BivalTyp

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

Contributed by Sergey Say (Academia.edu profile)

S.S.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2019 in Urmiya, Krasnodar Krai, Russia. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation. Data collection was supported by a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research: “Documentation of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic spoken in Russia”, grant No. 20-012-00312.

How to cite

Say, Sergey. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on August 19, 2020; last revised on November 15, 2020.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic" is a conventional label for Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) varieties spoken by Christians who identify themselves as "Assyrians". Assyrians' homeland is a large area near the borders of modern (Northwestern) Iran, (Northern) Iraq, (Southeastern) Turkey and (Northeastern) Syria, as represented on the map . Presently, many Assyrians are dispersed around the world, including several communities in the South Caucasus and in the South of Russia. The data for this project were gathered from Assyrians living in Urmiya, Krasnodar Krai, Russia. A majority of Assyrians in Urmiya speak the Urmi dialect of NENA, originating from the area near Urmia in modern Iran. Other consultants are descendants of settlers originating from the highlands in the Southeast of modern Turkey. Sentences elicited from the latter group of speakers are marked "Non-Urmi speaker" below. Valency patterns in the Urmi and non-Urmi varieties attested in the village of Urmiya do not exhibit significant differences, but see (Say, 2020) for details.

Say, S. S. 2020. Markirovanie aktantov dvuxmestnyx predikatov v novoaramejskix idiomax sela Urmiya [Bivalent predicates’ argument encoding in Neo-Aramaic varieties spoken in Urmiya, Krasnodar Krai]. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana, V. 16, Part 2. 654-689. (in Russian)

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

There is no flagging for subjects (A- and S-arguments) or direct objects (P-arguments). The person, number and sometimes gender of the subject are obligatorily indexed on the verb, while indexing of the direct object is optional (Differential Object Indexing). The choice of indices for subjects and objects depends on tense and aspect, as summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. The choice of subject and object person indices in tense and aspect subsystems

Subject Direct object
Present S-suffixes (SS.1F etc.) L-suffixes (LS.1SG etc.)
Past L-suffixes (LS.1SG etc.) S-suffixes (SS.1F etc.)
Progressive Copulas (1M etc.) Possessive suffixes (P.1SG etc.)
Resultative Copulas (1M etc.) Possessive suffixes (P.1SG etc.)

The two variants of the transitive construction — with and without object indexing — are in (1) and (2).

(1) brata   ctava   dvəkt-u=la                  
    girl(F) book(M) seize.RES.F-P.3M=3F 
    ‘The girl is holding a book.’

(2) brata   dvəkt=əla      ctava
    girl(F) seize.RES.F=3F book(M)
    ‘The girl is holding a book.’

Non-core arguments are typically flagged by prepositions. Some non-core arguments have the status represented as "BARE", see (Say, in prep.) for details.

Case system

There is no morphological case on nouns.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are shown in the so-called patəx form: this is the present tense (PRS) form with the zero-realized 3rd person masculine singular S-suffix and no L-suffix.

Glossing abbreviations

1, 2, 3 — 1st, 2nd, 3rd person; DEM1, DEM2, DEM3, DEM4 — demonstratives; EXI — existential copula; F — feminine; LS — L-suffix; M — masculine; NEG — negation; O — object; OBL — oblique; P — possessive; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRF — perfect; PROG — progressive; PRON — pronoun; PRS — present; PST — past; REL — relator; RES — resultative; SS — S-suffix.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain +marrə

Valency pattern: BARE_SBJ
X: BARE
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
brata riš-o +mray=əl
girl( f ) head( m )- p .3 f ache. prog =3 m
‘The girl has a headache.’

2. have (illness) +marrə

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
brata +mrit=əla bi gripp
girl( f ) ache. res . f =3 f with flu( m )
‘The girl has the flu.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

3. be afraid +zadə

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
yala mən calba +bəzday=əl
boy( m ) from dog( m ) be_afraid. prog =3 m
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw +rappə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
cipa +ruppi-la brata
stone( m ) throw. pst - ls .3 f girl( f )
‘The girl threw the stone.’

5. have enough xazə

Valency pattern: ka_SBJ
X: ka
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
adi zuyzə ka brata bəxzay=əna
now money( pl ) to girl( f ) see. prog =3 pl
‘Now the girl has enough money.’

6. resemble damə

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
+avvo yala bədmay=əl +al savun-u
dem 3. m boy( m ) resemble. prog =3 m on grandfather( m )- p .3 m
‘This boy resembles his grandfather.’

7. believe hammən

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
+avvo naša hammun=əl +al baxt-u
dem 3. m person( m ) believe. prog =3 m on woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man believes his wife.’

8. take šakəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata škəl-la ctava mən +ustol
girl( f ) take. pst - ls .3 f book( m ) from table( m )
‘The girl took the book from the table.’

9. see xazə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata xzi-la beta
girl( f ) see. pst - ls .3 f house( m )
‘The girl saw the house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter tapək

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
yala tpək-lə mən švava
boy( m ) meet. pst - ls .3 m from neighbour( m )
‘The boy ran into his neughbor.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

12. enter +avər

Valency pattern: SBJ_gu
X: SBJ
Y: gu
Locus: Y
brata +vər-ra gu beta
girl( f ) enter. pst - ls .3 f in house( m )
‘The girl entered the house.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

13. win +karəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
brata +krəm-la ka axun-o
girl( f ) win. pst - ls .3 f to brother( m )- p .3 f
‘The girl beat her brother.’

14. go out +paləṭ

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
brata +pləṭ-la mən beta
girl( f ) leave. pst - ls .3 f from house( m )
‘The girl went out of the house.’

15. drive +ṭarə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata +bəṭray=əla tavərt-o gu +bukra
girl( f ) drive. prog =3 f cow( f )- p .3 f in herd( m )
‘The girl is driving the cow to the pasture’ (lit. ‘into the herd’).
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

16. bend +ṭayəp

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+Ašur +ṭip-e-lə +pavan=ət ilana
pn bend. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 m branch( m ). pl = rel tree( m )
‘Ashur bent the branch.’

17. tell tanə

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
+Ašur tuni-l ka +xor-u atə bet-u arxa
pn say. pst - ls .3 m to friend( m )- p .3 m come. prs house( m )- p .3 m guest( m )
‘Ashur told his friend: “Call me this evening.”’

18. hold davək

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata ctava dvəkt-u=la id-o
girl( f ) book( m ) seize. res . f - p .3 m =3 f with hand( f )- p .3 f
‘The girl is holding a book in her hands.’

19. catch up +maṭə

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
naša +mṭi-l ka baxt-u
person( m ) arrive. pst - ls .3 m to woman( f )- p .3 m
‘The man caught up with his wife.’

20. milk +xaləv

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxta +xliv-e-la tavəryay
woman( f ) milk. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 f cow( f ). pl
‘The woman milked the cows.’

21. reach +maṭə

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
naša +məṭy=əl +al bərza
person( m ) arrive. res . m =3 m on dry_land( m )
‘The man reached the bank.’

22. touch kayət

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
yala kət-lə bi guyda
boy( m ) knock. pst - ls .3 m with wall( m )
‘The boy touched the wall.’

23. fight +ṗaləš

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+Ašur +ṗlaš=əl mən švav-u
pn fight. prog =3 m from neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur is fighting with his neighbor.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

24. be friends avəd +xorvayta

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
yala +xorvayta vad=əl mən švav-u
boy( m ) friendship( f ) do. prog =3 m from neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘The boy is friends with his neighbor.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

25. think taxmən

Valency pattern: SBJ_bar
X: SBJ
Y: bar
Locus: Y
naša taxmun=əl +bar baxt-u
person( m ) think. prog =3 m after woman( f )- p .3 m
‘The man is thinking about his wife.’

26. eat +axəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yala +xəl-lə xabuyša
boy( m ) eat. pst - ls .3 m apple( m )
‘The boy ate an apple.’

27. fry kalə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava kuli-lə nuyna
old. m fry(tr). pst - ls .3 m fish( f )
‘The oldman fried the fish.’

28. wait xaməl

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
yala bəxmal=əl +al švav-u
boy( m ) wait. prog =3 m on neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘The boy is waiting for his neighbor.’

29. forget manšə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yala munšiyy-o=l crita urxa
boy( m ) forget. res . m - p .3 f =3 m short. f way( f )
‘The boy forgot about the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call +karə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
naša +kəry-a-l baxt-u
person( m ) call. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m woman( f )- p .3 m
‘The man called his wife.’

32. get to know +yaṭṭə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+Ašur kam-+yahə-la baxt-u tre šənnə kam hadiyya
pn prf -know. prs - ls .3 f woman( f )- p .3 m two year( f ). pl before now
‘Ashur got to know his wife two years ago.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. +yahə is a dialect variant of the verb stem +yaṭṭə.

33. know +yaṭṭə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+Ašur +bədday=əl švav-u
pn know. prog =3 m neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur knows his neighbor.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

34. play (instrument) +ṭavəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
+Ašur ṭavul=ələ +al zurna
pn play. prog =3 m on zurna(?)
‘Ashur is playing the zurna.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

35. avoid +ṭašə gana

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+Ašur gan-u +ṭašuy-o=l mən švav-u
pn refl ( f )- p .3 m hide(tr). prog - p .3 f =3 m from neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur avoids his neighbor’ (lit. ‘hides himself from his neighbor’).

36. make +tarəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+Ašur +turəs-lə cursa
pn build. pst - ls .3 m chair( m )
‘Ashur made a chair.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

37. make fun gaxəc

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
+Ašur gaxəc bi švav-u
pn laugh. prs with neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur will make fun of his neighbor.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. The actual form of the verb stem in the example is [ɟaxət], most likely a dialect realization of gaxəc.

38. have ət

Valency pattern: OBJAGR_BARE
X: OBJAGR
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
+Ašur ət-lə mašina
pn exi - ls .3 m car( f )
‘Ashur has a car.’

39. look for +ṭavvə

Valency pattern: SBJ_bar
X: SBJ
Y: bar
Locus: Y
baxta +ṭavvuy=la +bar kdilə
woman( f ) seek. prog =3 f after key( m ). pl
‘The woman is looking for her keys.’

40. paint maxə rang

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava məxy-e-l rang guydanə
old. m beat. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 m color( m ) wall( m ). pl
‘The oldman painted the walls.’

41. bite +karəṭ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata calba +krəṭ-o=l
girl( f ) dog( m ) bite. pst - p .3 f =3 m
‘A dog bit the girl.’

42. forfeit payəš

Valency pattern: SBJ_lab
X: SBJ
Y: la_b
Locus: Y
sava pəš-lə la b bet-u
old. m remain. pst - ls .3 m neg with house( m )- p .3 m
‘The oldman lost his house.’

43. try to catch davək

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata bədvak-o=la +kaṭu
girl( f ) seize. prog - p .3 f =3 f cat( f )
‘The girl is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break +šaməṭ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yala kesa +šməṭ-lə
boy( m ) wood( m ) break. pst - ls .3 m
‘The boy broke a stick.’

45. flatter maxə məšxa

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
yala mxay=ələ məšxa ka d-e brata
boy( m ) beat. prog =3 m fat( m ) to obl - dem 4. f girl( f )
‘The boy is flattering this girl.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

46. love (person) +bayyə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
gavr-o +bəbah-o=lə baxt-u
man( m )- p .3 f love. prog - p .3 f =3 m woman( f )- p .3 m
‘Husband loves his wife.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. +bəbah is a dialect variant of the progressive stem (+byay in the Urmi dialect).

47. wave +šayəš

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata +bəššaš-o=la +yaləxta id-o
girl( f ) shake. prog - p .3 f =3 f handkerchief( f ) with hand( f )- p .3 f
‘The girl is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

49. wash +xalləl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxta +xulləl-la +stican
woman( f ) wash. pst - ls .3 f glass( m )
‘The woman washed the glass.’

50. put on lavəš

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yala lvəš-lə +šalvar
boy( m ) put_on. pst - ls .3 m trousers( m )
‘The boy put on his trousers.’

51. be called avə šəmma

Valency pattern: BARE_PRED
X: BARE
Y: PRED
Locus: XY
+avva məndi šəmm-u kompas=əl
dem 2. m thing( m ) name( m )- p .3 m compass(?)=3 m
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

52. punish +savər

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
baxta +suvər-ra ka brat-o
woman( f ) swear. pst - ls .3 f to girl( f )- p .3 f
‘The woman punished her daughter.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Arguably, the translation is not very accurate. +taləm 'to punish' seems to belong to the same class.

53. attack napəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
dəbba pəl-la +al d-o naša
bear( f ) fall. pst - ls .3 f on obl - dem 4. m person( m )
‘A bear attacked a man.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

54. fill (intr) malə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
vadra mli-lə miyya
bucket( m ) fill. pst - ls .3 m water( pl )
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find mačəx

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yala mučx-e-lə kdilə
boy( m ) find. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 m key( m ). pl
‘The boy found the keys.’

56. be short NEG + xazə

Valency pattern: ka_SBJ
X: ka
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
ka +Ašur la xzi-lun zuyzə (zavən bilet)
to pn neg see. pst - ls .3 pl money( pl ) buy. prs ticket(?)
‘Ashur lacks the money to buy a ticket.’

57. hate ləbba ṗakkə

Valency pattern: BARE_men
X: BARE
Y: men
Locus: XY
ət +Ašur ləbb-u ṗkay=əl mən švav-u
rel pn heart( m )- p .3 m split(intr). prog =3 m from neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur hates his neighbor.’

58. like xoš atə

Valency pattern: BARE_men
X: BARE
Y: men
Locus: XY
+Ašur xoš-u bitay=əla mən d-a +sudra
pn happiness( f )- p .3 m come. prog =3 f from obl - dem 1. sg shirt( f )
‘Ashur likes this shirt.’

59. need +lazəm

Valency pattern: ka_SBJ
X: ka
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
ka ayya baxta +lazəm=ən zuzə
to dem 2. f woman( f ) necessary=3 pl money( pl )
‘This woman needs money.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

61. remain payəš

Valency pattern: ces_SBJ
X: ces
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
cəs yala sura pəš-lə əmma +manət zuzə
near boy( m ) small. m remain. pst - ls .3 m hundred rouble( m ) money( pl )
‘The boy has one hundred roubles left.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

62. answer yavvəl +ǧuvvab

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
yala yuvvəl-lə +ǧuvvab ka +rabi
boy( m ) give. pst - ls .3 m answer( m ) to teacher( m )
‘The boy answered the teacher.’

63. open patəx

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata ptəx-la banka
girl( f ) open. pst - ls .3 f can(?)
‘The girl opened a can.’

64. be different parəš

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+sudra di praš=əla mən d-e diyy-ux
shirt( f ) obl . pron .1 sg separate. prog =3 f from obl - dem 4. f obl . pron - p .2 m
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind payəš +baray

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
urza pəš-lə +baray mən baxta
man( m ) remain. pst - ls .3 m behind from woman( f )
‘The man fell behind the woman.’

66. plough +ṭarə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava +bəṭray-o=l +mazra
old. m plough. prog - p .3 f =3 m field( f )
‘The oldman is ploughing the field.’

67. smell rexa atə

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mən id-i rex=ət +nuyṭa bitay=əl
from hand( f )- p .1 sg smell( m )= rel oil( m ) come. prog =3 m
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross +avər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava urxa +vər-a-l
old. m way( f ) enter. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m
‘The oldman crossed the road.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

69. sing zamər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
xa yala zmər-rə d-a zmarta
one boy( m ) sing. pst - ls .3 m obl - dem 1. sg song( f )
‘The boy sang this song.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

70. write catəv

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
xa yala ctəv-lə xa ctava ka +xavr-u
one boy( m ) write. pst - ls .3 m one book( m ) to friend( m )- p .3 m
‘The boy wrote a letter.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

71. drink šatə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata šti-la +xalva
girl( f ) drink. pst - ls .3 f milk( m )
‘The girl drank the milk.’

72. melt mapšər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yala mupšər-rə prəzla
boy( m ) melt(tr). pst - ls .3 m iron( m )
‘The boy melted the iron.’

73. match laxəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
a camar bəlxam=əl ka +oym-i
dem 1. sg waist( m ) suit. prog =3 m to dress( f )- p .1 sg
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave azəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+Ašur xəš-lə mən mat=ət gan-u
pn go. pst - ls .3 m from village( f )= rel refl ( f )- p .3 m
‘Ashur left his native village.’

75. cover maccəs

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
+xali muccəs-la ka cullə +ustol
carpet( f ) cover. pst - ls .3 f to all table( m )
‘The carpet covers the whole table.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

76. remember taxər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava +spay bətxar=ələ bet=ət gan-u
old. m good remember. prog =3 m house( m )= rel refl ( f )- p .3 m
‘The oldman remembers his house well.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

77. help avəd comac

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
+Ašur comac vəd-lə ka +xor-u
pn help( f ) do. pst - ls .3 m to friend( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur helped his friend.’

78. understand (language) +ṗarmə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brun-i +ṗarmuy=əl lišana=ət suray
son( m )- p .1 sg understand. prog =3 m language( m )= rel a ssyrian. pl
‘My son understands the Assyrian language.’

79. hit (target) maxə

Valency pattern: SBJ_gu
X: SBJ
Y: gu
Locus: Y
bərka mxi-l gu beta
lightning( m ) beat. pst - ls .3 m in house( m )
‘Lightning hit the house.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

80. cut oneself parəm gana

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
yala gan-u prim-a-l bi +magreta
boy( m ) refl ( f )- p .3 m cut. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m with razor( f )
‘The boy cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck +šayyə

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
stacan +šiyy=əl +al +ustol
glass( m ) stick. res . m =3 m on table( m )
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) +makrəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
+Ašur +mukrəm-lə ka axun-u
pn lose. pst - ls .3 m to brother( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur lost to his brother.’

83. be glad xadə

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
brata xdi-la bi ctava
girl( f ) rejoice. pst - ls .3 f with letter( m )
‘The girl was glad about the letter.’

84. speak hamzəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+avvo sava hamzum=əl mən brat-u
dem 3. m old. m speak. prog =3 m from girl( f )- p .3 m
‘This oldman is speaking with a girl.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

85. give birth barə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
xat-i bri-la bruna
sister( f )- p .1 sg create. pst - ls .3 f son( m )
‘My sister gave birth to a son.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

86. drop manpəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxt-u munpəl-la stacan
woman( f )- p .3 m drop. pst - ls .3 f glass( m )
‘The woman dropped the glass.’

87. govern avə +gura

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
+avvo naša +gur=ət mat=əl
dem 3. m person( m ) big= rel village( f )=3 m
‘This man runs our village.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Non-verbal predicate, avə is 'to be'.

88. miss maxnə

Valency pattern: SBJ_bar
X: SBJ
Y: bar
Locus: Y
urza maxnuy=əl +bar baxt-u
man( m ) miss. prog =3 m after woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man misses his wife.’

89. follow azəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_bar
X: SBJ
Y: bar
Locus: Y
ayya baxta bəšš=əla +bar +gor-o
dem 2. f woman( f ) go. prog =3 f after man( m )- p .3 f
‘This woman follows her husband.’

90. dismount +salə

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+avvo naša +sli-lə mən suysa
dem 3. m person( m ) descend. pst - ls .3 m from horse( m )
‘This man got down from the horse.’

91. listen +šammə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brat-i +bəšmay=əla praskala
girl( f )- p .1 sg hear. prog =3 f radio(?)
‘My daughter is listening to radio.’

92. obey +šammə

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
yala +bəšmay=əl ka +rabit-u
boy( m ) hear. prog =3 m to teacher( f )- p .3 m
‘This boy obeys his mother.’

93. hear +šammə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+xor-i +bəšmay=əl zmarta
friend( m )- p .1 sg hear. prog =3 m song( f )
‘My friend hears the song.’

94. mix +xavəṭ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
duyša +xvəṭ-lə bi +xalva
honey( m ) mix. pst - ls .3 m with milk( m )
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

95. look gašək

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
yala gašuk=əl +al +ayvə cumə
boy( m ) observe. prog =3 m on cloud( f ). pl black. pl
‘The boy is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off šaləx

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata kam-šalx-a-la +oym-o
girl( f ) prf -undress. prs - ss .3 f - ls .3 f dress( f )- p .3 f
‘The girl took off her dress.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

97. dream (sleeping) xazə bi xulma

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+avvo yala bi xulm-u xəzy-a-l baxt-u
dem 3. m boy( m ) with dream( m )- p .3 m see. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This guy dreams about his wife.’

98. agree avə +razi

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+gor-o +razi vi-lə mən baxta
man( m )- p .3 f willing be. pst - ls .3 m from woman( f )
‘Lit. ‘Her husband agreed with the woman.’’
Note: Non-verbal predicate, avə is 'to be'. Some speakers use preposition am.

99. have a quarrel +makrəs

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
naša +mukrəss=əl mən baxt-u
person( m ) quarrel. res . m =3 m from woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man had a quarrel with his wife.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

100. cost +dakər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+sudra +dakr-a əmma +manət
shirt( f ) cost. prs - ss .3 f hundred rouble( m )
‘This shirt costs one hundred roubles.’

101. shoot at čarət

Valency pattern: SBJ_gu
X: SBJ
Y: gu
Locus: Y
sava črət-lə gu səprita
old. m fire. pst - ls .3 m in birdie( f )
‘The oldman shot at the bird.’

102. pour darə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxta dri-la šacar gu mana
woman( f ) pour. pst - ls .3 f sugar( m ) in vessel( m )
‘The woman poured the sugar into the cup.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

103. lose talək

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata kdilə tulk-e-la
girl( f ) key( m ). pl lose. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 f
‘The girl lost her keys.’

104. sink +ṭabbə

Valency pattern: SBJ_gu
X: SBJ
Y: gu
Locus: Y
kesa +ṭbi-l gu miyya
wood( m ) sink. pst - ls .3 m in water( pl )
‘The log sank in water.’

105. kill +kaṭəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
švava švot-u +kṭil-a-l
neighbour( m ) neighbour( f )- p .3 m kill. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m
‘The neighbor (he) killed his neighbor (her).’

106. hit maxə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxta məxy-a-la švot-o
woman( f ) beat. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 f neighbour( f )- p .3 f
‘The woman hit her neighbor.’

107. kiss našək

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yala nšik-a-l brata
boy( m ) kiss- ss .3 f - ls .3 m girl( f )
‘The boy kissed the girl.’

108. read +karə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata +kri-la +spay ctava
girl( f ) read. pst - ls .3 f good book( m )
‘The girl read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) maǧvəǧ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata muǧviǧ-é-la +suṗṗat-o
girl( f ) move(tr). pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 f finger( f ). pl - p .3 f
‘The girl moved her finger.’

110. respect maɣɣəb

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+Ašur maɣɣub-u=l švav-u
pn like. prog - p .3 m =3 m neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur respects his neighbor.’

111. be squeamish gangəz

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
xat-i di ganguz=əla mən šəxtanə manə čamčə
sister( f )- p .1 sg obl . pron .1 sg loathe. prog =3 f from dirty. pl vessel( m ). pl spoon( m ). pl
‘My sister is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content avə +razi

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
+Ašur +razi=lə bi brun-u
pn willing=3 m with son( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate, avə is 'to be'.

113. fall in love xoš atə

Valency pattern: BARE_men
X: BARE
Y: men
Locus: XY
+Ašur xoš-u bitay=əla mən švot-u
pn happiness( f )- p .3 m come. prog =3 f from neighbour( f )- p .3 m
‘Ashur fell in love with his neighbor.’

114. trust avə +ərxay

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
+avvo naša +ərxay=ələ bi baxt-u
dem 3. m person( m ) secure=3 m with woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man trusts his wife.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate, avə is 'to be'. +ərxay is a dialect realization of +arxayən.

115. sympathise +xṭita atə

Valency pattern: BARE_BARE
X: BARE
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
aha naša +xṭit=ət yəmm-u bitay=əla
dem 1. sg person( m ) sin( f )= rel mother( f )- p .3 m come. prog =3 f
‘This man sympathizes with his mother.’

116. envy baxxəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
+Ašur baxxul=əl bi švav-u
pn envy. prog =3 m with neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur envies his neighbor.’

117. be angry carəb

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
+Ašur bəcrab=əl +al baxt-u
pn be_angry. prog =3 m on woman( f )- p .3 m
‘Ashur is angry with his wife.’

118. be surprised +aǧǧəb

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
ana +uǧǧəb-li b d-a pəštəš
i be_surprised. pst - ls .1 sg with obl - dem 1. sg gift( f )
‘I was surprised at this gift.’
Note: pəštaš is a dialect realization of pašcaš or pəšcaš.

119. love (tea) xoš atə

Valency pattern: BARE_men
X: BARE
Y: men
Locus: XY
ayyé baxta xoš-o bitay=əla mən +čay
dem 3. f woman( f ) happiness( f )- p .3 f come. prog =3 f from tea( m )
‘This woman loves tea.’

120. enjoy avəd ceyp

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
yala vad=ələ ceyp-u bi +čay
boy( m ) do. prog =3 m pleasure( f )- p .3 m with tea( m )
‘The boy enjoys tea.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. ceyp is a dialect realization of cep.

121. want +bayyə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata +byay=əla taza telefon
girl( f ) want. prog =3 f new phone(?)
‘The girl wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge carəb

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
+Ašur bəcrab=əl +al baxt-u
pn be_angry. prog =3 m on woman( f )- p .3 m
‘Ashur has a grudge against his wife.’

123. take offence ceyp payəš

Valency pattern: BARE_men
X: BARE
Y: men
Locus: XY
axun-i ceyp-u pəšta=əla mən baxt-u
brother( m )- p .1 sg pleasure( f )- p .3 m remain. res . f =3 f from woman( f )- p .3 m
‘My brother got cross with his wife.’
Note: ceyp is a dialect realization of cep.

124. upset mapyəš ləbba

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
a naša +raba ləbb=ət baxt-u muppəš-lə
dem 1. sg person( m ) many heart( m )= rel woman( f )- p .3 m leave. pst - ls .3 m
‘This man greatly upset his wife.’

125. marvel *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

126. despise +aynə +paləṭ

Valency pattern: BARE_men
X: BARE
Y: men
Locus: XY
+Ašur +ayn-u +plaṭ=əna mən švav-u
pn eye( f ). pl - p .3 m leave. prog =3 pl from neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur despises his neighbor.’

127. get upset ləbba mapyəš

Valency pattern: BARE_men
X: BARE
Y: men
Locus: XY
ləbb=ət +Ašur muppəš-lə mən brun-u
heart( m )= rel pn leave. pst - ls .3 m from son( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ləbba +sarəx

Valency pattern: BARE_men
X: BARE
Y: men
Locus: XY
ləbb=ət sava +srəx-lə mən navəgta
heart( m )= rel old. m be_mad. pst - ls .3 m from granddaughter( f )
‘The oldman is irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond +avər gu ləbba

Valency pattern: BARE_SBJ
X: BARE
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a naša +raba gu ləbb-i +vir=əl
dem 1. sg person( m ) very in heart( m )- p .1 sg enter. res . m =3 m
‘I am fond of this person.’

130. be shy naxəp

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+avvo yala bənxap=əl mən d-a kom-u
dem 3. m boy( m ) be_ashamed. prog =3 m from obl - dem 1. sg size( m )- p .3 m
‘This boy is shy about his height.’