33. know CL-ah-es / CL-al-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʡaˤšura r-al-a
pn - erg pn f -know. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad knows Ashura.’

34. play (instrument) CL-aˤq-es / CL-irq-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li b-irq-u-le w-0-ar gitara
pn - erg n -beat. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th guitar( rus )
‘Muhammad is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid ha-CL-CL-uh-es / ha-CL-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad ha-w-0-ur-ar rasu-j-zaka
pn away - m - m -become. ipfv - th pn - obl - el
‘Muhammad avoids Rasul.’

36. make CL-ar-es / CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li bomba b-ar-ib
pn - erg bomb( rus ) n -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad made a bomb.’

37. make fun misqili-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad misqili-0-uk'-ar rasu-j-ke
pn mockery- m -say. ipfv - th pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have le-CL

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-la mašin le-b
pn - gen car exst - n
‘Muhammad has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. The copula does not have the infinitive form.

39. look for umc'-es / umc'-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ibxan-t-i-ke umc'-u-le
pn key- pl - obl - super search. ipfv - prs - cvb
‘Muhammad is looking for his keys.’

40. paint CL-ak-es / CL-ik-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li taˤm sir-li b-ak-ib
pn - erg wall paint- erg n -paint. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad painted the fence.’

41. bite q'ac'-CL-ik-es / q'ac'-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-i-ke χʷa q'ac'-b-ik-ib
pn - obl - super dog bite- n -fall. pfv - pret
‘A dog bit Muhammad.’

42. forfeit k-alʔ-es / k-ulʔ-es

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad k-alʔ-un qali awga-le
pn down -stay. pfv - pret house be.absent- cvb
‘Muhammad lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

43. try to catch CL-uc-es / CL-urc-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li katu b-urc-u-le
pn - erg cat n -catch. ipfv - prs - cvb
‘Muhammad is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break CL-urʡ-es / uʡ-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li t'erxa b-urʡ-ib
pn - erg stick n -break. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad broke a stick.’

45. flatter laˤw-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad laˤw-0-uk'-ar ʡaˤšura-ke
pn flatter- m -say. ipfv - th pn - super
‘Muhammad is flattering Ashura.’

46. love (person) dig-aq-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡaˤšura dig-aq-u
pn - obl - dat pn love. ipfv - caus - th
‘Muhammad loves Ashura.’

47. wave ħaˤrt-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
ʡaˤšura ħaˤrt-r-uk'-ar kasinka-li-ču
pn wave- f -say. ipfv - th scarf- obl - ad
‘Ashura is waving a scarf.’

48. dream pikri-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad pikri-0-uk'-ar sagaj maši-j-ke
pn thought- m -say. ipfv - th new car- obl - super
‘Muhammad is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash ́CL-írc-es / ic-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li šaška b-irc-ib
pn - erg cup n -wash. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad washed the cup.’

50. put on ik'ʷ-as / ilk'ʷ-as

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li šalbar ik'-un
pn - erg trousers put_on. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad put on his trousers.’

51. be called CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
eš zat-i-s b-uk'-ar kompas
this thing- obl - dat hpl -say. ipfv - th compass( rus )
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish ʡaˤdlu CL-ar-es / CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
meħamad-li cuni-ja urši-li-s ʡaˤdlu b-ar-ib
pn - erg self- gen boy- obl - dat instruction n -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad punished his son.’

53. attack aqu-CL-ik-es / aqu-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
sinka aqu-b-ik-ib rɨbak-i-ke
bear high- n -fall. pfv - pret fisherman- obl - super
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) CL-ic’-es / CL-irc'-es

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
pedera ši-j-ni b-ic’-ib
bucket water- obl - erg n -fill. pfv - pret
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find CL-arg-es / CL-irg-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ibxan-t d-arg-ib
pn - erg key- pl npl -find. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad found his keys.’

56. be short ħa-CL-aˤʁ-es / ħa-CL-iʁ-es

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ca dollar ħa-b-iʁ-ur
pn - obl - dat one dollar neg - n -reach. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is one dollar short.’

57. hate ke-CL-aʔ-es / ki-CL-iʔ-es ħa-jg-aq-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s rasul ke-0-jʔ-es ħa-jg-aq-u
pn - obl - dat pn on - m -see. ipfv - inf neg -love. ipfv - caus - prs
‘Muhammad hates Rasul.’

58. like ʡaˤħ-CL-iz-es / ʡaˤħ-CL-ilz-es

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡaˤħ-b-ilz-u-le b-0-ar eš ħawa
pn - obl - dat good- n -stand. ipfv - prs - cvb n -be. ipfv - th this shirt
‘Muhammad likes this shirt.’

59. need ʡaˤʡni-l ca<CL>i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s arc ʡaˤʡni-l ca<r>i
pn - obl - dat money necessary- atr cop < npl >
‘Muhammad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The copula does not have the infinitive form.

60. surround CL-uc-es / CL-urc-es

Valency pattern: ERG_GENalawla
X: ERG
Y: GENalawla
Locus: Y
šaha-la alaw-la b-uc-i-le b-0-ar čir-m-a-ni
city- gen around- gen n -catch. pfv - pret - cvb n -be. ipfv - th wall- pl - obl . pl - erg
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Alawla is the nominalized form of the postposition "alaw" around. A literal translation is "The walls seize the things that are around the city".

61. remain k-alʔ-es / k-ulʔ-es

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-la jac'-al azir k-alʔ-un
pn - gen ten- card thousand down -stay. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad has ten thousand left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer CL-ur-es / CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad-li b-ur-ib učiti-j-ze
pn - erg n -tell. pfv - pret teacher( rus )- obl - in
‘Muhammad answered the teacher.’

63. open abx-es / ibx-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li pank'a abx-ib
pn - erg jar open. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad opened a jar.’

64. be different dik'ar-il ca<CL>i

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
dija ħawa dik'ar-il ca<b>i ħaa-li-kem
i . gen shirt different- atr cop < n > you. obl - obl - comp
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The copula does not have the infinitive form.

65. fall behind k-alʔ-es / k-ulʔ-es

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
meħamad rasu-j-kem araʁa k-alʔ-un
pn pn - obl - comp behind down -stay. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough CL-uz-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad 0-uz-u-le w-0-ar awlaq-i-ze
pn m -work. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th field- obl - in
‘Muhammad is ploughing the field.’

67. smell waʡ CL-ik-es / CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dija naˤq'-b-a-zaka binzi-ja waʡ b-irk-ur
i . gen hand- pl - obl . pl - el petrol- gen smell n -fall. ipfv - th
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross ké-CL-CL-uq-as / ké-CL-CL-ulq-as

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad hu-j-zaka ke-w-0-uq-u-wa 0-erχ-un tuke-j-ze
pn way- obl - el on - m - m -move. pfv - prs - cvb m -enter. pfv - pret shop- obl - in
‘Muhammad crossed the road and entered the shop.’

69. sing CL-elč'-es / CL-uč'-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li žawga-j sarim b-elč'-un
pn - erg beautiful- adj song n -read. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad sang a beautiful song.’

70. write CL-elk'-es / luk'-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li kaʁat b-elk'-un
pn - erg paper n -write. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad wrote a letter.’

71. drink CL-erž-es / CL-už-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li niʔ d-erž-un
pn - erg milk npl -drink. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad drank the milk.’

72. melt CL-ac'-aˤq-es / CL-ic'-aˤq-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li b-ac'-aˤq-ib ʁurʁaši-j-a gesek'
pn - erg n -melt. pfv - caus - pret lead- obl - gen piece
‘Muhammad melted a piece of lead.’

73. match CL-al-CL-ik-es / CL-al-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
eš irʔi b-al-b-irk-ur dija kurdi-li-ke
this belt n -suitable- n -fall. ipfv - th i . gen dress- obl - super
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave dura-CL-uq-as / dura-CL-ulq-es

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad cuni-ja šaha-l-zaka dura-0-uq-un
pn self- gen city- obl - el outside - m -move. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad left his native city.’

75. cover k'ap'-CL-ar-es / k'ap'-CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
qalt'ija-j-ni k'ap'-b-ir-u le<b>il č'abar
carpet- obl - erg close- n -do. ipfv - th all< n > floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember CL-ah-es / CL-al-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li žawga-le b-al-a qali ca-j χugi w-aˤʁ-ib-il
pn - erg beautiful- adv n -know. ipfv - th house self- m big m -reach. pfv - pret - atr
‘Muhammad remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help kumek CL-ar-es / CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
meħamad-li kumek b-ar-ib ʡaˤšura-s
pn - erg help n -do. pfv - pret pn - dat
‘Muhammad helped Ashura.’

78. understand (language) CL-ah-es / CL-al-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li francuzskij mez d-al-a
pn - erg f rench language npl -know. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad understands French.’

79. hit (target) CL-aˤq-es / CL-irq-es

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
ʁuʁu b-aˤq-ib qa-j-ze
lightning n -beat. pfv - pret house- obl - in
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself CL-alʁ-es / luʁ-es

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad-li britwa-li-ču b-aˤlʁ-un
pn - erg razor- obl - ad n -cut. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck c'ap'-CL-ik-es / c'ap'-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
istakan istu-j-ke c'ap'-b-ik-ib
glass table- obl - super attaching- n -fall. pfv - pret
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) č'ur-CL-uh-es / č'ur-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
meħamad č'ur-0-uh-ub rasu-j-s
pn lose- m -become. pfv - pret pn - obl - dat
‘Muhammad lost to Rasul.’

83. be glad razi-CL-uh-es / razi-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad razi-0-uh-ub kaʁat-i-ke
pn glad- m -become. pfv - pret paper- obl - super
‘Muhammad was glad about the letter.’

84. speak ʁaj-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad ʁaj-0-uk'-u-le w-0-ar ʡaˤšura-li-ču
pn speech- m -say. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th pn - obl - ad
‘Muhammad is speaking with Ashura.’

85. give birth CL-ar-es / CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʡaˤšura-li urši w-ar-ib
pn - erg boy m -do. pfv - pret
‘Ashura gave birth to a son.’

86. drop ka-CL-ik-aˤq-es / ka-CL-irk-aˤq-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li istakan ka-b-ik-aˤq-ib
pn - erg glass down - n -fall. pfv - caus - pret
‘Muhammad dropped the glass.’

87. govern ħakim ca<CL>i

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad nuš-i-ja poselok-la ħaˤkim ca-j
pn we- obl - pl village- gen leader cop - m
‘Muhammad runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

88. miss karc'-CL-uh-es / karc'-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad karc'-0-uh-ub ʡaˤšura-ke
pn miss- m -become. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad misses Ashura.’

89. follow araʁa-ka CL-at-CL-ix-es / CL-at-CL-irx-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad araʁa-ka w-at-0-ix-ib ʡaˤšura-ke
pn behind- el m -leave. pfv - m -put. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad follows Ashura.’

90. dismount xura-CL-uh-es / xura-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad jabu-l-zaka xura-0-uh-ub
pn horse- obl - el getting_off- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad got down from the horse.’

91. listen líħ-aˤq-es / líħ-irq-es

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li radio-li-ke liħ-aˤq-i-le w-0-ar
pn - erg radio- obl - super ear- lv . pfv - pret - cvb m -be. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is listening to radio.’

92. obey líħ-aˤq-es / líħ-irq-es

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li neš-i-ke liħ-irq-u
pn - erg mother- obl - super ear- lv . ipfv - th
‘Muhammad always listens to his mother.’

93. hear CL-aˤq'-es / CL-iq'-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li muzɨka b-iq'-u
pn - erg music n -hear. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad hears the music.’

94. mix ʁudur-CL-uh-es / ʁudur-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
warʔa=ra niʔ=ra ʁudur-d-uh-ub
honey= add milk= add mixed- npl -become. pfv - pret
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

95. look t'ar-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad t'ar-0-uk'-u-le w-0-ar diriw-t-i-ke
pn look- m -say. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th fog- pl - obl - super
‘Muhammad is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off CL-až-es / CL-iž-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ħawa b-až-ib
pn - erg shirt n -take_off. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) mue-l-ze ke-CL-a-es / ki-CL-i-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li rasul mue-l-ze ke-0-jʔ-u
pn - erg pn dream- obl - in on - m -see. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad dreams about Rasul.’

98. agree CL-al-CL-ik-es / CL-al-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad w-al-0-ik-ib ʡaˤšura-ču
pn m -suitable- m -fall. pfv - pret pn - ad
‘Muhammad agreed with Ashura.’

99. have a quarrel č'ap'-CL-uq-as / č'ap'-CL-ulq-es

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad č'ap'-0-uq-un ʡaˤšura-ču
pn quarrel- m -move. pfv - pret pn - ad
‘Muhammad had a quarrel with Ashura.’

100. cost CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
iš šaška-li-s ca dollar b-uk'-ar
this cup- obl - dat one dollar hpl -say. ipfv - th
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

101. shoot at CL-aˤq-es / CL-irq-es

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li č'ik'a-li-ke b-aˤq-ib
pn - erg bird- obl - super n -beat. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad shot at the bird.’

102. pour CL-uš-es / CL-urš-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li šeker b-uš-ib šaška-l-ze
pn - erg sugar n -add. pfv - pret cup- obl - in
‘Muhammad poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose awgar-CL-ar-es / awgar-CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ibxan-t awgar-d-ar-ib
pn - erg key- pl be.absent. part - npl -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad lost his keys.’

104. sink ʡala-CL-ik-es / ʡala-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
qit'a ši-j-ze ʡala-b-ik-ib
log water- obl - in drown- n -fall. pfv - pret
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ka-CL-uš-es / ka-CL-urš-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li rasul ka-0-wš-ib
pn - erg pn down - m -kill. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad killed Rasul.’

106. hit CL-aˤq-es / CL-irq-es

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li rasu-j-ke b-aˤq-ib
pn - erg pn - obl - super n -beat. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad hit Rasul.’

107. kiss p'aj-CL-ik-es / p'aj-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad p'aj-0-ik-ib ʡaˤšura-ke
pn kiss- m -fall. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad kissed Ashura.’

108. read CL-elč'-es / CL-uč'-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʡaˤħal-il kitap b-elč'-un
pn - erg good- atr book n -read. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) šiš-CL-ar-es / šiš-CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li t'ul šiš-b-ar-ib
pn - erg finger move- n -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad moved his finger.’

110. respect si CL-ar-es / si CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad-li rasu-wa si b-ir-u
pn - erg pn - gen respect n -do. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad respects Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

111. be squeamish naz-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad naz-0-uk'-ar nas-il posuda-l-zaka
pn squeamish- m -say. ipfv - th dirt- atr dishes- obl - el
‘Muhammad is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content razi-le ca<CL>i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad razi-le ca-j cuni-ja urši-li-ke
pn glad- adv cop - m self- gen boy- obl - super
‘Muhammad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The copula does not have the infinitive form.

113. fall in love digi-CL-ix-es / digi-CL-irx-es

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li ʡaˤšura-ke digi-d-ix-ib
pn - erg pn - super love- npl -put. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad fell in love with Ashura.’

114. trust mar-CL-uh-es / mar-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad mar-0-ur-ar ʡaˤšura-ke
pn true- m -become. ipfv - th pn - super
‘Muhammad trusts Ashura.’

115. sympathise maˤšt-CL-ar-es / maˤšt-CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li cuni-ja neš maˤšt-r-ir-u
pn - erg self- gen mother spare- f -do. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy baχ-il CL-ak'-es (PFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad baχ-il w-ak'-ib rasu-j-ke
pn jealous- atr m -come. pfv - pret pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad envies Rasul.’

117. be angry himi-CL-ak'-es (PFV)

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER
X: GEN
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
meħamad-la himi-d-ak'-ib ʡaˤšura-ke
pn - gen anger- npl -come. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad is angry with Ashura.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised ħaˤjran-CL-uh-es / ħaˤjran-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ħaˤjran-0-uh-ub iš podarok-i-ke
pn surprise- m -become. pfv - pret this gift( rus )- obl - super
‘Muhammad was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) dig-aq-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s čaj dig-aq-u
pn - obl - dat tea love. ipfv - caus - th
‘Muhammad loves tea.’

120. enjoy jal-CL-uh-es / jal-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad jal-0-uh-ub b-uc'ar-il čaj-zaka
pn enjoy- m -become. pfv - pret n -hot- atr tea- el
‘Muhammad enjoys hot tea.’

121. want dig-aq-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s sagaj mobilnik dig-aq-u
pn - obl - dat new phone love. ipfv - caus - th
‘Muhammad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge CL-irq'-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad him-r-a-ni 0-irq'-u-le ʡaˤšura-ke
pn anger- pl - obl . pl - erg m -do. ipfv - prs - cvb pn - super
‘Muhammad holds a grudge against Ashura.’

123. take offence him-CL-erg-es / him-CL-irg-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad him-0-erg-un ʡaˤšura-ke
pn anger- m -give. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad took offence at Ashura.’

124. upset ʁabundu-CL-uk'-aˤq-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʁabundu-r-uk'-aˤq-ib ʡaˤšura
pn - erg grieve- f -say. ipfv - caus - pret pn
‘Muhammad greatly upset Ashura.’

125. marvel ħaˤjran-CL-uh-es / ħaˤjran-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ħaˤjran-0-uh-ub ejt' šaha-li-ke
pn surprise- m -become. pfv - pret that city- obl - super
‘Muhammad was impressed by this city.’

126. despise ke-CL-aʔ-es ħa-jg-aq-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ħul-b-a-ni ke-0-jʔ-es ħa-jg-aq-u rasul
pn - obl - dat eye- pl - obl . pl - erg on - m -sit. pfv - inf neg -love. ipfv - caus - prs pn
‘Muhammad despises Rasul.’

127. get upset ʁabundu-CL-ik-es / ʁabundu-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ʁabundu-0-ik-ib cuni-ja urši-li-ke
pn grieve- m -fall. pfv - pret self- gen boy- obl - super
‘Muhammad got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ʁajništi laˁ-CL-q'-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ʁajništi laˤ-w-q'-aˤn cuni-ja rursi-li-ke
pn irritated hither - m -go. ipfv - th self- gen girl- obl - super
‘Muhammad is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond ʡaˤħ-CL-iz-es / ʡaˤħ-CL-ilz-es

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡaˤħ-r-ilz-an ʡaˤšura
pn - obl - dat good- f -stand. ipfv - th pn
‘Muhammad is fond of Ashura.’

130. be shy uruz-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad uruz-0-uk'-ar cuni-ja rost-i-zaka
pn embarrasment- m -say. ipfv - th self- gen height- obl - el
‘Muhammad is embarrased about his height.’