Danish

Contributed by Daria Alfimova (Academia.edu profile) and Søren Wichmann (Academia.edu profile)

D.A.'s photo S.W.'s photo

How to cite

Alfimova, Daria & Søren Wichmann. 2022. Bivalent patterns in Danish. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on January 12, 2022; last revised on December 22, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 56.0, 10.0.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Germanic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Grammar notes

In Danish, the finite verb always occupies the second slot in the sentence (V2). The first slot is occupied with the topic which often coincides with the subject (SVO).

Nouns inflect for number (singular, plural) and definiteness (definite, indefinite). Only personal pronouns show case distinction (nominative, oblique). Nouns fall into two genders (common, neuter) that manifest themselves in the forms of the definiteness markers: en with common nouns and et with neuter nouns. Indefinite articles precede the noun (en bil ‘a car,’ et dyr ‘an animal’). Definite articles either appear as bound morphemes following the noun (bil-en ‘the car,’ dyr-et ‘the animal’), or, if the noun is modified by an adjective, precede the modifier (den nye bil ‘the new car’, det vilde dyr ‘the wild animal’). Most adjectives agree with nouns: indefinite forms have the endings -Ø or -t in the singular, and -e in the plural, whereas the ending of all definite forms is -e, cf. (1) and (2).

(1)  Peter  sang      en       smuk            sang
     PN     sing.PST  INDF.SG  beautiful.C.SG  song(C)
     ‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

(2)  Peter  sang      den     smukk-e        sang
     PN     sing.PST  DEF.SG  beautiful-DEF  song(C)
     ‘Peter sang the beautiful song.’

Verbs do not conjugate for person or number. The infinitive suffix -e is used if a stem ends in a consonant, otherwise the infinitive form coincides with the stem (cf. led-e ‘look for’ and tro ‘believe’). In the present tense, almost all verbs have the suffix -r, except for a few irregular verbs (but their stems undergo certain morphophonological alternations, for example, kunne ‘can.INF’ : kan ‘can,PRS’). Regular verbs form the past tense forms with the suffixes -te or -ede. The past forms of the irregular verbs are morphophonologically transformed stems (angribe ‘attack.INF’ : angreb ‘attacked’). There are also present and past participles formed with the suffixes -ende and -t correspondingly. Past participles are used in analytical passives together with the verbs blive ‘become’ and være ‘be’ (for instance, blev fornærme-t ‘became offended’, var imponere-t ‘was impressed’). Synthetic passive is formed with the suffix -s (hustet male-s ‘the house is being painted’). Besides the bare stem, which is used for imperatives, there are no more synthetic verb forms.

The basic transitive construction in Danish consists of two unmarked noun phrases if they are nouns or person names, whereas pronouns in the position of the second argument are marked for the oblique case. Objects of non-transitive verbs are marked with prepositions.

The combination of a verb and a preposition is considered as a lexical unit in the following cases.

i. If it is given as a lexeme in the dictionary Den Danske Ordbog: for example, tage på ‘put on’, stige af ‘get down from' (lit. 'clamber off'), slå ned ‘strike' (lit. 'hit down').

ii. If the preposition is mobile and can move to the end of the clause: for example, putte i ‘pour’, see (3):

(3)  Peter  putte-de  sukker-et        i
     PN     put-PST   sugar(N)-DEF.SG  in
     ‘Peter poured the sugar.’

iii. If there are more than one preposition associated with the verb: for example, synke ned ‘sink’, see (4):

(4)  Kævl-en        sank      ned   i   vand-et
     log(C)-DEF.SG  sink.PST  down  in  water(N)-DEF.SG
     ‘The log sank in the water.’

Clausal arguments are marked with the bound morph at, see (5):

(5)  Peter  er      oppe  at  slås        med   Marie
     PN     be.PRS  up    to  flight.INF  with  PN
     ‘Peter is up to fight with Marie.’

Verb lemmas

Verbs are given in the infinitive form (see above). Non-verbal predicates are shown as phrases consisting of a verb in the form of the infinitive and a nominal element in the form used in the given sentence (være venner ‘be friends’). An adverbial modifier is considered as a part of the predicate if this modifier is an important component of the predicative meaning (have nok ‘have enough’).

Glossing abbreviations

C — common gender; DEF — definite; DEM — demonstrative; INDF — indefinite; INF — infinitive; N — neuter gender; OBL — oblique; PL — plural; PN — person name; PASS — passive; POSS — possessive; PRS — present; PST — past; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain have hovedpine

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Peter	ha-r	hovedpine
pn	have- prs	headache( c )
‘Peter has a headache.'
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound).

2. have (illness) have

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	ha-r	kræft
pn	have- prs	cancer( c )
‘Peter has cancer.'

3. be afraid være bange

Valency pattern: SBJ_for

X: SBJ

Y: for

Locus: Y

Peter	er	bange	for	hund-en
pn	be. prs	afraid	for	dog( c )- def . sg
‘Peter is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw smide

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	smed	en	sten
pn	throw. pst	indf . sg	stone( c )
‘Peter threw the stone.’

5. have enough have nok

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Nu	ha-r	Peter	penge	nok
now	have- prs	pn	money( c ). pl	enough
‘Now Peter has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble ligne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	ligne-r	Marie
pn	resemble- prs	pn
‘Peter resembles Marie.’

7. believe tro

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	tro-r	på	Marie
pn	believe- prs	on	pn
‘Peter believes Marie.’

8. take tage

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	tog	en	bog
pn	take. pst	indf . sg	book( c )
‘Peter took a book.’

9. see se

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	se-r	et	hus
pn	see- prs	indf . sg	house( n )
‘Peter sees a house.’

10. influence påvirke

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Alder	påvirke-r	hukommels-en
age( c ). sg	affect- prs	memory( c )- def . sg
‘Age affects memory.’

11. encounter støde ind

Valency pattern: SBJ_i

X: SBJ

Y: i

Locus: Y

Peter	stød-te	ind	i	Marie
pn	collide- pst	into	in	pn
‘Peter ran into Marie.’

12. enter gå ind

Valency pattern: SBJ_i

X: SBJ

Y: i

Locus: Y

Peter	gik	ind	i	hus-et
pn	enter. pst	into	in	house( n )- def . sg
‘Peter entered the house.’

13. win slå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	slog	Marie
pn	beat. pst	pn
‘Peter beat Marie.’

14. go out gå ud

Valency pattern: SBJ_af

X: SBJ

Y: af

Locus: Y

Peter	gik	ud	af	hus-et
pn	go. pst	out	of	house( n )- def . sg
‘Peter went out of the house.’

15. drive drive

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	drive-r	ko-en
pn	drive- prs	cow( c )- def . sg
‘Peter is driving the cow.’

16. bend bøje

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	bøje-de	gren-en
pn	bend- pst	branch( c )- def . sg
‘Peter bent the branch.’

17. tell sige

Valency pattern: SBJ_til

X: SBJ

Y: til

Locus: Y

Peter	sagde	til	Marie: ...
pn	say. pst	to	pn
‘Peter told Marie: ...’

18. hold holde

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	holde-r	en	bog
pn	hold- prs	indf . sg	book( c )
‘Peter is holding a book.’

19. catch up indhente

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	indhente-de	Marie
pn	catch_up- pst	pn
‘Peter caught up with Marie.’

20. milk malke

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	malke-de	ko-en
pn	milk- pst	cow( c )- def . sg
‘Peter milked the cow.’

21. reach nå hen

Valency pattern: SBJ_til

X: SBJ

Y: til

Locus: Y

Peter	nå-ede	hen	til	bredd-en
pn	reach- pst	towards	to	bank( c )- def . sg
‘Peter reached the bank.’

22. touch røre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	rør-te	vægg-en
pn	touch- pst	wall( c )- def . sg
‘Peter touched the wall.’

23. fight slås

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	er	oppe	at	slås	med	Marie
pn	be. prs	up	to	fight. inf	with	pn
‘Peter is up to fight with Marie.’

24. be friends være venner

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	er	venn-er	med	Marie
pn	be. prs	friend- indf . pl	with	pn
‘Peter is friends with Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think tænke

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	tænke-r	på	Marie
pn	think- prs	on	pn
‘Peter is thinking about Marie.’

26. eat spise

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	spis-te	et	æble
pn	eat- pst	indf . sg	apple( n )
‘Peter ate an apple.’

27. fry stege

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	steg-te	fisk-en
pn	fry- pst	fish( c )- def . sg
‘Peter fried the fish.’

28. wait vente

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	vente-r	på	Marie
pn	wait- prs	on	pn
‘Peter is waiting for Marie.’

29. forget glemme

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	arbejde-de	og	glem-te	tid-en
pn	work- pst	and	forget- pst	time( c )- def . sg
‘Peter worked and forgot about the time.’

30. depend afhænge

Valency pattern: SBJ_af

X: SBJ

Y: af

Locus: Y

Hukommelse	afhænge-r	af	alder-en
memory( c ). sg	depend- prs	of	age( c )- def . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call kalde

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	kald-te	på	Marie
pn	call- pst	on	pn
‘Peter called Marie.’

32. get to know lære at kende

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	lær-te	Marie	at	kende	for	et	år	siden
pn	learn- pst	pn	to	know. inf	for	indf . sg	year( n )	ago
‘Peter got to know Marie a year ago.’

33. know kende

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	kende-r	Marie
pn	know- prs	pn
‘Peter knows Marie.’

34. play (instrument) spille

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	spille-r	guitar
pn	play- prs	guitar( c ). sg
‘Peter is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid undgå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	prøve-r	at	undgå	Marie
pn	try- prs	to	avoid. inf	pn
‘Peter tries to avoid Marie.’

36. make lave

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	lave-de	en	musefælde
pn	make- pst	indf . sg	mousetrap( c )
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun gøre grin

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	gør	grin	med	Marie
pn	make. prs	fun( n ). sg	with	pn
‘Peter is making fun of Marie.’

38. have have

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	ha-r	en	bil
pn	have- prs	indf . sg	car( c )
‘Peter has a car.’

39. look for lede

Valency pattern: SBJ_efter

X: SBJ

Y: efter

Locus: Y

Peter	lede-r	efter	sin-e	nøgle-r
pn	search- prs	after	poss . refl . c - pl	key( c )- pl
‘Peter is looking for his keys.’

40. paint male

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	male-de	stakitt-et
pn	paint- pst	fence( n )- def . sg
‘Peter painted the fence.’

41. bite bide

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

En	hund	bed	Peter
indf . sg	dog( c )	bite. pst	pn
‘A dog bit Peter.’

42. forfeit miste

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	miste-de	sit	hus
pn	lose- pst	poss . refl . n . sg	house( n )
‘Peter lost his house.’

43. try to catch prøve at fange

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	prøve-r	at	fange	katt-en
pn	try- prs	to	catch. inf	cat( c )- def . sg
‘Peter is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break brække

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	brække-de	en	pind
pn	break- pst	indf . sg	stick( c )
‘Peter broke a stick.’

45. flatter smigre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	smigre-r	Marie
pn	flatter- prs	pn
‘Peter is flattering Marie.’

46. love (person) elske

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	elske-r	Marie
pn	love- prs	pn
‘Peter loves Marie.’

47. wave vifte

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	vifte-r	med	et	lommetørklæde
pn	wave- prs	with	indf . sg	handkerchief( n )
‘Peter is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream drømme

Valency pattern: SBJ_om

X: SBJ

Y: om

Locus: Y

Peter	drømme-r	om	en	ny	bil
pn	dream- prs	about	indf . sg	new. c . sg	car( c )
‘Peter is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash vaske

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	vaske-de	kopp-en
pn	wash- pst	cup( c )- def . sg
‘Peter washed the cup.’

50. put on tage på

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	tog	sin-e	bukser	på
pn	take. pst	poss . refl . c - pl	trousers( c )	on
‘Peter put on his trousers.’

51. be called kalde

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Dette	værktøj	kalde-s	et	kompas
dem . n . sg	tool( n )	call- pass . prs	indf . sg	compass( n )
‘This tool is called a compass.’

52. punish straffe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	straffe-de	sin	søn
pn	punish- pst	poss . refl . c . sg	son( c )
‘Peter punished his son.’

53. attack angribe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

En	bjørn	angreb	en	fisker
indf . sg	bear( c )	attack. pst	indf . sg	fisherman( c )
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) blive fyldt op

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Spand-en	blev	fyld-t	op	med	vand
bucket( c )- def . sg	become. pst	fill- ptcp . pst . sg	up	with	water( n ). sg
‘The bucket became filled up with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

55. find finde

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	fandt	sin-e	nøgle-r
pn	find. pst	poss . refl . c - pl	key( c )- pl
‘Peter found his keys.’

56. be short mangle

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	mangle-r	en	euro
pn	lack- prs	one	euro( c )
‘Peter lacks one euro.’

57. hate hade

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	hade-r	Marie
pn	hate- prs	pn
‘Peter hates Marie.’

58. like kunne lide

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	kan	godt	lide	de-n	skjorte
pn	can. prs	well	like. inf	dem - c . sg	shirt( c )
‘Peter likes this shirt.’

59. need have brug

Valency pattern: SBJ_for

X: SBJ

Y: for

Locus: Y

Peter	ha-r	brug	for	penge
pn	have- prs	need( c )	for	money( c ). pl
‘Peter needs money.’

60. surround omgive

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Mur-e	omgive-r	borg-en
wall( c )- indf . pl	surround- prs	city( c )- def . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain have tilbage

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	ha-r	ti	euro	tilbage
pn	have- prs	ten	euro( c )	left
‘Peter has 10 euros left.’

62. answer svare

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	svare-de	lærer-en
pn	answer- pst	teacher(С)- def . sg
‘Peter answered the teacher.’

63. open åbne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	åbne-de	en	dåse
pn	open- pst	indf . sg	can( c )
‘Peter opened a can.’

64. be different være forskellig

Valency pattern: SBJ_fra

X: SBJ

Y: fra

Locus: Y

Nej,	min	skjorte	er	forskellig	fra	din
no	my. c . sg	shirt( c )	be. prs	different. c . sg	from	your. c . sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind komme bagefter

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	kom	bagefter	Marie
pn	come. pst	behind	pn
‘Peter fell behind Marie.’

66. plough pløje

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	pløje-r	mark-en
pn	plough- prs	field( c )- def . sg
‘Peter is ploughing the field.’

67. smell lugte

Valency pattern: SBJ_af

X: SBJ

Y: af

Locus: Y

Min-e	hænder	lugte-r	af	benzin
my- pl	hand( c ). pl	smell- prs	of	gasoline( c ). sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross krydse

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	krydse-de	vej-en
pn	cross- pst	road( c )- def . sg
‘Peter crossed the road.’

69. sing synge

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	sang	en	smuk	sang
pn	sing. pst	indf . sg	beautiful. c . sg	song( c )
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

70. write skrive

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	skrev	et	brev
pn	write. pst	indf . sg	letter( n )
‘Peter wrote a letter.’

71. drink drikke

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	drak	mælk-en
pn	drink. pst	milk( c )- def . sg
‘Peter drank the milk.’

72. melt smelte

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	smelte-de	et	stykke	bly
pn	melt- pst	indf . sg	piece( n )	lead( c ). sg
‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’

73. match passe godt

Valency pattern: SBJ_til

X: SBJ

Y: til

Locus: Y

Dette	bælte	passe-r	godt	til	min	kjole
dem . sg	belt( n )	fit- prs	well	to	my. c . sg	dress( c )
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave forlade

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	forlod	sin	hjemby
pn	leave. pst	poss . refl . c . sg	hometown( c )
‘Peter left his native city.’

75. cover dække

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Tæpp-et	dække-r	hel-e	gulv-et
carpet( n )- def . sg	cover- prs	whole- def . sg	floor( n )- def . sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember huske

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	huske-r	hus-et	meget	godt
pn	remember- prs	house( n )- def . sg	very	well
‘Peter remembers the house very well.’

77. help hjælpe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	hjalp	Marie
pn	help. pst	pn
‘Peter helped Marie.’

78. understand (language) forstå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	forstå-r	fransk
pn	understand- prs	french( n ). sg
‘Peter understands French.’

79. hit (target) slå ned

Valency pattern: SBJ_i

X: SBJ

Y: i

Locus: Y

Lyn-et	slog	ned	i	hus-et
lightning( n )- def . sg	hit. pst	down	in	house( n )- def . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself skære

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	skar	sig	selv	med	et	barberblad
pn	cut. pst	refl . obl	self	with	indf . sg	razor( n )
‘Peter cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck klistre fast

Valency pattern: SBJ_til

X: SBJ

Y: til

Locus: Y

Glass-et	klistre-de	fast	til	bord-et
glass( n )- def . sg	stick- pst	fast	to	table( n )- def . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) tabe

Valency pattern: SBJ_til

X: SBJ

Y: til

Locus: Y

Peter	tab-te	til	Marie
pn	lose- pst	to	pn
‘Peter lost to Marie.’

83. be glad blive glad

Valency pattern: SBJ_for

X: SBJ

Y: for

Locus: Y

Peter	blev	glad	for	brev-et
pn	become. pst	glad. c . sg	for	letter( n )- def . sg
‘Peter became glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak tale

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	stå-r	og	tale-r	med	Marie
pn	stand- prs	and	talk- prs	with	pn
‘Peter stands and speaks with Marie.’

85. give birth føde

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Marie	fød-te	en	søn
pn	give_birth- pst	indf . sg	son( c )
‘Marie gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tabe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	tab-te	glass-et
pn	drop- pst	glass( n )- def . sg
‘Peter dropped the glass.’

87. govern styre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	styre-r	vores	by
pn	control- prs	our	town( c ). sg
‘Peter runs our town.’

88. miss savner

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	savne-r	Marie
pn	miss- prs	pn
‘Peter misses Marie.’

89. follow følge

Valency pattern: SBJ_efter

X: SBJ

Y: efter

Locus: Y

Peter	følge-r	efter	Marie
pn	follow- prs	after	pn
‘Peter follows Marie.’

90. dismount stige af

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	steg	af	hest-en
pn	climb. pst	off	horse( c )- def . sg
‘Peter got down from the horse.’

91. listen lytte

Valency pattern: SBJ_til

X: SBJ

Y: til

Locus: Y

Peter	lytte-r	til	radio-en
pn	listen- prs	to	radio( c )- def . sg
‘Peter is listening to the radio.’

92. obey adlyde

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	adlyde-r	altid	sin	mor
pn	obey- prs	always	poss . refl . c . sg	mother( c )
‘Peter always obeys his mother.’

93. hear høre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	høre-r	musikk-en
pn	hear- prs	music( c )- def . sg
‘Peter hears the music.’

94. mix blive blandet

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Honning-en	blev	blande-t	med	mælk-en
honey( c )- def . sg	become. pst	mix- ptcp	with	milk( c )- def . sg
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

95. look se

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	se-r	på	sky-er-ne
pn	look- prs	on	cloud( c )- pl - def
‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off tage af

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	tog	skjort-en	af
pn	take. pst	shirt( c )- def . sg	of
‘Peter took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) drømme

Valency pattern: SBJ_om

X: SBJ

Y: om

Locus: Y

Peter	drømme-r	om	Marie
pn	dream- prs	about	pn
‘Peter dreams about Marie.’

98. agree være enig

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	var	enig	med	Marie
pn	be. pst	agreeing. c . sg	with	pn
‘Peter agreed with Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel have et skænderi

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	hav-de	et	skænderi	med	Marie
pn	have- pst	indf . sg	quarrel( n )	with	pn
‘Peter had a quarrel with Marie.’

100. cost koste

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kopp-en	koste-r	en	euro
cup( c )- def . sg	cost- prs	one	euro( c )
‘The cup costs 1 euro.’

101. shoot at skyde

Valency pattern: SBJ_efter

X: SBJ

Y: efter

Locus: Y

Peter	skød	efter	fugl-en
pn	shoot. pst	after	bird( c )- def . sg
‘Peter shot at the bird.’

102. pour putte i

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	putte-de	sukker	i	kopp-en
pn	put- pst	sugar( n )	in	cup( c )- def . sg
‘Peter poured the sugar.’

103. lose miste

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	miste-de	sin-e	nøgle-r
pn	lose- pst	poss . refl . c - pl	key( c )- pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

104. sink synke ned

Valency pattern: SBJ_i

X: SBJ

Y: i

Locus: Y

Kævl-en	sank	ned	i	vand-et
log( c )- def . sg	sink. pst	down	in	water( n )- def . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill dræbe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	dræb-te	Marie
pn	kill- pst	pn
‘Peter killed Marie.’

106. hit slå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	slog	Marie
pn	hit. pst	pn
‘Peter hit Marie.’

107. kiss kysse

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	kysse-de	Marie
pn	kiss- pst	pn
‘Peter kissed Marie.’

108. read læse

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	læs-te	en	interessant	bog
pn	read- pst	indf . sg	interesting. c . sg	book( c )
‘Peter read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) bevæge

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	bevæge-de	finger-en
pn	move- pst	finger( c )- def . sg
‘Peter moved his finger.’

110. respect respektere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	respektere-r	Marie
pn	respect- prs	pn
‘Peter respects Marie.’

111. be squeamish være sart

Valency pattern: SBJ_overfor

X: SBJ

Y: overfor

Locus: Y

Peter	er	sart	overfor	snavset	opvask
pn	be. prs	sensitive. c . sg	against	dirty. c . sg	washing_up( c ). sg
‘Peter is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content være tilfreds

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	er	tilfreds	med	sin	søn
pn	be. prs	satisfied. c . sg	with	poss . refl . c . sg	son( c )
‘Peter is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love blive forelsket

Valency pattern: SBJ_i

X: SBJ

Y: i

Locus: Y

Peter	blev	forelske-t	i	Marie
pn	become. pst	be_in_love- ptcp . pst . sg	in	pn
‘Peter fall in love with Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust stole

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	stole-r	på	Marie
pn	rely- prs	on	pn
‘Peter trusts Marie.’

115. sympathise have medfølelse

Valency pattern: SBJ_for

X: SBJ

Y: for

Locus: Y

Peter	ha-r	medfølelse	for	sin	mor
pn	have- prs	sympathy( c ). sg	for	poss . refl . c . sg	mother( c )
‘Peter sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy være misundelig

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	er	misundelig	på	Marie
pn	be. prs	jealous. c . sg	on	pn
‘Peter envies Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry være sur

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	er	sur	på	Marie
pn	be. prs	angry. c . sg	on	pn
‘Peter is angry with Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised blive overrasket

Valency pattern: SBJ_over

X: SBJ

Y: over

Locus: Y

Peter	blev	overraske-t	over	denne	gave
pn	become. pst	surprise- ptcp . pst . sg	over	dem . sg	gift( c )
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

119. love (tea) elske

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	elske-r	te
pn	love- prs	tea( c ). sg
‘Peter loves tea.’

120. enjoy nyde

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	nyde-r	varm	te
pn	enjoy- prs	hot. c . sg	tea( c ). sg
‘Peter enjoys hot tea.’

121. want ville

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Peter	vil	gerne	have	en	ny	mobiltelefon
pn	want. prs	with_pleasure	have. inf	indf . sg	new. c . sg	mobile_phone( c )
‘Peter would like to have a new mobile phone.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

122. have a grudge have nag

Valency pattern: SBJ_til

X: SBJ

Y: til

Locus: Y

Peter	ha-r	nag	til	Marie
pn	have- prs	grudge( n ). sg	to	pn
‘Peter has a grudge against Marie.’

123. take offence blive fornærmet

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	blev	fornærme-t	på	Marie
pn	become. pst	offend- ptcp . pst . sg	on	pn
‘Peter took offence at Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

124. upset gøre oprørt

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	gjorde	Marie	meget	oprør-t
pn	make. pst	pn	very	upset- ptcp . pst . sg
‘Peter greatly upset Marie.’

125. marvel være imponeret

Valency pattern: SBJ_over

X: SBJ

Y: over

Locus: Y

Peter	var	imponere-t	over	by-en
pn	be. pst	impress- ptcp . pst . sg	over	town( c )- def . sg
‘Peter was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

126. despise foragte

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	foragte-r	Marie
pn	despise- prs	pn
‘Peter despises Marie.’

127. get upset blive vred

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	blev	vred	på	sin	søn
pn	become. pst	angry. c . sg	on	poss . refl . c . sg	son( c )
‘Peter got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated blive irriteret

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	blive-r	irritere-t	på	sin	datter
pn	become- prs	irritate- ptcp . pst . sg	on	poss . refl . c . sg	daughter( c )
‘Peter is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

129. be fond holde

Valency pattern: SBJ_af

X: SBJ

Y: af

Locus: Y

Peter	holde-r	af	Marie
pn	be_fond- prs	of	pn
‘Peter is fond of Marie.’

130. be shy være flov

Valency pattern: SBJ_over

X: SBJ

Y: over

Locus: Y

Peter	er	flov	over	sin	højde
pn	be. prs	embarrassed. c . sg	over	poss . refl . c . sg	height( c )
‘Peter is embarassed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.