BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

Kadar Dargwa

Contributed by Nina Sumbatova (Academia.edu profile) and Naida Vagizieva.

N.S.'s photo N.V.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2024. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Sumbatova, Nina and Naida Vagizieva. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Kadar Dargwa. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 27, 2024; last revised on January 27, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-la bek' iz-ur
pn - gen head hurt. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM
X: SUPER
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-ke gripː b-aˤʁ-i-le
pn - obl - super flu( r us) n -reach. pfv - pret - cvb
‘Muhammad has the flu.’

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad χʷa-l-zaka uruχ-0-uk'-ar
pn dog- obl - el fear- m -say. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʁarqa ib-un
pn - erg stone throw. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s arc d-iʁ-ur
pn - obl - dat money npl reach. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad rasu-j-ke mušu-0-uk'-ar
pn pn - obl - super alike- m -say. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad resembles Rasul.’

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ʡašura-li-ke mar-0-ur-ar
pn pn - obl - super true- m -become. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad believes Ashura.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li kitap ar-as-ib
pn - erg book away -take. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li qali ki-b-iʔ-u
pn - erg home on - n -see. pfv - th
‘Muhammad sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
χugi iʁ-u=cada zat qum-art-an 0-ur-ar
big reach. ipfv - prs =as.much.as thing forget- lv . pfv - th m -become. ipfv - th
'As you get older, you get forgetful.'
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡašura ʁarši-r-ik-ib
pn - obl - dat pn opposite- f -fall. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad encountered Ashura.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad qa-j-ze erχ-un
pn home- obl - in enter. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
meħamad rasul-j-kem aqu-0-uh-ub
pn pn - obl - comp up- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad qa-j-zaka dura-0-uq-un
pn home- obl - el outside- m -move. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li q'aˤl b-aˤħ-b-ir-u-le
pn - erg cow n -side- n -do. ipfv - prs - cvb
‘Muhammad is driving the cow.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li q'aˤli ʁaˤw-b-ar-ib
pn - erg branch bend- n -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad-li ʡašura-l-ze ʔ-ib r-aš-i nam-ču
pn - erg pn - obl - in say. pfv - pret f -walk. ipfv - imp i . dat - ad
‘Muhammad told Ashura: "Come and visit me".’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li kitap b-uc-i-le naˤq'-i-ze
pn - erg book n -catch. pfv - pret - cvb hand- obl - in
‘Muhammad is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ʡaˤ-w-w-aʁ-ib ʡašura-ke
pn catch.up- m - m -reach. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad caught up with Ashura.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʡašura-li q'aˤl b-irz-ib
pn - erg cow n -milk. pfv - pret
‘Ashura milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad w-aʁ-ib ħark'-la dub-i-ze
pn m -reach. pfv - pret river- gen edge- obl - in
‘Muhammad reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li t'ul ag-i-le taˤm-i-ke nas-0-uh-ub
pn - erg finger touch. pfv - pret - cvb wall- obl - super dirt- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad rasul-j-ču usk-u-le
pn pn - obl - ad fight- prs - cvb
‘Muhammad is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad=ra rasul=ra b-al-b-irk-ur
pn = add pn = add n -suitable- n -fall. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is friends with Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

25. think

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡašura han-r-irk-ur
pn - obl - dat pn remember- f -fall. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is thinking about Ashura.’

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʡinc b-erk-un
pn - erg apple n -eat. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li baliq b-erc'-ib
pn - erg fish n -fry. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad t'ar-0-uk'-u-le-w 0-ar ʡašura-li-ke
pn look- m -say. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad is waiting for Ashura.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li qum-art-un cerħ-il huni
pn - erg forget- lv . pfv - pret another- atr way
‘Muhammad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
χugi iʁ-u=cada pamaˤt kam-b-ur-ar
big reach. ipfv - prs =as.much.as memory( r us) little- n -become. ipfv - th
'As you get older, your memory diminishes.'
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

31. call

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li rasul waˤw-ar-ib
pn - erg pn call-do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad called Rasul.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad-li=ra ʡašura-li=ra ca-li ca b-ah-u-wa dus b-ik-ib
pn - erg = add pn - erg = add one- erg one hpl -know. pfv - prs - cvb year n -fall. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad and Ashura got to know each other a year ago.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

33. know

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʡašura r-al-a
pn - erg pn f -know. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad knows Ashura.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li b-irq-u-le w-0-ar gitara
pn - erg n -beat. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th guitar( r us)
‘Muhammad is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad ha-w-0-ur-ar rasu-j-zaka
pn away - m - m -become. ipfv - th pn - obl - el
‘Muhammad avoids Rasul.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li bomba b-ar-ib
pn - erg bomb( r us) n -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad made a bomb.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad misqili-0-uk'-ar rasu-j-ke
pn mockery- m -say. ipfv - th pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-la mašin le-b
pn - gen car exst - n
‘Muhammad has a car.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ibxan-t-i-ke umc'-u-le
pn key pl - obl - super search. ipfv - prs - cvb
‘Muhammad is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li taˤm sir-li b-ak-ib
pn - erg wall paint- erg n -paint. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad painted the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-i-ke χʷa q'ac'-b-ik-ib
pn - obl - super dog bite- n -fall. pfv - pret
‘A dog bit Muhammad.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad k-alʔ-un qali awga-le
pn down -stay. pfv - pret home be.absent- cvb
‘Muhammad lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li katu b-urc-u-le
pn - erg cat n -catch. ipfv - prs - cvb
‘Muhammad is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li t'erxa b-urʡ-ib
pn - erg stick n -break. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad laˤw-0-uk'-ar ʡašura-ke
pn flatter- m -say. ipfv - th pn - super
‘Muhammad is flattering Ashura.’

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡašura dig-aq-u
pn - obl - dat pn love. ipfv - caus - th
‘Muhammad loves Ashura.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
ʡašura ħaˤrt-r-uk'-ar kasinka-li-ču
pn wave- f -say. ipfv - th scarf- obl - ad
‘Muhammad is waving a scarf.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad pikri-0-uk'-ar sagaj maši-j-ke
pn thought- m -say. ipfv - th new car- obl - super
‘Muhammad is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li šaška b-irc-ib
pn - erg cup n -wash. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li šalbar ik'-un
pn - erg trousers put.on. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
eš zat-i-s b-uk'-ar kompas
this thing- obl - dat hpl -say. ipfv - th compass( r us)
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
meħamad-li cuni-ja urši-li-s ʡaˤdlu b-ar-ib
pn - erg self- gen boy- obl - dat instruction n -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
sinka aqu-b-ik-ib riˤbak-i-ke
bear up- n -fall. pfv - pret fisherman- obl - super
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
pedera ši-j-ni b-ic’-ib
bucket water- obl - erg n -fill. pfv - pret
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ibxan-t d-arg-ib
pn - erg key- pl npl -find. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ca dollar ħa-b-iʁ-ur
pn - obl - dat one dollar neg - n -reach. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is one euro dollar.’

57. hate

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s rasul ke-0-jʔ-es ħa-0-jg-aq-u
pn - obl - dat pn on - m -see. ipfv - inf neg - m -love. ipfv - caus - prs
‘Muhammad hates Rasul.’

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡaˤħ-b-ilz-u-le b-0-ar eš ħawa
pn - obl - dat good- n -stand. ipfv - prs - cvb n -be. ipfv - th this shirt
‘Muhammad likes this shirt.’

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s arc ʡaˤʡni-l ca<r>i
pn - obl - dat money necessary- atr cop < npl >
‘Muhammad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
šaha-la alaw-la b-uc-i-le b-0-ar čir-m-a-ni
city- gen around- gen n -catch. pfv - pret - cvb n -be. ipfv - th wall- pl - obl . pl - erg
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

61. remain

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-la jac'-al azir k-alʔ-un
pn - gen ten- card thousand down -stay. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad has ten thousand left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad-li b-ur-ib učiti-j-ze
pn - erg n -tell. pfv - pret teacher( r us)- obl - in
‘Muhammad answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li pank'a abx-ib
pn - erg jar open. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad opened a jar.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
dija ħawa dik'ar-il ca_i-b- ħa-a-li-kem
i . gen shirt different- atr cop n -you. obl - obl . pl - obl - comp
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
meħamad rasul-j-kem araʁa k-alʔ-un
pn pn - obl - comp behind down -stay. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
meħamad 0-uz-u-le w-0-ar awlaq-i-ze
pn m -work. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th field- obl - in
‘Muhammad is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dija naˤq'-b-a-zaka binzi-ja waʡ b-irk-ur
i . gen hand- pl - obl . pl - el petrol- gen smell n -fall. ipfv - th
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad huj-zaka ke-w-0-uq-u-wa erχ-un tuke-j-ze
pn way- el on - m - m -move. pfv - prs - cvb enter. pfv - pret shop- obl - in
‘Muhammad crossed the road and entered the shop.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li žawga-j sarim b-elč'-un
pn - erg beautiful- atr song n -read. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li kaʁat b-elk'-un
pn - erg paper n -write. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li niʔ d-erž-un
pn - erg milk npl -drink. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li b-ac'-aq-ib ʁurʁaši-ja gesek'
pn - erg n -melt. pfv - caus - pret lead- gen piece
‘Muhammad melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
eš irʔi b-al-b-irk-ur dija kurdi-li-ke
this belt n -suitable- n -fall. ipfv - th i . gen dress- obl - super
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad cuni-ja šaha-l-zaka dura 0-uq-un
pn self- gen city- obl - el outside m -move. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad left his native city.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
qalt'ija-j-ni k'ap'-b-ir-u le_il-b-č'abar
carpet- obl - erg close- n -do. ipfv - th all- n -floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li žawga-le b-al-a qali ca-j χugi w-aʁ-ib-il
pn - erg beautiful- adv n -know. ipfv - th home cop - m big m -reach. pfv - pret - atr
‘Muhammad remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
meħamad-li kumek b-ar-ib ʡašura-s
pn - erg help n -do. pfv - pret pn - dat
‘Muhammad helped Ashura.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li francuzskij mez d-al-a
pn - erg f rench language npl -know. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
ʁuʁu b-aˤq-ib qa-j-ze
lightening n -beat. pfv - pret home- obl - in
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad-li britwa-li-ču b-alʁ-un
pn - erg razor- obl - ad n -cut. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
istakan istu-j-ke c'ap'-b-ik-ib
glass table- obl - super attaching- n -fall. pfv - pret
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
meħamad č'ur-0-uh-ub rasu-j-s
pn lose- m -become. pfv - pret pn - obl - dat
‘Muhammad lost to Rasul.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad razi-0-uh-ub kaʁat-i-ke
pn glad- m -become. pfv - pret paper- obl - super
‘Muhammad was glad about the letter.’

84. speak

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad ʁaj-0-uk'-u-le w-0-ar ʡašura-li-ču
pn speech- m -say. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th pn - obl - ad
‘Muhammad is speaking with Ashura.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʡašura-li urši w-ar-ib
pn - erg boy m -do. pfv - pret
‘Ashura gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li istakan ka-b-ik-aˤq-ib
pn - erg glass down - n -fall. pfv - caus - pret
‘Muhammad dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad nuš-i-ja poselok-la ħakim ca-j
pn we- obl - pl village- gen leader cop - m
‘Muhammad runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

88. miss

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad karc'-0-uh-ub ʡašura-ke
pn miss- m -become. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad misses Ashura.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad araʁa-ka w-at-0-ix-ib ʡašura-ke
pn behind- el m -leave. pfv - m -put. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad follows Ashura.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad jabu-l-zaka xura-0-uh-ub
pn horse- obl - el getting.off- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li radio-li-ke liħ-aˤq-i-le w-0-ar
pn - erg radio- obl - super ear-beat. pfv - pret - cvb m -be. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is listening to radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li neš-i-ke liħ-irq-u
pn - erg mother- obl - super ear- lv . ipfv - th
‘Muhammad always listens to his mother.’

93. hear

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li muziˤka b-iq'-u
pn - erg music n -hear. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
warʔa=ra niʔ=ra ʁudur-d-uh-ub
honey= add milk= add mixed- npl -become. pfv - pret
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad t'ar-0-uk'-u-le w-0-ar diriw-t-i-ke
pn look- m -say. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th fog- pl - obl - super
‘Muhammad is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ħawa b-až-ib
pn - erg shirt n -take.off. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li rasul mue-l-ze ke-0-jʔ-u
pn - erg pn dream- obl - in on - m -see. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad dreams about Rasul.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad w-al-0-ik-ib ʡašura-ču
pn m -suitable- m -fall. pfv - pret pn - ad
‘Muhammad agreed with Ashura.’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad č'ap'-0-uq-un ʡašura-ču
pn quarrel- m -move. pfv - pret pn - ad
‘Muhammad had a quarrel with Ashura.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
iš šaška-li-s ca dollar b-uk'-ar
this cup- obl - dat one dollar hpl -say. ipfv - th
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li č'ik'a-li-ke b-aˤq-ib
pn - erg bird- obl - super n -beat. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li šeker b-uš-ib šaška-l-ze
pn - erg sugar n -add. pfv - pret cup- obl - in
‘Muhammad poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ibxan-t awgar-d-ar-ib
pn - erg key- pl be.absent. part - npl -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
qit'a ši-j-ze ʡala-b-ik-ib
log water- obl - in down- n -fall. pfv - pret
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li rasul ka-0-wš-ib
pn - erg pn down - m -kill. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad killed Rasul.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li rasu-j-ke b-aˤq-ib
pn - erg pn - obl - super n -beat. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad hit Rasul.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad p'aj-0-ik-ib ʡašura-ke
pn kiss- m -fall. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad kissed Ashura.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʡaħal-il kitap b-elč'-un
pn - erg good- atr book n -read. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li t'ul šiš-b-ar-ib
pn - erg finger move- n -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad-li rasu-wa si b-ir-u
pn - erg pn - gen respect n -do. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad respects Ashura.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad naz-0-uk'-ar nas-il posuda-l-zaka
pn squeamish- m -say. ipfv - th dirt- atr dishes- obl - el
‘Muhammad is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad razi-le ca-j cuni-ja urši-li-ke
pn gladness- adv cop - m self- gen boy- obl - super
‘Muhammad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li ʡašura-ke digi-d-ix-ib
pn - erg pn - super love- npl -put. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad fell in love with Ashura.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad mar-0-ur-ar ʡašura-ke
pn true- m -become. ipfv - th pn - super
‘Muhammad trusts Ashura.’

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li cuni-ja neš maˤšt-r-ir-u
pn - erg self- gen mother spare- f -do. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad baχ-il w-ak'-ib rasu-j-ke
pn jealous- atr m -come. pfv - pret pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad envies Rasul.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER
X: GEN
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
meħamad-la himi-d-ak'-ib ʡašura-ke
pn - gen anger- npl -come. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad is angry with Ashura.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ħaˤjran-0-uh-ub iš podarok-i-ke
pn surprise- m -become. pfv - pret this gift( r us)- obl - super
‘Muhammad was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s čaj dig-aq-u
pn - obl - dat tea love. ipfv - caus - th
‘Muhammad loves tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad jal-0-uh-ub b-uc'ar-il čaj-zaka
pn enjoy- m -become. pfv - pret n -hot- atr tea- el
‘Muhammad enjoys hot tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s sagaj mobilnik dig-aq-u
pn - obl - dat new phone love. ipfv - caus - th
‘Muhammad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad him-r-a-ni 0-irq'-u-le ʡašura-ke
pn anger- pl - obl . pl - erg m -do. ipfv - prs - cvb pn - super
‘Muhammad holds a grudge against Ashura.’

123. take offence

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad him-erg-un ʡašura-ke
pn anger-give. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad took offence at Ashura.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʁabundu-r-uk'-aq-ib ʡašura
pn - erg grieve- f -say. ipfv - caus - pret pn
‘Muhammad greatly upset Ashura.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ħaˤjran-0-uh-ub ejt' šaha-li-ke
pn surprise- m -become. pfv - pret that city- obl - super
‘Muhammad was impressed by this city.’

126. despise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ħul-b-a-ni ke-0-jʔ-es ħa-jg-aq-u rasul
pn - obl - dat eye- pl - obl . pl - erg on - m -sit. pfv - inf neg -love. ipfv - caus - prs pn
‘Muhammad despises Ashura.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ʁabundu-0-ik-ib cuni-ja urši-li-ke
pn grieve- m -fall. pfv - pret self- gen boy- obl - super
‘Muhammad got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ʁajništi laˤ-w-q'-aˤn cuni-ja rursi-li-ke
pn get.irritated hither - m -go. ipfv - th self- gen girl- obl - super
‘Muhammad is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡaħ-r-ilz-an ʡašura
pn - obl - dat good- f -stand. ipfv - th pn
‘Muhammad is fond of Ashura.’

130. be shy

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad uruz-0-uk'-ar cuni-ja rost-i-zaka
pn embarrasment- m -say. ipfv - th self- gen height- obl - el
‘Muhammad is embarrased about his height.’