Archi

M.D.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2018. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Daniel, Michael. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Archi. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 20, 2023; last revised on July 9, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 42.06, 46.87.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain -acːʼar

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patʼimal-li-n	oˁnt	acːʼar-ši
pn - obl - gen	head	4.ache- advz (4.be)
‘Patimat has a headache.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative"). Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level constituent.

2. have (illness) -qˁes

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patʼimal-li-s	grip	qˁa-li
pn - obl - dat	influenza	4.come. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘Patimat has the flu.’

3. be afraid ʟʼinčʼar

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

patʼimat	gʷači-li-χur	ʟʼinčʼar
pn	dog- obl - comp	be.afraid
‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

4. throw kammus

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	čʼele	kammu
pn - obl . m ( erg )	stone	throw. pfv
‘Pasha threw a stone.’

5. have enough -aχˁ

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patʼimal-li-s	arsi	aχˁ-ši
pn - obl - dat	money	4.be.enough- advz (4.be)
‘Patimat has enough money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

6. resemble ɬːʷaːna

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

paša	ɬːʷaːna	moħommad-li-tːi-k
pn	be.similar	pn - obl - sup - lat
‘Pasha resembles Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

7. believe wiχ

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

patʼimat	wiχ	moħommad-li-t
pn	be.trusting	pn - obl - sup
‘Patimat believes Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

8. take -χːes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patʼimat-li	qʼonqʼ	χːa
pn - obl ( erg )	book	4.take. pfv
‘Patimat took a book.’

9. see -akːus

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patʼimat-li-s	noʟʼ	akːu-r-ši
pn - obl - dat	house	4.see- ipfv - advz (4.be)
‘Patimat sees a house.’

10. influence -ikir (habitual present of the copula / auxiliary)

Valency pattern: NOM_GENlwana

X: NOM

Y: GENlwana

Locus: Y

pahmu	ʕummul-li-n	ɬːʷaːna	b-ikir
age	life- obl - gen	according	3-be. iter
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: ɬːʷaːna functions as a postposition (not separable from the NP).

11. encounter -χos

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patimat-li-s	moħommad	χu
pn - obl - dat	pn	1.find. pfv
‘Patimat encountered Muhammad.’

12. enter -čʼubus

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.LAT

X: NOM

Y: IN.LAT

Locus: Y

moħommad	noʟʼ-a-k	čʼutːe
pn	house- in - lat	1.enter. pfv
‘Muhammad entered the house.’

13. win -χes

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

paša	χʷa	moħommad-li-χur
pn	1.win. pfv	pn - obl - comp
‘Pasha beat Muhammad.’

14. go out čʼelleši o-ʟmus

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.EL

X: NOM

Y: IN.EL

Locus: Y

paša	tukan-na-š	čʼelle-ši	uʟni
pn	shop- in - el	outside- all	1.go.out. pfv
‘Pasha went out of the shop.’

15. drive a-kʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša	χˁon	b-a<r>kʼu-r-ši	w-i
pn	cow	3-< ipfv >drive- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is driving the cow.’
Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive.

16. bend boqʼˁos

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	χol	boqʼˁo
pn - obl . m ( erg )	branch	bend. pfv
‘Pasha bent the branch.’

17. tell bos

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ALL

X: ERG

Y: CONT.ALL

Locus: Y

paša-mu	moħommad-li-r-ši	bo
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn - obl - cont - all	say. pfv
‘Pasha told Muhammad.’

18. hold -sas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patʼimat-li	qʼonqʼ	so-li
pn - obl ( erg )	book	4.take. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘Pasha is holding a book.’
Note: Resultative construction.

19. catch up χir -i

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

paša	moħommad-li-s	χir	i-w-di
pn	pn - obl - dat	behind	become-1- pfv
‘Pasha caught up with Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adverbial element + 'become'). The NP in the dative case can be omitted.

20. milk -acas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patʼimat-li	χˁon	b-acu
pn - obl ( erg )	cow	3-milk. pfv
‘Patimat milked the cow.’

21. reach e-qʼis

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.LAT

X: NOM

Y: IN.LAT

Locus: Y

patʼimat	sːobtːa-k	e-r-di
pn	edge. in - lat	reach-2- pfv
‘Patimat reached the bank.’

22. touch qˁečbos

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patʼimat-li	čʼeˁn-ni-s	qˁečbo
pn - obl ( erg )	wall- obl - dat	touch. pfv
‘Patimat touched the wall.’

23. fight anχː as

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

paša	anχː	a-r-ši	w-i	moħommad-li-ɬːu
pn	fight	4.do- ipfv - advz	1-be	pn - obl - com
‘Pasha is fighting with Muhammad.’

24. be friends halmaχkul -i

Valency pattern: GEN_COM

X: GEN

Y: COM

Locus: XY

paša-n	halmaχ-kul	i	moħommad-li-ɬːu
pn - gen	friend- nmlz	4.cop	pn - obl - com
‘Pasha is friends with Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

25. think -arhas

Valency pattern: NOM_DATxir

X: NOM

Y: DATxir

Locus: Y

paša	w-arhar-ši	w-i	moħommad-li-s	χir
pn	1-think- ipfv - advz	1-be	pn - obl - dat	after
‘Pasha is thinking about Muhammad.’
Note: The NP in the dative case cannot be separated from the “χir” element. The combination of the dative case and “χir” is analyzed as an argument-encoding device.

26. eat -kummus

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	aˁnš	kunne
pn - obl . m ( erg )	apple	4.eat. pfv
‘Pasha ate an apple.’

27. fry čʼarqʼas a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	χˁabχˁi	čʼarqʼas	a<b>u
pn - obl . m ( erg )	fish	fry	<3>do. pfv
‘Pasha fried the fish.’

28. wait sa-kːas

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

paša	su<w>kːa-r-ši	w-i	moħommad-li-tːi-k
pn	<1>look- ipfv - advz	1-be	pn - obl - sup - lat
‘Pasha is waiting for Muhammad.’

29. forget e-χmus

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	osːu-b	deqʼˁ	e<b>χni-li
pn - dat	other-3	way	<3>forget. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘Pasha forgot about the other road.’

30. depend ačutːut -i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

pahmu-li-n	heʟʼən	ʕummal-li-tːi-k	aču-tːu-t	i
memory- obl - gen	thing	life- obl - sup - lat	4.throw- attr -4	4.be
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. heʟʼən functions as an empty head.

31. call zappos

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	moħommad	zappo
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn	call. pfv
‘Pasha called Muhammad.’

32. get to know sin -kes

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	moħommad	sin	i<w>tːi	šʷaˁš
pn - dat	pn	know	<1>become. pfv	last.year
‘Pasha got to know Muhammad a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

33. know sini

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	moħommad	sini
pn - dat	pn	know
‘Pasha knows Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

34. play (instrument) da-χis

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša	mandalin	da<b>χi-r-ši	w-i
pn	mandolin	<3>hit- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is playing the mandolin.’
Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive.

35. avoid -akːus e-qʼas

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

paša	moħommad-li-s	w-akːu-s	w-e<r>qʼə-r-ši	w-i-tʼu
pn	pn - obl - dat	1-see- inf	1-< ipfv >reach- ipfv - advz	1-be- neg
‘Pasha avoids Muhammad.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

36. make a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	bomba	a<b>u
pn - obl . m ( erg )	bomba	<3>do. pfv
‘Pasha made a bomb.’

37. make fun iqʼiˁl a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	moħommad	iqʼiˁl	w-a-r-ši	w-i
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn	mock	1-do- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is making fun of Muhammad.’

38. have -i

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-n	mašin	i
pn - gen	car	4.be
‘Pasha has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level constituent.

39. look for -irkːus

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša	nakʼəm-mul	irkːu-r-ši	w-i
pn	key- pl	npl -seek- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is looking for his keys.’
Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive.

40. paint -ɬːubus

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	čʼer	be-ɬde
pn - obl . m ( erg )	wall	3-paint. pfv
‘Pasha painted the fence.’

41. bite -eqːʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša	gʷači-li	w-eqːʼu
pn	dog- obl ( erg )	1-bite. pfv
‘A dog bit Pasha.’

42. forfeit -itʼuw e-χːas

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

paša	noʟʼ	i-tʼuw	i<w>χːu
pn	house	4.be- cvb . neg	<1>remain. pfv
‘Pasha lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

43. try to catch -sas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša	gatu	ba-sa-r-ši	w-i
pn	cat	3-catch- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive.

44. break a-qˁas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	kʼuħan	aqˁu
pn - obl . m ( erg )	stick	4.break. pfv
‘Pasha broke a stick.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) ʟʼanši -i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

moħommad-li-s	patʼimat	ʟʼan-ši	d-i
pn - obl - dat	pn	love- advz	2-be
‘Muhammad loves Patimat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

47. wave lapːas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patʼimat-li	gatʼ	lapʼa-r-ši	b-i
pn - obl ( erg )	shawl	wave- ipfv - advz	3-be
‘Pasha is waving a shawl.’

48. dream ʟʼanši -i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patʼimat-li-s	noˁš	ʟʼan-ši	b-i
pn - obl - dat	horse	want- advz	3-be
‘Pasha is dreaming of a horse.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

49. wash čučəbos

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	gruška	čučəbo
pn - obl . m ( erg )	cup[ r ]	wash. pfv
‘Pasha washed the cup.’

50. put on -uwʟas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	paˁtːəl	b-uwʟu
pn - obl . m ( erg )	trousers	3-put.on. pfv
‘Pasha put on his trousers.’

51. be called bos

Valency pattern: SUP.LAT_NOM

X: SUP.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

jamu-t-mi-tːi-k	kompas	war
this-4- obl - sup - lat	compass	say. ipfv
‘This is called a compass.’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction. It is not clear whether the NP in the nominative case shares syntactic properties with other nominative NPs.

52. punish nakazat a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

zari	un	nakazat	u-w-li
i . erg	you. sg ( nom )	punish[ r ]	do. pfv -1- cvb ( evid )
‘I punished you.’

53. attack tʼankʼ bos

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

χːams	χaˁbχˁ-du	sa-r-tːu-m-mu-tːi-k	tʼankʼ	bo
bear	fish- pl	npl .catch- ipfv - attr -1- obl . m - sup - lat	jump	say. pfv
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) aː-cʼas

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

budra	ɬːenne	a<b>cʼu-li
bucket	water. o bl( erg )	<3>fill. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find -χos

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	nakʼəm-mul	χo
pn - dat	key- pl	npl .find. pfv
‘Pasha found his keys.’

56. be short -aχˁ -kerši -itʼu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	os	dollar	b-aχˁ	be-ke-r-ši	b-i-tʼu
pn - dat	one	dollar	3-be.sufficient	3-become- ipfv - advz	3-be- neg
‘Pasha is one dollar short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

57. hate mutʼuši -akːurši -i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	marin	mu-tʼu-ši	d-akːu-r-ši	d-i
pn - dat	pn	be.good- n eg- advz	2-see- ipfv - advz	2-be
‘Pasha hates Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like muši -akːus

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	ja-b	χˁošon	mu-ši	b-akːu-r
pn - dat	this-3	shirt	be.good- advz	3-see- ipfv
‘Pasha likes this shirt.’

59. need kʷatʼši -i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	arsi	kʷatʼ-ši	i
pn - dat	money	need- advz	4.be
‘Pasha needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround kʷekːis

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

šahru	čʼel-li	kʷe<b>k-də-li
town	wall- obl ( erg )	<3>spin- pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain e-χːas

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-n	wijcʼ-a<b>u	dollar	e<b>χːu-li
pn - gen	ten-<3> ptcl	dollar	<3>remain. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘Pasha has ten dollars left.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level constituent.

62. answer žawab ʟos

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

paša-mu	učitel-li-s	žawab	ʟo
pn - obl . m ( erg )	teacher- obl - dat	answer	4.give. pfv
‘Pasha answered the teacher.’

63. open dabɬas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	bankːa	dabɬu
pn - obl . m ( erg )	jar	open. pfv
‘Pasha opened a jar.’

64. be different χːˁoroši -i

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

b-is	χˁošon	utːo-m-mi-χur	χːˁoro-ši	b-i
3- i . gen	shirt	your-3- obl - comp	be.different- advz	3-be
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind χir e-χːas

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

paša	marin-ni-χur	χir	i<w>χːu
pn	pn - obl - comp	behind	<1>remain. pfv
‘Pasha fell behind Marina.’
Note: χir is part of the predicate (an adverbial element). The NP in the dative case can be omitted.

66. plough hijbos

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša	uχ	hija-r-ši	w-i
pn	field	plow- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is ploughing the field.’
Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive.

67. smell di ca-χas

Valency pattern: SUP.EL_GEN

X: SUP.EL

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

is	kurʁul-če-tːi-š	bənzin-ni-n	di	carχa-r-ši
npl . i . gen	hand. p l- obl . pl - sup - el	gas- obl - gen	smell	4.< ipfv >throw- ipfv - advz (4.be)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

68. cross a-tʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	deqʼˁ	a<b>tʼu
pn - obl . m ( erg )	way	<3>cut. pfv
‘Pasha crossed the road.’

69. sing χabus

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	mu-tːu-t	lagum	χabu
pn - obl . m ( erg )	be.good- attr -4	song	sing. pfv
‘Pasha sang a beautiful song.’

70. write ši a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	kaʁər	ši	a<b>u
pn - obl . m ( erg )	paper	write	<3>do. pfv
‘Pasha wrote a letter.’

71. drink cʼabus

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	naˁʟʼ	cʼabu
pn - obl . m ( erg )	milk	drink. pfv
‘Pasha drank the milk.’

72. melt -cʼasː a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	tʼeˁčʼu	cʼa-sː	aw
pn - obl . m ( erg )	lead	4.thaw- inf	4.do. pfv
‘Pasha melted a piece of lead.’

73. match tʼalek -i

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ja-t	qʼˁotʼol	b-is	χːaˁšna-s	tʼalek	i
this-4	belt	3- i . gen	dress. obl - dat	correctly	4.be
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

74. leave -ocər a-tis

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	žu-n-u<b>u	šahru	b-ocər	a<b>tːi
pn - obl . m ( erg )	self- gen -<3> ptcl	town	3-leave	<3>let. pfv
‘Pasha left his native city.’

75. cover ca-qˁas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

diwin-ni	obšːi	qʼatːu	noʟʼ	ca<r>qˁa-r-ši
carpet- obl ( erg )	all	down	room	< ipfv >hide- ipfv - advz (4.be)
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember ikʼma -i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	mu-ši	ikʼm=i	žu-n-tʼu	noʟʼ
pn - dat	be.good- advz	heart. loc =4.be	self. m - gen -4. ptcl	house
‘Pasha remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help kumak a-as

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

paša-mu	marin-ni-s	kumak	a<b>u
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn - obl - dat	help	<3>do. pfv
‘Pasha helped Marina.’

78. understand (language) sini

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	francija-li-n	čʼat	sini
pn - dat	f rance- obl - gen	language	know
‘Pasha understands the French language.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

79. hit (target) ca-χas

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

parəl	noʟʼ-li-s	caχu
lightning	house- obl - dat	4.hit. pfv
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself bi beqˁes

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

paša-n	močʼor	χːartʼa-r-tːu-t-mi-tː-iš	bi	ba-qˁa-li
pn - gen	beard	shave- ipfv - attr -4- obl - sup - el	blood	3-come. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘There is blood coming off Pasha’s razor.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

81. get stuck e-χmus

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

istəkan	ustul-li-s	eχ-di-li
glass	table- obl - dat	4.climb- pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) o-qːʼˁas

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

paša	marin-ni-χur	uqːʼˁa
pn	pn - obl - comp	1.lose. pfv
‘Pasha lost to Marina.’

83. be glad χːʷar -kes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

paša	kaʁal-li-tːi-š	χːʷar	i<w>tːi
pn	paper- obl - sup - el	be.glad	1.become. pfv
‘Pasha was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

84. speak baˁːbus

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

paša	marin-ni-ɬːu	baˁːbuˁ-r-ši	w-i
pn	pn - obl - com	talk- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is speaking with Marina.’

85. give birth a-as

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

marin-ni-s	wišdu	uw
pn - obl - dat	son	1.do. pfv
‘Marina gave birth to a son.’

86. drop e-kas a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	istəkan	ek-as	aw
pn - obl . m ( erg )	glass	4.fall- inf	4.do. pfv
‘Pasha dropped the glass.’

87. govern doːˁzu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

paša	olo	duχːul-li-n	doːˁzu
pn	4.we. gen	village- obl - gen	be.big. attr
‘Pasha runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

88. miss bazar

Valency pattern: NOM_DATxir

X: NOM

Y: DATxir

Locus: Y

paša	marin-ni-s	χir	bazar-ši	w-i
pn	pn - obl - dat	behind	be.missing- advz	1-be
‘Pasha misses Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative"). The NP in the dative case cannot be separated from the “χir” element. The combination of the dative case and “χir” is analyzed as an argument-encoding device.

89. follow χir sa-kːas

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

paša	marin-ni-s	χir	su<w>kːa-r-ši	w-i
pn	pn - obl - dat	behind	<1>look- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha follows Marina.’
Note: χir is part of the predicate (an adverbial element). The NP in the dative case can be separated from the “χir” element.

90. dismount a-χːˁas

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

paša	noˁši-tːi-š	u<w>χːˁu
pn	horse. o bl- sup - el	<1>go.down. pfv
‘Pasha got down from the horse.’

91. listen oj ačas

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP.LAT

X: ERG

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

paša	radio-li-tːi-k	oj	aču-li	w-i
pn	radio- obl - sup - lat	ear	4.throw. pfv - cvb	1-be
‘Pasha is listening to radio.’
Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive.

92. obey oj ačas

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP.LAT

X: ERG

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

paša-mu	buwa-tːi-k	oj	a<r>č-ar
pn - obl . m ( erg )	mother- sup - lat	ear	4.< ipfv >throw- ipfv
‘Pasha listens to his mother.’

93. hear -kos

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	lagum-mul	ko-r-ši
pn - dat	song- pl	npl .hear- ipfv - advz ( npl .be)
‘Pasha hears the music.’

94. mix ɬːo-χˁas

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

imcʼ	neˁʟʼə-ɬːu	ɬːoχˁu-li
honey	milk. obl - com	4.mix. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look sa-kːas

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

paša	doɬːor-če-tːi-k	su<w>kːa-r-ši	w-i
pn	cloud. pl - obl . p l- sup - lat	<1>look- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off -aχːa a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	χːoˁšon	b-aχːa	a<b>u
pn - obl . m ( erg )	shirt	3-away	<3>do. pfv
‘Pasha took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) mikʼir -akːus

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	marin	mikʼir	d-akːu-r-ši	d-i
pn - dat	pn	in.the.dream	2-see- ipfv - advz	2-be
‘Pasha dreams about Marina.’

98. agree raˁzi -kes

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

paša	marina-ɬːu	raˁzi	i<w>tːi
pn	pn - com	agree	<1>become. pfv
‘Pasha agreed with Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

99. have a quarrel duʕilas kes

Valency pattern: GEN_COM

X: GEN

Y: COM

Locus: XY

paša-n	duʕilas	etːi	marin-ni-ɬːu
pn - gen	conflict	4.become. pfv	pn - obl - com
‘Pasha had a quarrel with Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

100. cost -i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

ja-t	gruška	os	dollal-li-t	i
this-4	mug	one	dollar- obl - sup	4.be
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at kammus

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

paša-mu	nacʼa-s	kammu,	ammo	bo-sːo-tʼu
pn - obl . m ( erg )	bird. o bl- dat	throw. pfv	but	3-catch. pfv - neg
‘Pasha shot at the bird but he missed’

102. pour a-čas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	pisokʼ[R]	a<b>ču
pn - obl . m ( erg )	sugar	<3>throw. pfv
‘Pasha poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose -itʼu -kes

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-n	nakʼən	i-tʼ-etːi
pn - gen	key	4.be- neg -4.become. pfv
‘Pasha lost his keys.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

104. sink -oqːʼˁuli -qˁes

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

šaˁtːi-li-n	qʼˁartʼi	ɬːenne-qˁ	oqːʼˁu-li	oqˁa
beam- obl - gen	roller	water. obl - inter	4.go.down. pfv - cvb	4.go. pfv
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: It is not entirely clear whether the first NP conventionally denotes a wooden log.

105. kill a-čas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	muħammad	u<w>ču
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn	<1>kill. pfv
‘Pasha killed Muhammad.’

106. hit da-χis

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

paša-mu	muħammad-li-s	daχ-di
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn - obl - dat	4.hit- pfv
‘Pasha hit Muhammad.’

107. kiss hijtbos

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	marin	hijtbo
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn	kiss. pfv
‘Pasha kissed Marina.’

108. read o-ʟmus

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	mu-tːu-t	qʼonqʼ	oʟəni
pn - obl . m ( erg )	be.good- attr -4	book	4.read. pfv
‘Pasha read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) χːəriχː a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	gon	χːəriχː	a<b>u
pn - obl . m ( erg )	finger	move	<3>do. pfv
‘Pasha moved his finger.’

110. respect qʼimat a-as

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

paša-mu	marin-ni-n	qʼimat	b-a-r
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn - obl - gen	respect	3-do- ipfv
‘Pasha respects Marina.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level constituent.

111. be squeamish ʟʼan -kes + NEG

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

paša-s	qʼˁabʁˁ-du-t	gel	kʼočʼo	ʟʼan	ke-r-tʼu
pn - dat	be.dirty- attr -4	cup	dish	want	4.become- ipfv - neg
‘Pasha is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence. Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

112. be content raˁzi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

paša	raˁzi-ši	w-i	žu-n-uwwu	laha-tːi-š
pn	agree- advz	1-be	self. m - gen -1. ptcl	child- sup - el
‘Pasha is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

113. fall in love ʟʼan -kes

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	marin	ʟʼan	e<r>tːi-li
pn - dat	pn	want	<2>become. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘Pasha fell in love with Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

114. trust wiχ

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

paša	marin-ni-t	wiχ
pn	pn - obl - sup	be.trusting
‘Pasha trusts Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

115. sympathise tʼibir

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	žu-n-aru	ijtːur	tʼibir
pn - dat	self. m - gen -<2> ptcl	mother	feel.pity
‘Pasha sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

116. envy maˁrš

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

paša	marina-t	maˁrš
pn	pn - sup	be.envious
‘Pasha envies Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

117. be angry qʼˁara-s e-χmus

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

paša	mərin-ni-tːi-k	qʼˁara-s	w-e<r>χi-r-ši	w-i
pn	pn - obl - sup - lat	be.angry- inf	1-< ipfv >rise- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is angry with Marina.’

118. be surprised χːi -kes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

paša	χːi	i<w>tːi	ja-b	sːijʁat-li-tːi-š
pn	be.surprised	<1>become. pfv	this-3	present- obl - sup - el
‘Pasha was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

119. love (tea) ʟʼan -kes

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	čij	ʟʼan	ke-r
pn - dat	tea	want	4.become- ipfv
‘Pasha loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

120. enjoy χːubus

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

paša	haˁršːa-r-tːu-t	čij	χːu-r-ši	w-i
pn	boiling- ipfv - attr -4	tea	drink- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is drinking hot tea (making pauses between gulps).’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

121. want ʟʼan

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	macːʼa-tːu-t	təlipon	ʟʼan-ši
pn - dat	be.new- attr -4	phone[ r ]	want- advz (4.be)
‘Pasha wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

122. have a grudge qʼaˁrarši -i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

paša	qʼˁara-r-ši	w-i	marin-ni-tːi-k
pn	be.angry- ipfv - advz	1-be	pn - obl - sup - lat
‘Pasha holds a grudge against Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence a-χˁas

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

paša	u<w>χˁu-li	marin-ni-tːi-š
pn	<1>become.mad- cvb	pn - obl - sup - el
‘Pasha took offence at Marina.’

124. upset ikʼʷ aqˁas

Valency pattern: SUP.EL_GEN

X: SUP.EL

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

paša-tːi-š	marin-ni-n	ikʼʷ	aqˁu
pn - sup - el	pn - obl - gen	heart	4.break. pfv
‘Pasha greatly upset Marina.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

125. marvel χːi -kes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

paša	χːi	i<w>tːi	ja-b	šahru-li-tːi-š
pn	be.surprised	<1>become. pfv	that-3	town- obl - sup - el
‘Pasha was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

126. despise ʟʼarak a-as

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

paša-mu	ʟʼarak	d-a-r-ši	d-i	marin
pn - obl . m ( erg )	below	2-do- ipfv - advz	2-be	pn
‘Pasha humiliates Marina.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset pašman -kes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

paša	pašman	i<w>tːi	žu-n-uwwu	laha-tːi-š
pn	be.sad	<1>become. pfv	self. m - gen -1. ptcl	child. obl - sup - el
‘Pasha got upset because of his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

128. get irritated qʼaˁras

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

paša	qʼˁara-r-ši	w-i	žu-n-u<r>u	laha-tːi-k
pn	be.angry- ipfv - advz	1-be	self. m - gen -<2> ptcl	child. obl - sup - lat
‘Pasha is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond muši -akːus

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	marin	mu-ši	d-akːu-r-ši	d-i
pn - dat	pn	be.good- advz	2-see- ipfv - advz	2-be
‘Pasha is fond of Marina.’

130. be shy libχˁ -kes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

paša	žu-n-tʼu	tʼi-kul-li-tːi-š	libχˁ	kʷer
pn	self. m - gen -4. ptcl	be.small- nmlz - obl - sup - el	feel.embarassed	1.become. ipfv
‘Pasha is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').