Czech

Contributed by Anastasia Makarova (ResearchGate profile)

A.M.'s photo

The dataset was put together in 2017 by Anastasia Makarova (native speaker of Russian, knowledge of Czech as a foreign language) in consultation with Lucie Taraldsen Medová (native speaker of Czech). The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation. Anna Vashchenkova greatly contributed to the interlinearization of the Czech sentences.

How to cite

Makarova, Anastasia. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Czech. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on July 24, 2021; last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 49.87, 15.1.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative, and the P-argument in the accusative. In neuter nouns and inanimate masculine nouns the accusative form coincides with the nominative, however, these two forms are consistently interlinearized according to their grammatical feature value. Examples (1) and (2) thereby represent canonical transitive construction, even though the accusative form of dům ‘house’ in (1) is zero-marked and coincides with the nominative form of the same noun.

(1)  Petr           vidí                dům
     PN(M)[NOM.SG]  see(IPFV).PRS.3SG   house(M)[ACC.SG]
     ‘Petr sees the house.’

(2)  Petr           dohna-l                  Michal-a
     PN(M)[NOM.SG]  catch_up(PFV)-PST[M.SG]  PN(M)-ACC.SG
     ‘Petr caught up with Michal.’

The predicate always agrees with the nominative subject in number and person/gender (the choice of agreement features is conditioned by tense). Non-subjects are never indexed on the predicate. Some bivalent predicates expressing physical or emotional states display the Experiencer in the dative (3) or the accusative (4), that, unless expressed by pronominal clitics, takes the thematic position.

(3)  Petr-ovi      se        zdá                  o      Michal-ovi
     PN(M)-DAT.SG  REFL.ACC  dream(IPFV).PRS.3SG  about  PN(M)-LOC.SG
     ‘Petr dreams about Michal’

(4)  Petr-a        bolí                hlav-a
     PN(M)-ACC.SG  ache(IPFV).PRS.3SG  head(F)-NOM.SG
     ‘Petr has a headache.’

Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers and prepositions. A number of prepositions can combine with several different cases; valency class labels represent prepositions in combination with the specific case, e.g., NOM_naACC (where the preposition na combines with a noun phrase in the accusative case, cf. example 21 below) and NOM_naLOC (where the same preposition combines with a noun phrase in the locative case, cf. example 30 below) are considered two different valency patterns, etc.

Case system

There are 7 full-fledged cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative, and vocative.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their infinitive form specified for aspect (perfective or imperfective).

Glossing abbreviations

3 — third person; ACC — accusative; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INF — infinitive; INS — instrumental; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neuter; NOM — nominative; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain bolet

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-a	bolí	hlav-a
pn ( m )- acc . sg	ache( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	head( f )- nom . sg
‘Petr has a headache.’

2. have (illness) mít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	má	chřipk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	flu( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr has the flu.’

3. be afraid bát se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Petr	se	bojí	ps-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	dog( m )- gen . sg
‘Petr is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw hodit

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr	hodi-l	kamen-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stone( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr threw a stone.’

5. have enough mít dost

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

konečně	má	Petr	dost	peněz
finally	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	enough	money( m )[ gen . pl ]
‘Finally Petr has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble podobat se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	se	podobá	dědečk-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	resemble( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	grandfather( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr resembles his grandfather.’

7. believe věřit

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	věří	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr believes Michal.’

8. take vzít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	vza-l	knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr took a book.’

9. see vidět

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	vidí	dům
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	see( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr sees a house.’

10. influence ovlivňovat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

věk	ovlivňuje	paměť
age( m )[ nom . sg ]	influence( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	memory( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter potkat se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	potka-l	s	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr encountered Michal.’

12. enter vejít

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Petr	veše-l	do	dom-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	enter( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	in	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Petr entered the house.’

13. win vyhrát

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS

X: NOM

Y: nadINS

Locus: Y

Petr	vyhrá-l	nad	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	above	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr beat Michal.’

14. go out vyjít

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Petr	vyše-l	z	dom-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	go_out( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Petr went out of the house.’

15. drive hnát

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	žene	kráv-u	na	pastv-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	drive( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	cow( f )- acc . sg	on	pasture( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr is chasing the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend ohnout

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	ohnu-l	větev
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	bend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	branch( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr bent the branch.’

17. tell říct

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	řek-l	Michal-ovi:	"…"
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- dat . sg	"…"
‘Petr told Michal "…".’

18. hold držet

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	drží	knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr is holding a book.’

19. catch up dohnat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	dohna-l	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	catch_up( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr caught up with Michal.’

20. milk podojit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	podoji-l	kráv-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	milk( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	cow( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr milked the cow.’

21. reach dostat se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr	se	dosta-l	na	břeh
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	reach( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	bank( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr reached the bank.’

22. touch dotknout se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Petr	se	dotk-l	stěn-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	touch( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	wall( f )- gen . sg
‘Petr touched the wall.’

23. fight prát se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	pere	s	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	fight( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr is fighting with Michal.’

24. be friends kamarádit se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	kamarádí	s	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	be_friends( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr is friends with Michal.’

25. think přemýšlet

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Petr	přemýšlí	o	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	about	pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Petr is thinking about Michal.’

26. eat sníst

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	sněd-l	jablk-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	eat( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	apple( n )- acc . sg
‘Petr ate an apple.’

27. fry osmažit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	osmaži-l	ryb-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	fry( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fish( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr fried the fish.’

28. wait čekat

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr	čeká	na	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	wait( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr is waiting for Michal.’

29. forget zapomenout

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr	zapomně-l	na	tu	druh-ou	cest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	forget( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	that. f . acc . sg	other- f . acc . sg	road( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr forgot about that other road.’

30. depend závislý + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC

X: NOM

Y: naLOC

Locus: Y

pamět'	je	závisl-á	na	věk-u
memory( f )[ nom . sg ]	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	dependent- f . nom . sg	on	age( m )- loc . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call zavolat

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr	zavola-l	na	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	call( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr called Michal.’

32. get to know seznámit se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	seznámi-l	s	Michal-em	před	rok-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	get_to_know( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg	before	year( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr got to know Michal a year ago.’

33. know znát

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	zná	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr knows Michal.’

34. play (instrument) hrát

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr	hraje	na	kytar-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	guitar( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid vyhýbat se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	se	vyhýbá	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	avoid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr avoids Michal.’

36. make vyrobit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	vyrobi-l	bomb-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	bomb( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr made a bomb.’

37. make fun vysmívat se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	se	vysmívá	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	make_fun( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr is making fun of Michal.’

38. have mít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	má	auto
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	car( n )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr has a car.’

39. look for hledat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	hledá	klíč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	look_for( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr is looking for his keys.’

40. paint natřít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	natře-l	plot
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr painted the fence.’

41. bite kousat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-a	kous-l	pes
pn ( m )- acc . sg	bite( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	dog( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘A dog bit Petr.’

42. forfeit přijít

Valency pattern: NOM_oACC

X: NOM

Y: oACC

Locus: Y

Petr	přiše-l	o	dům
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	come( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	about	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr lost his house.’

43. try to catch snažit se ulovit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	se	snaží	ulovi-t	kočk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	try( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	catch( pfv )- inf	cat( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break zlomit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	zlomi-l	tyč
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stick( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr broke a stick.’

45. flatter lichotit

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	Michal-ovi	lichotí
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	pn ( m )- dat . sg	flatter( ipfv ). prs .3 sg
‘Petr is flattering Michal.’

46. love (person) milovat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	miluje	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr loves Michal.’

47. wave mávat

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr	mavá	šátk-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	wave( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	scarf( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr is waving a scarf.’

48. dream snít

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Petr	sní	o	nov-ém	aut-ě
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	about	new- n . loc . sg	car( n )- loc . sg
‘Petr is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash umýt

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	umy-l	hrnek
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	wash( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	mug( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr washed the mug.’

50. put on obléknout si

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	si	oblék-l	kalhot-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	put_on( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	trousers- acc . pl
‘Petr put on his trousers.’

51. be called jmenovat se

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

tahle	věc	se	jmenuje	kompas
this. f . nom . sg	thing( f )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	call( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	compass( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘This object is called a compass.’

52. punish potrestat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	potresta-l	syn-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	punish( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr punished his son.’

53. attack napadnout

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

medvěd	napad-l	rybář-e
bear( m )[ nom . sg ]	attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) naplnit se

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

kbelík	se	naplni-l	vod-ou
bucket( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	fill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	water( f )- ins . sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find najít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	naše-l	klíč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	find( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr found his keys.’

56. be short chybit

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-ovi	chybí	dolar
pn ( m )- dat . sg	lack( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	dollar( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘Petr is one dollar short.’

57. hate nenávidět

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	nenávidí	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr hates Michal.’

58. like líbit se

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-ovi	se	líbí	ta	košil-e
pn ( m )- dat . sg	refl . acc	like( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	this. f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg
‘Petr likes this shirt.’

59. need potřebovat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	potřebuje	peníz-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	need( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	money( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr needs money.’

60. surround obklopovat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

měst-o	obklopují	hradb-y
city( n )- acc . sg	surround( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	wall( f )- nom . pl
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain zůstat

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-ovi	zůsta-l-o	deset	dolar-ů
pn ( m )- dat . sg	remain( pfv )- pst - n . sg	ten[ nom ]	dollar( m )- gen . pl
‘Petr has ten dollars left.’

62. answer odpovědět

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	učitel-i	odpovědě-l
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	teacher( m )- dat . sg	answer( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Petr answered the teacher.’

63. open otevřít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	otevře-l	lahvičk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	bottle( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr opened a bottle.’

64. be different jiný + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_nezNOM

X: NOM

Y: nezNOM

Locus: Y

moj-e	košil-e	je	jin-á	než	tvoj-e
my- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	other- f . nom . sg	than	your- f . nom . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind zpozdit se

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS

X: NOM

Y: zaINS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	zpozdí-l	za	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	fall_behind( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	behind	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr fell behind Michal.’

66. plough orat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	oře	pol-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	plough( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	field( n )- acc . sg
‘Petr is ploughing the field.’

67. smell smrdět

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

ruc-e	mi	smrdí	benzín-em
hand( f )- nom . pl	i . dat	smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	gasoline( m )- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross přejít

Valency pattern: NOM_presACC

X: NOM

Y: presACC

Locus: Y

Petr	přeše-l	přes	ulic-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	cross( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	over	street( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr crossed the street.’

69. sing zazpívat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	zazpíva-l	krásn-ou	písničk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	sing( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	beautiful- f . acc . sg	song( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr sang a beautiful song.’

70. write napsat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	napsa-l	dopis
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	write( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	letter( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr wrote a letter.’

71. drink vypít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	vypi-l	mlék-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	drink( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	milk( n )- acc . sg
‘Petr drank the milk.’

72. melt roztavit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	roztavi-l	kousek	olov-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	piece( m )[ acc . sg ]	lead( n )- gen . sg
‘Petr melted a piece of lead.’

73. match hodit se

Valency pattern: NOM_kDAT

X: NOM

Y: kDAT

Locus: Y

tenhle	pásek	se	hodí	k	mým	šat-ům
this. m . nom . sg	belt( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	fit( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	to	my. dat . pl	dress( m )- dat . pl
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave opustit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	opusti-l	rodn-é	měst-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	leave( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	native- n . acc . sg	city( n )- acc . sg
‘Petr left his home town.’

75. cover pokrývat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

koberec	pokrývá	cel-ou	podlah-u
carpet( m )[ nom . sg ]	cover( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	whole- f . acc . sg	floor( f )- acc . sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember pamatovat si

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	si	dobře	ten	dům	pamatuje
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	well	this. m . acc . sg	house( m )[ acc . sg ]	remember( ipfv ). prs .3 sg
‘Petr remembers this house well.’

77. help pomoci

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	Michal-ovi	pomoh-l
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	pn ( m )- dat . sg	help( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Petr helped Michal.’

78. understand (language) rozumět

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	rozumí	francouzštin-ě
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	f rench- f . dat . sg
‘Petr understands French.’

79. hit (target) uhodit

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

do	dom-u	uhodi-l	blesk
in	house( m )- gen . sg	hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	lightning( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself pořezat se

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	pořeza-l	břitv-ou
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	cut( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	razor( f )- ins . sg
‘Petr cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck přilepit se

Valency pattern: NOM_kDAT

X: NOM

Y: kDAT

Locus: Y

sklenice	se	přilepi-l-a	ke	stol-u
glass( f )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	stick( pfv )- pst - f . sg	to	table( m )- dat . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) prohrát

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	prohrá-l	s	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr lost to Michal.’

83. be glad zaradovat se

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS

X: NOM

Y: nadINS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	nad	dopis-em	zaradova-l
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	above	letter( m )- ins . sg	rejoice( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Petr rejoiced over the letter.’

84. speak mluvit

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	mluví	s	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr is speaking with Michal.’

85. give birth porodit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Michael-a	porodi-l-a	syn-a
pn ( f )- nom . sg	give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Michaela gave birth to a son.’

86. drop upustit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	upusti-l	sklenic-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	glass( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr dropped the glass.’

87. govern řídit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	řidí	naš-i	vesnic-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	drive( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	our- f . acc . sg	village( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr runs our village.’

88. miss stýskat se

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC

X: NOM

Y: poLOC

Locus: Y

Petr	se	stýská	po	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	miss( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	after	pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Petr misses Michal.’

89. follow jít

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS

X: NOM

Y: zaINS

Locus: Y

Petr	jde	za	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	go( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	behind	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr follows Michal.’

90. dismount seskočit

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Petr	seskoči-l	z	kon-ě
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	jump_off( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	horse( m )- gen . sg
‘Petr jumped off the horse.’

91. listen poslouchat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	poslouchá	rádi-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	radio( n )- acc . sg
‘Petr is listening to radio.’

92. obey poslouchat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	poslouchá	mamink-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	mother( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr listens to his mother.’

93. hear slyšet

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	slyší	hudb-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	hear( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	music( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr hears the music.’

94. mix rozpustit se

Valency pattern: NOM_vLOC

X: NOM

Y: vLOC

Locus: Y

med	se	rozpusti-l	v	mlék-u
honey( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	in	milk( n )- loc . sg
‘The honey melted in the milk.’

95. look pozorovat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	pozoruje	mrak-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	look( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	cloud( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off sundat si

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	si	sunda-l	košil-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	put_off( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	shirt( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) zdát se

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Petr-ovi	se	zdá	o	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )- dat . sg	refl . acc	dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	about	pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Petr dreams about Michal.’

98. agree souhlasit

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	s	ní	souhlasí
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	with	she. ins	agree( ipfv ). prs .3 sg
‘Petr agrees with her.’

99. have a quarrel pohádat se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	poháda-l	s	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	have_a_quarrel( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr had a quarrel with Michal.’

100. cost stát

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ta	sklenic-e	stojí	jeden	dolar
this. f . nom . sg	glass( f )- nom . sg	cost( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	one[ m . acc . sg ]	dollar( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘This glass costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at vystřelit

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr	vystřeli-l	na	pták-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	shoot( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	bird( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr shot at the bird.’

102. pour dát

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	da-l	cukr	do	sklenic-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	put( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	sugar( m )[ acc . sg ]	in	glass( f )- gen . sg
‘Petr poured the sugar in the glass.’

103. lose ztratit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	ztrati-l	klíč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr lost his keys.’

104. sink potopit se

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

polen-o	se	potopi-l-o	do	vod-y
log( n )- nom . sg	refl . acc	sink( pfv )- pst - n . sg	in	water( f )- gen . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill zabít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	zabi-l	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr killed Michal.’

106. hit uhodit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	uhodi-l	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr hit Michal.’

107. kiss políbit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	políbi-l	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr kissed Michal.’

108. read přečíst

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	přečet-l	zajímav-ou	knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	interesting- f . acc . sg	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) pohnout

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr	pohnu-l	prst-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	move( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	finger( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr moved his finger.’

110. respect vážit si

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Petr	si	váží	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	respect( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- gen . sg
‘Petr respects Michal.’

111. be squeamish štítit se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Petr	se	štítí	špinav-ého	nádob-í
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	be.squeamish( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	dirty- n . gen . sg	dishes( n )- gen . sg
‘Petr is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content spokojený + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	je	spokojen-ý	se	sv-ým	syn-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	satisfied- m . nom . sg	with	one's- m . ins . sg	son( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love zamilovat se

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Petr	se	zamilova-l	do	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	fall_in_love( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	in	pn ( m )- gen . sg
‘Petr fell in love with Michal.’

114. trust věřit

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	věří	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	trust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr trusts Michal.’

115. sympathise líto + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

Petr-ovi	je	líto	matk-y
pn ( m )- dat . sg	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	sorry	mother( f )- gen . sg
‘Petr sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy závidět

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	závidí	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr envies Michal.’

117. be angry zlobit se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr	se	zlobí	na	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr is angry with Michal.’

118. be surprised překvapit

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-a	ten	dárek	překvapi-l
pn ( m )- acc . sg	this. m . nom . sg	gift( m )[ nom . sg ]	surprise( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Petr was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) mít rád

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	má	rád	čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	glad	tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr loves tea.’

120. enjoy užívat si

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	si	užívá	hork-ý	čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	enjoy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	hot- m . acc . sg	tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr enjoys hot tea.’

121. want chtít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	chce	nov-ej	mobil
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	want( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	new- m . acc . sg	mobile_phone( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge naštvanej + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr	je	naštvanej	na	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	upset	on	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr holds a grudge against Michal.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence urazit se

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petr	se	urazi-l
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	offend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Petr got offended.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

124. upset rozesmutnit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	rozesmutni-l	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	make_sad( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr upset Michal.’

125. marvel obdivovat se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	se	tomu	měst-u	obdivova-l
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	this. n . dat . sg	city( n )- dat . sg	admire( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Petr was marvelled at this city.’

126. despise opovrhovat

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr	Michal-em	opovrhuje
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	pn ( m )- ins . sg	despise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg
‘Petr despises Michal.’

127. get upset zarmoutit se

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS

X: NOM

Y: nadINS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	nad	syn-em	zarmouti-l
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	above	son( m )- ins . sg	sadden( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Petr got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated naštvat

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-a	dcer-a	naštva-l-a
pn ( m )- acc . sg	daughter( f )- nom . sg	irritate( pfv )- pst - f . sg
‘Petr got irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond mít rád

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	má	rád	Michal-a
ppn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	glad	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr is fond of Michal.’

130. be shy stydět se

Valency pattern: NOM_zaACC

X: NOM

Y: zaACC

Locus: Y

Petr	se	stydí	za	svoj-i	mal-ou	postav-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	be_shy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	for	one's- f . acc . sg	small- f . acc . sg	stature( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr is embarrassed about his small height.’