BivalTyp

Avar

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo B.M.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. The data have been generously provided by Baxu Muxidinova (see the second picture above), the chairperson of the association of Avar language teachers.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Avar. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 19, 2024; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain untize

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-l bet’er unt-un b-ugo
pn - gen head be_sick- seq n - cop
‘Ali has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) untize

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
ʕali q’wat’u-l unt-i-jaɬ unt-un w-ugo
pn outside. obl - gen be_sick- msd - erg be_sick- seq m - cop
‘Ali has the flu.’ (lit. ‘Ali is ill by the street disease.’)

3. be afraid ħinq’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL
X: NOM
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
ʕali ħinq’-un w-ugo ho-jaɬ-uƛ’a
pn fear- seq m - cop dog- obl - subel
‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw reχχize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca gamač’ reχχ-ana
pn - erg stone throw- aor
‘Ali threw a stone.’

5. have enough ʕeze

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-je ʕarac ʕol-e-b b-ugo
pn - dat silver reach. ipf - ptcp - n n - cop
‘Ali has enough money.’

6. resemble reɬɬine

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali ħažidada-da raɬɬ-ara-w w-ugo
pn h - loc resemble- pf . ptcp - m m - cop
‘Ali resembles Hajidada.’

7. believe božize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-i-da bož-ula
pn pn - obl - loc trust- ipf
‘Ali believes Ahmad.’

8. take bosize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca t’ex b-os-ana polka-jal-dasa
pn - erg book n -take- aor shelf- obl - el
‘Ali took a book.’

9. see bixize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da ruq’ b-ix-ule-b b-ugo
pn - loc house n -see- ipf . ptcp - n n - cop
‘Ali sees a house.’

10. influence baze

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rak’aldač’e-j rih-alda b-a-ra-b b-ugo
remember- msd delay- obl . loc n -hang- pf . ptcp - n n - cop
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter dandč’waze

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da aħmad dandč’wa-la rak’-alda-go heč’o-go
pn - loc pn meet- ipf heart- obl . loc -self neg . cop - cv
‘Ali ran into Ahmad by chance.’

12. enter žaniwe ɬuhine

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
ʕali roq’o-w-e žani-w-e ɬuh-una
pn house. loc - m - lat inside- m - lat enter- ipf
‘Ali enters the house.’

13. win berhine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-i-dasa werh-ana
pn pn - obl - el m .overcome- aor
‘Ali beat Ahmad.’

14. go out q’wat’ibe baqine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali škola-l-dasa q’wat’i-w-e w-aq-ana
pn school- obl - el outside- m - lat m -go_out- aor
‘Ali went out of the school.’

15. drive ʁeze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ʕaka q’wat’i-b-e ʁol-e-b b-ugo χaribak’-al-de
pn - erg cow outside- n - lat push. ipf - ptcp - n n - cop pasture- obl - lat
‘Ali is driving the cow away to the pasture.’

16. bend het’izabize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ʕarƛ’el het’-izab-ula
pn - erg branch bend- caus . n - ipf
‘Ali bends the branch.’

17. tell abize

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca aħmad-i-da niže-qe hobolɬu-q w-ač’-a-jila-n ab-una
pn - erg pn - obl - loc 1 pl . excl . obl - apudlat invitation. obl - apud m -come- imp . itr - quot - seq say- ipf
‘Ali told Ahmad to come to their place.’

18. hold kkeze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca t’ex kkun b-ugo kodo-b
pn - erg book catch. seq n - cop hand. loc - n
‘Ali is holding a book.’

19. catch up χaduw ʁeze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-i-da χadu-w ʁ-una
pn pn - obl - loc behind- m push- aor
‘Ali caught up with Marjam.’
Note: Here, χadu-w functions as an adverb.

20. milk beč’č’ize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ʕaka b-eč’č’-ana
pn - erg cow n -milk- aor
‘Ali milked the cow.’

21. reach ššweze

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
ʕali ɬar-a-l raʕal-de ššw-ana
pn river- obl - gen brink- lat arrive- aor
‘Ali reached the bank.’

22. touch qwaze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali he-l-da qwa-na wa čorokɬ-ana
pn that- obl - loc scratch- aor and get_dirty- aor
‘Ali touched it and got dirty.’

23. fight baʁize

Valency pattern: NOM_gun
X: NOM
Y: gun
Locus: Y
ʕali w-aʁ-ule-w w-ugo aħmad gun
pn m -fight- ipf . ptcp - m m - cop pn with
‘Ali is fighting with Ahmad.’

24. be friends hudulɬi buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_GENgun
X: GEN
Y: GENgun
Locus: XY
ʕali-l hudul-ɬi b-ugo aħmad-il gun
pn - gen friend- nmlz n - cop pn - gen with
‘Ali is friends with Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think pikrabazda buk’ine

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali marjam-il pikrabaz-da w-ugo
pn pn - gen idea. pl . obl - loc m - cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat kwine

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ʕeč kwana
pn - erg apple eat( aor )
‘Ali ate an apple.’

27. fry bežize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ččuʕa b-ež-ana
pn - erg fish n -fry- aor
‘Ali fried the fish.’

28. wait balahun č'eze

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-i-q w-alah-un č’-un w-ugo
pn pn - obl - apud m -look- seq stand- seq m - cop
‘Ali is waiting for Ahmad.’

29. forget k’očeze

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da k’očon t-ana cogida-b nuχ
pn - loc forget. seq leave- aor other- n way
‘Ali forgot the other road.’

30. depend baze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
rak’-alda žo č’e-j či-jas-ul rih-alda b-a-ra-b b-ugo
heart- obl . loc thing stand- msd man- obl . m - gen delay- obl . nm . loc n -hang- pf . ptcp - n n - cop
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call aħize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca aħ-ana aħmad
pn - erg call- aor pn
‘Ali called Ahmad.’

32. get to know ɬajqwaj habize

Valency pattern: ERG_GENgun
X: ERG
Y: GENgun
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca aħmad-il gun ɬa-j-qwa-j ha-b-una co son-aɬ cebe
pn - erg pn - gen with know- msd -scratch- msd do- n - aor one year- erg before.n
‘Ali got to know Ahmad a year ago.’

33. know ɬaze

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da aħmad ɬa-la
pn - loc pn know- ipf
‘Ali knows Ahmad.’

34. play (instrument) qwaze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali w-ugo gitara qwa-le-w
pn m - cop guitar scratch- ipf . ptcp - m
‘Ali is playing the guitar.’
Note: This is a transitive verb. The bi-nominative construction is triggered by the present tense.

35. avoid ɬutize

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali ɬut-ule-w w-ugo aħmad-i-dasa
pn flee- ipf . ptcp - m m - cop pn - obl - el
‘Ali avoids Ahmad.’

36. make habize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ʕunk’k’-al kkwe-ze gudur ha-b-una
pn - erg mouse- pl . nom hold- inf shackles do- n - aor
‘Ali made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun beɬanqize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCtad
X: NOM
Y: LOCtad
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-i-da t’ad w-eɬanq-ule-w w-ugo
pn pn - obl - loc on m -laugh- ipf . ptcp - m m - cop
‘Ali is making fun of Ahmad.’

38. have buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-l mašina b-ugo
pn - gen car n - cop
‘Ali has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for balahize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali k’ulal r-alah-ule-w w-ugo
pn keys pl -look- ipf . ptcp - m m - cop
‘Ali is looking for his keys.’
Note: This is a transitive verb. The bi-nominative construction is triggered by the progressive construction.

40. paint lažbar baχine

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca čali-jal-da lažbar b-aχ-ana
pn - erg fence- obl - loc paint n -lift- aor
‘Ali painted the fence.’

41. bite ħanč’ize

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: TR
ʕali-da ħanč’-ana ho-jaɬ
pn - loc bite- aor dog- erg
‘A dog bit Ali.’

42. forfeit maħrumɬize

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali maħrumɬ-ana ruq’-al-dasa
pn be_deprived- aor house- obl - el
‘Ali lost his house.’

43. try to catch kkeze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali w-ugo keto kkole-w
pn m - cop cat catch. ipf . ptcp - m
‘Ali is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: This is a transitive verb. The bi-nominative construction is triggered by the progressive construction.

44. break bekize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca t’il b-ek-ana
pn - erg stick n -break- aor
‘Ali broke a stick.’

45. flatter reccinaldaɬun gukkize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca recc-in-al-da-ɬ-un gukk-ule-j j-igo marjam
pn - erg praise- msd - obl - loc - vblz - seq cheat- ipf . ptcp - f f - cop pn
‘Ali is flattering Marjam.’

46. love (person) boƛ’ize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-je marjam j-oƛ’-ula
pn - dat pn f -want- ipf
‘Ali loves Marjam.’

47. wave xwaʕize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca kwerbac’c’ xwaʕ-ule-b b-ugo
pn - erg handkerchief wave- ipf . ptcp - n n - cop
‘Ali is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream aniššazda buk’ine

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali c’ija-b mašina-jaɬ-ul anišš-az-da w-ugo
pn new- n car- obl - gen dream- pl . obl - loc m - cop
‘Ali is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

49. wash čurize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca čaška čur-ana
pn - erg cup wash- aor
‘Ali washed the cup.’

50. put on ret’ine

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca t’ažu ret’-ana
pn - erg trousers dress- aor
‘Ali put on his trousers.’

51. be called c’ar buk’ine

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: LOC
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
he-b t’aʕel-alda c’ar kompas b-ugilan
that- n utensil- obl . loc name compass n - cop . quot
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish ʕadlu habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca was-as-e ʕadlu ha-b-una
pn - erg son- obl - dat justice do- n - aor
‘Ali punished his son.’

53. attack k’anc’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_LATtade
X: NOM
Y: LATtade
Locus: Y
ččuʕiqan-as-de t’ade ci k’anc’-ana
fisherman- m . obl - lat on. lat bear jump- aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) c’eze

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
wedro ɬel c’-una
pail water. gen fill- aor
‘The pail filled with water.’

55. find batize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da k’ulal r-at-ana
pn - loc keys pl -find- aor
‘Ali found his keys.’

56. be short ʕeze + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-je co dollar ʕol-e-b heč’o
pn - dat one dollar reach. ipf - ptcp - n neg . cop
‘Ali is one dollar short.’

57. hate roƛ’uq’ɬi buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_LATxun
X: GEN
Y: LATxun
Locus: XY
ʕali-l kutaka-b roƛ’uq’ɬi b-ugo aħmad-i-de χun
pn - gen strong- n hate n - cop pn - obl - lat toward
‘Ali hates Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

58. like bercin bixize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da ha-b gorde bercin b-ix-un b-ugo
pn - loc this- n shirt nice n -see- seq n - cop
‘Ali likes this shirt.’

59. need q’wariʕize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-je ʕarac q’wariʕ-un b-ugo
pn - dat silver need- seq n - cop
‘Ali needs money.’

60. surround swerun baze

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
šahar swer-un q’ed b-a-n b-ugo
town turn- seq wall n -hang- seq n - cop
‘The wall surrounds the city,’ lit. ‘Having turned around the city (they) hung a wall.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

61. remain χut’ize

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-l anc'go dolar χut’-ana
pn - gen ten dollar remain- aor
‘Ali has ten dollars left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer žawab ƛ’eze

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca muʕalim-as-e žawab ƛ’-una
pn - erg teacher- m . obl - dat answer give- aor
‘Ali answered the teacher.’

63. open rahize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca banka rah-ana
pn - erg jar open- aor
‘Ali opened a can.’

64. be different bat’ija buk’ine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
dir gorde dur-al-dasa bat’ija-b b-ugo
my shirt your- obl . n - el different- n n - cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind naqa χut’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-i-dasa naqa χut’-ana
pn pn - obl - el back. el remain- aor
‘Ali fell behind Ahmad.’

66. plough beƛ’ize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca χur b-eƛ’-ule-b b-ugo
pn - erg field n -plough- ipf . ptcp - n n - cop
‘Ali is ploughing the field.’

67. smell maħ buk’ize

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dir kwer-az-da benzad-ul maħ b-ugo
my hand- pl . obl - loc oil- gen smell n - cop
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

68. cross baχine

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca nuχ b-aχ-ana
pn - erg way n -cross- aor
‘Ali crossed the road.’

69. sing aħize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca bercina-b keč’ aħ-ana
pn - erg handsome- n song call- aor
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

70. write qwaze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca kaʁat qwa-na
pn - erg paper scratch- aor
‘Ali wrote a letter.’

71. drink heq’eze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca rax heq’-ana
pn - erg milk drink- aor
‘Ali drank the milk.’

72. melt biʔine

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca t’uxi-du-l kesek b-iʔ-inab-una
pn - erg lead- obl - gen piece n -melt- caus . n - ipf
‘Ali melted a piece of lead.’

73. match dande kkoleb buk’ine

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
ha-b račel dir pal’to-jal-de dande kkole-b b-ugo
this- n belt my coat- obl - lat in_front fall. ipf . ptcp - n n - cop
‘This belt goes well with my coat.’

74. leave teze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ʕagara-b šahar t-ana
pn - erg parent- n town leave- aor
‘Ali left his native city.’

75. cover bacize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
t’ubango č’abar b-ac-un b-ugo χaliča-jaɬ
totally floor n -cover- seq n - cop rug- erg
‘The rug covers the whole floor.’

76. remember rak’alda buk’ine

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da ruq’ c’aq’ ɬik’ rak’-alda b-ugo
pn - loc house very good heart- obl . loc n - cop
‘Ali remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help kumek habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca marjam-ije kumek ha-b-una
pn - erg pn - dat help do- n - aor
‘Ali helped Ahmad.’

78. understand (language) bič’č’ize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da parang mac’ b-ič’č’-ula
pn - loc f rench tongue n -understand- ipf
‘Ali understands French.’

79. hit (target) reč’č’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ruq’-alda piri reč’č’-ana
house- obl . loc lightning smash- aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself q’ot’ize

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali-l kwer q’ot’-ana almas-aɬ
pn - gen hand cut- aor cutter- erg
‘Ali cut himself with a knife’ (lit. ‘A knife cut Ali’s hand’).
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

81. get stuck rek’ine

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
stakan stol-alda rek’-ana
glass table- obl . loc stick- aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) q’eze

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL
X: NOM
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
ʕali q’-una aħmad-i-ƛ’a
pn lose- ipf pn - obl - subel
‘Ali lost to Ahmad.’

83. be glad boχize

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali kaʁti-dasa w-oχ-ana
pn paper. obl - el m -rejoice- aor
‘Ali was glad about the letter.’

84. speak gargadize

Valency pattern: NOM_gun
X: NOM
Y: gun
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad gun gargad-ile-w w-uk’-ana
pn pn with chat- fut . ptcp - m m -be- aor
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmad.’

85. give birth habize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
marjam-ica was ha-w-una
pn - erg boy do- m - aor
‘Marjam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop bortize

Valency pattern: APUDEL_NOM
X: APUDEL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-qa stakan b-ort-ana
pn - apudel glass n -rush- aor
‘Ali dropped the glass.’

87. govern nuχmaɬi habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca nižer rosda-je nuχmaɬi ha-b-ula
pn - erg 1 pl . excl . gen village. obl - dat leadership do- n - ipf
‘Ali runs our town.’

88. miss ššweze

Valency pattern: GEN_LAT
X: GEN
Y: LAT
Locus: XY
ʕali-l marjam-i-de rak’ ššun b-ugo
pn - gen pn - obl - lat heart reach. seq n - cop
‘Ali misses Marjam.’

89. follow χadub buk’ine

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCxaduAGR
X: NOM
Y: LOCxaduAGR
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-i-da χadu-w w-ugo
pn pn - obl - loc behind- m m - cop
‘Ali follows Marjam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount ʁorƛ’e ɬuhine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali čo-dasa ʁorƛ’e ɬuh-ana
pn horse. obl - el down. lat enter- aor
‘Ali got down from the horse.’

91. listen ʕenekkize

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali radio-jaɬ-uq ʕenekk-un w-ugo
pn radio- obl - apud listen- seq m - cop
‘Ali is listening to radio.’

92. obey ʕenekkize

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali ebel-aɬ-uq ʕenekk-ula
pn mother- obl - apud listen- ipf
‘Ali always listens to his mother.’

93. hear raʕize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da baq’an raʕ-ule-b b-ugo
pn - loc tune hear- ipf . ptcp - n n - cop
‘Ali hears the music.’

94. mix žubaze

Valency pattern: NOM_gun
X: NOM
Y: gun
Locus: Y
hoc’o rax gun žu-b-ana
honey milk with mix- n - aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look balahize

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali nak’k’-az-uq w-alah-un w-ugo
pn cloud- pl . obl - apud m -look- seq m - cop
‘Ali is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off baqine

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca gorde b-aq-ana
pn - erg shirt n -lift- aor
‘Ali took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) maƛ’iɬ bixize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da maƛ’i-ɬ marjam j-ix-ule-j j-igo
pn - loc sleep. obl - inter pn f -see- ipf . ptcp - f f - cop
‘Ali dreams about Marjam.’

98. agree req’eze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCtad
X: NOM
Y: LOCtad
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-i-da t’ad req’-ana
pn pn - obl - loc on fit- aor
‘Ali agreed with Marjam.’

99. have a quarrel barššize

Valency pattern: NOM_gun
X: NOM
Y: gun
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam gun baršš-un w-ugo
pn pn with quarrel- seq m - cop
‘Ali had a quarrel with Marjam.’

100. cost baha buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: GEN
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
hab čaška-jaɬ-ul baha co dollar b-ugo
this. n cup- obl - gen price one dollar n - cop
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at reč’č’ize

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca ħanč’i-da reč’č’-ana
pn - erg sparrow. pl - loc smash- aor
‘Ali shot at the sparrows.’

102. pour baze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca čakar b-a-na čaška-jaɬ-u-b-e
pn - erg sugar n -hang- aor cup- obl - loc - n - lat
‘Ali poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose bilize

Valency pattern: APUDEL_NOM
X: APUDEL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-qa k’ulal r-il-ana
pn - apudel keys pl -disappear- aor
‘Ali lost his keys.’

104. sink ʁanq’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
qwalxen ʕur-uɬ ʁanq’-ana
log river- inter drown- aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill č’waze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca č’wa-na aħmad
pn - erg strike- aor pn
‘Ali killed Ahmad.’

106. hit ƛ’ab(ʕ)ize

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca aħmad-i-da ƛ’abʕ-ana
pn - erg pn - obl - loc strike- aor
‘Ali hit Ahmad.’

107. kiss q’očize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-i-da q’oč-ana
pn pn - obl - loc kiss- aor
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’

108. read c’alize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca tamašaja-b t’ex c’al-ana
pn - erg interesting- n book read- aor
‘Ali read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) baʁaraqdizabize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca kilššal r-aʁaraqd-izar-una
pn - erg finger. pl . nom pl -move- caus . pl - aor
‘Ali moved his fingers.’

110. respect adab habize

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca aħmad-il adab hab-ula
pn - erg pn - gen politeness do. n - ipf
‘Ali respects Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish rak’ q’aze

Valency pattern: GEN_LOC
X: GEN
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
ʕali-l rak’ q’a-la čur-ič’e-b c’araʕ-alda
pn - gen heart fix- ipf wash- pf . neg . ptcp - n dishes- obl . loc
‘Ali is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

112. be content razijab buk’una

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali žindir-go was-as-dasa razija-w w-ugo
pn refl . gen -self son- m . obl - el glad- m m - cop
‘Ali is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love roƛ’i kkeze

Valency pattern: GEN_APUD
X: GEN
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
ʕali-l marjam-i-q roƛ’i kk-un b-ugo
pn - gen pn - obl - apud love catch- seq n - cop
‘Ali fell in love with Marjam.’

114. trust božize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali bož-ula marjam-i-da
pn trust- ipf pn - obl - loc
‘Ali trusts Marjam.’

115. sympathise gurħize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali gurħ-ula žindir-go ebel-alda
pn burn- ipf refl . gen -self mother- obl . loc
‘Ali sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy žaħda buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_INTER
X: GEN
Y: INTER
Locus: XY
ʕali-l žaħda b-uk’-una aħmad-i-ɬ
pn - gen envy n -be- ipf pn - obl - inter
‘Ali envies Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

117. be angry ccin baqine

Valency pattern: GEN_LOC
X: GEN
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
ʕali-l aħmad-i-da ccin b-aq-un b-ugo
pn - gen pn - obl - loc anger n -rise- seq n - cop
‘Ali is angry with Ahmad.’

118. be surprised ʕažaibɬi habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca sajʁat-aɬe ʕažaibɬi ha-b-una
pn - erg gift- nm . obl . dat wonder do- n - aor
‘Ali was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) boƛ’ize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-je čaj b-oƛ’-ula
pn - dat tea n -want- ipf
‘Ali loves tea.’

120. enjoy kep bosize

Valency pattern: ERG_EL
X: ERG
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca b-uħ-ara-b čaj-al-dasa kep b-os-ule-b b-ugo
pn - erg n -burn- pf . ptcp - n tea- obl - el pleasure n -take- ipf . ptcp - n n - cop
‘Ali enjoys hot tea.’

121. want boƛ’ize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-je c’ija-b mobilnik b-oƛ’-un b-ugo
pn - dat new- n mobile_phone n -want- seq n - cop
‘Ali wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ccin baqine

Valency pattern: GEN_LOC
X: GEN
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
ʕali-l ccin b-aq-un b-ugo aħmad-i-da
pn - gen anger n -rise- seq n - cop pn - obl - loc
‘Ali holds a grudge against Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

123. take offence rak’ χweze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-i-da rak’ χun w-ugo
pn pn - obl - loc heart die. seq m - cop
‘Ali took offence at Ahmad.’

124. upset rek’eq’ɬizabize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca rek’eq’ɬ-izaw-una aħmad
pn - erg regret- caus . m - aor pn
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’

125. marvel ħikmaɬize

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
ʕali ħikmaɬ-izaw-una he-b šahar-aɬ
pn be_awed- caus . m - ipf that- n town- erg
‘Ali was impressed by this town.’

126. despise riχine

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-je aħmad riχ-ara-w w-ugo
pn - dat pn despise- pf . ptcp - m m - cop
‘Ali despises Ahmad.’

127. get upset pašmanɬize

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT7olo
X: NOM
Y: DAT7olo
Locus: Y
ʕali pašmanɬ-ana was-as-e ʕolo
pn be_sad- aor son- m . obl - dat for
‘Ali got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ccin buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_LOC
X: GEN
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
ʕali-l jas-alda ccin b-ugo
pn - gen girl- obl . loc anger n - cop
‘Ali is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond bercin bixize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da aħmad bercin w-ix-ula
pn - loc pn nice m -see- ipf
‘Ali is fond of Ahmad.’

130. be shy nečeze

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
he-w nečon w-uk’-una žindir-go q’arq’ala-jaɬ-ul borχaɬi-jal-dasa
that- m be_ashamed. seq m -be- ipf refl . gen -self carcass- obl - gen height- obl - el
‘He is embarrased about his height.’