BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

Standard Arabic

Contributed by Ramazan Mamedshaxov (elibrary profile) and Nikita Kuzin (Academia.edu profile)

R.M.'s photo N.K.'s photo

The data were initially provided by Ramazan Mamedshaxov in 2011 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. In 2024, Nikita Kuzin added some missing data, improved transliteration and glossing and solved some complex issues before making the dataset publicly available.

How to cite

Mamedshaxov, Ramazan & Nikita Kuzin. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Standard Arabic. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on February 8, 2024; last revised on February 8, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Glossing abbreviations

ACC — accusative; DEF — definitve; DU — dual; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INDEF — indefinite; IPF — imperfective; M — masculine; NOM — nominative; P — possessive; PASS — passive; PF — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain ṣudāʕun

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕinda Badr-i-n ṣudāʕ-u-n
at pn - gen - indef headache- nom - indef
‘Badr has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. Non-verbal predicate.

2. have (illness) muṣābun

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n muṣāb-u-n bi=l-Ɂanfalawanza
pn - nom - indef affected. m - nom - indef by= def -flu
‘Badr has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid ḫāfa

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yaḫāfu min al-kalb-i
pn - nom - indef be_afraid. ipf .3 m from def -dog- gen
‘Badr is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw ramā

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ramā ḥaǧar-a-n
pn - nom - indef throw. pf .3 m stone- acc - indef
‘Badr threw a stone.’

5. have enough kāfin

Valency pattern: liGEN_NOM
X: liGEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
li=Badr-i-n nuqūd-u-n kāfiy-at-u-n
to= pn - gen - indef money. pl - nom - indef sufficient- f - nom - indef
‘Badr has enough money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

6. resemble šabiha

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yašbahu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef be_similar. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr resembles Maryam.’

7. believe ṣaddaqa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yuṣaddiqu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef believe. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr believes Maryam.’

8. take Ɂaḫaḏa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n Ɂaḫaḏa kitāb-a-n
pn - nom - indef take. pf .3 m book- acc - indef
‘Badr took a book.’

9. see raɁā

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yarā bayt-a-n
pn - nom - indef see. ipf .3 m house- acc - indef
‘Badr sees a house.’

10. influence Ɂaṯṯara

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
Ɂal-ʕumr-u yuɁaṯṯiru ʕalā ḏ-ḏākirat-i
def -age( m )- nom influence. ipf .3 m on def -memory( f )- gen
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter Ɂiltaqā

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n Ɂiltaqā bi=Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef meet. pf .3 m by= pn - gen
‘Badr encountered Maryam.’

12. enter daḫala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n daḫala l-bayt-a
pn - nom - indef enter. pf .3 m def -house- acc
‘Badr entered the house.’

13. win fāza

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
fāza aḥmad-u ʕalā muḥammad-i-n
win. pf .3 m pn - nom on pn - gen - indef
‘Ahmad beat Muhammad’

14. go out ḫaraǧa

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n ḫaraǧa min al-bayt-i
pn - nom - indef go_out. pf .3 m from def -house- gen
‘Badr went out of the house.’

15. drive sāqa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yasūqu l-baqar-a
pn - nom - indef drive. ipf .3 m def -cow- acc
‘Badr is driving the cow.’

16. bend ṯanā

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ṯanā ġusn-a-n
pn - nom - indef bend. pf .3 m branch- acc - indef
‘Badr bent a branch.’

17. tell qāla

Valency pattern: NOM_liGEN
X: NOM
Y: liGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n qāla li=Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef say. pf .3 m to= pn - acc
‘Badr told Maryam.’

18. hold masaka

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yamsiku kitāb-a-n
pn - nom - indef seize. ipf .3 m book- acc - indef
‘Badr is holding a book.’

19. catch up laḥiqa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n laḥiqa bi=Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef catch_up. pf .3 m by= pn - gen
‘Badr caught up with Maryam.’

20. milk ḥalaba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maryam-u ḥalabat il-baqarat-a
pn - nom milk. pf .3 f def -cow- acc
‘Maryam milked the cow.’

21. reach waṣala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n waṣala š-šāṭiɁ-a
pn - nom - indef reach. pf .3 m def -bank- acc
‘Badr reached the bank.’

22. touch lamasa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n lamasa l-ḥāɁiṭ-a
pn - nom - indef touch. pf .3 m def -wall- acc
‘Badr touched the wall.’

23. fight tašāǧara

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN
X: NOM
Y: maaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yatašāǧaru maʕa Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef fight. ipf .3 m with pn - gen
‘Badr is fighting with Maryam.’

24. be friends ṣādaqa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yuṣādiqu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef be_friends. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr is friends with Maryam.’

25. think fakkara

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yufakkiru bi=Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef think. ipf .3 m by= pn - gen
‘Badr is thinking about Maryam.’

26. eat Ɂakala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n Ɂakala tuffāḥ-a-n
pn - nom - indef eat. pf .3 m apple- acc - indef
‘Badr ate an apple.’

27. fry qalā

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n qalā samak-a-n
pn - nom - indef fry. pf .3 m fish- acc - indef
‘Badr fried the fish.’

28. wait Ɂintaẓara

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yantaẓiru Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef wait. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr is waiting for Maryam.’

29. forget nasiya

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n nasiya ṭarīq-a-n Ɂuḫrā
pn - nom - indef forget. pf .3 m road( f )- acc - indef other( f ). indef
‘Badr forgot about the other road.’

30. depend taʕallaqa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Ɂaḏ-ḏākirat-u tataʕallaqu bi=l-ʕumr-i
def -memory( f )- nom depend. ipf .3 f by= def -age- gen
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call ṣāḥa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ṣāḥa Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef call. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr called Maryam.’

32. get to know taʕarrafa

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n taʕarrafa ʕalā Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef be_acquainted. pf .3 m on pn - gen
‘Badr got to know Maryam.’

33. know ʕarafa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yaʕrifu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef know. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr knows Maryam.’

34. play (instrument) ʕazafa

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yaʕzifu ʕalā l-ʕūd-i
pn - nom - indef play. ipf .3 m on def -guitar- gen
‘Badr is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid taǧannaba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yataǧannabu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef avoid. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr avoids Maryam.’

36. make ʕamala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ʕamala qunbulat-a-n
pn - nom - indef make. pf .3 m bomb- acc - indef
‘Badr made a bomb.’

37. make fun ḍaḥika

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yaḍḥaku ʕalā Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef laugh. ipf .3 m on pn - gen
‘Badr is making fun of Maryam.’

38. have kāna

Valency pattern: indaGEN_NOM
X: indaGEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕinda Badr-i-n sayyārat-u-n
at pn - gen - indef car( f )- nom - indef
‘Badr has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for baḥaṯa

Valency pattern: NOM_anGEN
X: NOM
Y: anGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yabḥaṯu ʕan il-mafātīḥ-i
pn - nom - indef search. ipf .3 m off def -keys- gen
‘Badr is looking for his keys.’

40. paint ṣabaġa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ṣabaġa s-siyāǧ-a
pn - nom - indef paint. pf .3 m def -fence- acc
‘Badr painted the fence.’

41. bite ʕaḍḍa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ʕaḍḍa l-kalb-u badr-a-n
bite. pf .3 m def -dog( m )- nom pn - acc - indef
‘A dog bit Badr.’

42. forfeit faqada

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n faqada bayt-a-n
pn - nom - indef lose. pf .3 m house- acc - indef
‘Badr lost his house.’

43. try to catch masaka

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yamsiku qiṭṭat-a-n
pn - nom - indef seize. ipf .3 m cat- acc - indef
‘Badr is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break kasara

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n kasara ʕaṣāyat-a-n
pn - nom - indef break. pf .3 m stick- acc - indef
‘Badr broke a stick.’

45. flatter tamallaqa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yatamallaqu Maryam-a
pn - gen - indef flatter. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr is flattering Maryam.’

46. love (person) Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yuḥibbu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef love. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr loves Maryam.’

47. wave lawwaḥa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Maryam-u tulawwiḥu bi=fūṭat-i-n
pn - nom wave. ipf .3 f by= handkerchief- gen - indef
‘Badr is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream ḥalama

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yaḥlamu bi=sayyārat-i-n ǧadīd-at-i-n
pn - nom - indef dream. ipf .3 m by=car( f )- gen - indef new- f - gen - indef
‘Badr is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash ġasala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maryam-u ġasalat finǧān-a-n
pn - nom wash. pf .3 f cup- acc - indef
‘Maryam washed a cup.’

50. put on labasa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n labasa banṭalūn-a-n
pn - nom - indef wear. pf .3 m trousers- acc - indef
‘Badr put on his trousers.’

51. be called sammā

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
hāḏihi l-Ɂālat-u tusammā būṣlat-u-n
this def -instrument( f )- nom call. pass . ipf .3 f compass( f )- nom - indef
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: The verb agrees with the ‘instrument’.

52. punish ʕāqaba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ʕāqaba l-Ɂibn-a
pn - nom - indef punish. pf .3 m def -son- acc
‘Badr punished his son.’

53. attack haǧama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ɂad-dubb-u haǧama ṣ-ṣayyād-a
def -bear( m )- nom attack. pf .3 m def -fisherman- acc
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ɁimtalaɁa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Ɂad-dalw-u mtalaɁat bi=l-māɁ-i
def -bucket( f )- nom fill. pf .3 f by= def -water- gen
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find waǧada

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n waǧada l-mafātīḥ-a
pn - nom - indef find. pf .3 m def -keys- acc
‘Badr found his keys.’

56. be short kafā + NEG

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
lā yakfī badr-a-n dūlār-u-n wāḥid-u-n
not be_enough. ipf .3 m pn - acc - indef dollar( m )- nom - indef one( m )- nom - indef
‘Badr is one dollar short.’

57. hate kariha

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yakrahu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef hate. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr hates Maryam.’

58. like Ɂaʕǧaba

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Ɂal-qamīs-u yuʕǧibu Badr-a-n
def -shirt( m )- nom please. ipf .3 m pn - acc - indef
‘Badr likes this shirt.’

59. need Ɂiḥtāǧa

Valency pattern: NOM_ilaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: ilaaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yaḥtāǧu Ɂilā māl-i-n
pn - nom - indef need. ipf .3 m towards money- gen - indef
‘Badr needs money.’

60. surround Ɂaḥāṭa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ɂal-Ɂaswār-u tuḥīṭu l-madīnat-a
def -wall. pl - nom surround. ipf .3 f def -city- acc
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain baqiya

Valency pattern: indaGEN_NOM
X: indaGEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
baqiya ʕinda Badr-i-n ʕašarat-u dūlār-āt-i-n
remain. pf .3 m at pn - gen - indef ten- nom dollar- pl - gen - indef
‘Badr has ten dollars left.’

62. answer Ɂaǧāba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n Ɂaǧāba l-muʕallim-a
pn - nom - indef answer. pf .3 m def -teacher- acc
‘Badr answered the teacher.’

63. open fataḥa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
badr-u-n fataḥa l-ʕilbat-a
pn - nom - indef open. pf .3 m def -can- acc
‘Badr opened a can.’

64. be different Ɂiḫtalafa

Valency pattern: NOM_anGEN
X: NOM
Y: anGEN
Locus: Y
qamīs-ī yaḫtalifu ʕan qamīs-i-ka
shirt( m )/ nom - p .1 sg differ. ipf .3 m off shirt( m )- gen - p .2 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind taḫallafa

Valency pattern: NOM_anGEN
X: NOM
Y: anGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n taḫallafa ʕan Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef fall_behind. pf .3 m off pn - gen
‘Badr fell behind Maryam.’

66. plough ḥaraṯa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yaḥruṯu l-ḥaql-a
pn - nom - indef plow. ipf .3 m def -field- acc
‘Badr is ploughing the field.’

67. smell fāḥa rāɁiḥatu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tafūḥu min yad-ay-ya rāɁiḥat-u l-banzīn-i
emanate. ipf .3 f from hands- gen . du - p .1 sg smell( f )- nom def -gasoline- gen
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross ʕabara

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ʕabara ṭ-ṭarīq-a
pn - nom - indef cross. pf .3 m def -road- acc
‘Badr crossed the road.’

69. sing ġannā

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ġannā Ɂuġniyyat-a-n ǧamīl-at-a-n
pn - nom - indef sing. pf .3 m song( f )- acc - indef beautiful- f - acc - indef
‘Badr sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kataba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n kataba risālat-a-n
pn - nom - indef write. pf .3 m letter- acc - indef
‘Badr wrote a letter.’

71. drink šariba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n šariba ḥalīb-a-n
pn - nom - indef drink. pf .3 m milk- acc - indef
‘Badr drank the milk.’

72. melt ṣahara

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ṣahara qiṭʕat-a r-ruṣāṣ-i
pn - nom - indef melt. pf .3 m piece- acc def -lead- gen
‘Badr melted a piece of lead.’

73. match lāɁama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ɂal-ḥizām-u yulāɁimu fustān-ī
def -belt( m )- nom fit. ipf .3 m dress( m )/ acc = p .1 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave taraka

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n taraka madīnat-a=hu
pn - nom - indef leave. pf .3 m city- acc - p .3 m
‘Badr left his city.’

75. cover ġaṭṭā

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ɂal-bisāṭ-u yuġaṭṭī kull-a l-Ɂarḍ-i
def -carpet( m )- nom cover. ipf .3 m all- acc def -floor- gen
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember taḏakkara

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
badr-u-n yataḏakkaru l-bayt-a ǧayyidan
pn - nom - indef remember. ipf .3 m def -house- acc well
‘Badr remembers the house well.’

77. help sāʕada

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
badr-u-n sāʕada Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef help. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr helped Maryam.’

78. understand (language) fahima

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
badr-u-n yafhamu l-faransiyyat-a
pn - nom - indef understand. ipf .3 m def - f rench- acc
‘Badr understands French.’

79. hit (target) waqaʕa

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
waqaʕa l-barq-u ʕalā l-bayt-i
fall. pf .3 m def -lightning( m )- nom on def -house- gen
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself ǧaraḥa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n ǧaraḥa nafs-a-hu bi=l-mūs-i
pn - nom - indef injure. pf .3 m self- acc - p .3 m by= def -razor- gen
‘Badr cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck Ɂiltasaqa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Ɂal-kubbat-u ltasaqat bi=l-māɁidat-i
def -glass( f )- nom stick. pf .3 f by= def -table- gen
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) ḫasira

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN
X: NOM
Y: maaGEN
Locus: Y
Aḥmad-u ḫasira maʕa Muḥammad-i-n
pn - nom lose. pf .3 m with pn - gen - indef
‘Ahmad lost to Muhammad.’

83. be glad fariḥa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n fariḥa bi=r-risālat-i
pn - nom - indef be_glad. pf .3 m by= def -letter- gen
‘Badr was glad about the letter.’

84. speak taḥaddaṯa

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN
X: NOM
Y: maaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yataḥaddaṯu maʕa Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef talk. ipf .3 m with pn - gen
‘Badr is speaking with Maryam.’

85. give birth walada

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maryam-u waladat Ɂibn-a-n
pn - nom give_birth. pf .3 f son- acc - indef
‘Maryam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop Ɂawqaʕa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n Ɂawqaʕa kūb-a-n
pn - nom - indef drop. pf .3 m glass- acc - indef
‘Badr dropped the glass.’

87. govern dāra

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yudīru balad-a-nā
pn - nom - indef direct. ipf .3 m settlement- acc - p .1 pl
‘Badr runs our settlement.’

88. miss Ɂištāqa

Valency pattern: NOM_ilaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: ilaaGEN
Locus: Y
badr-u-n yaštāqu Ɂilā Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef miss. ipf .3 m towards pn - gen
‘Badr misses Maryam.’

89. follow tabiʕa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yatbaʕu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef follow. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr follows Maryam.’

90. dismount nazala

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n nazala min al-faras-i
pn - nom - indef descend. pf .3 m from def -horse- gen
‘Badr got down from the horse.’

91. listen samiʕa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yasmaʕu radiyū
pn - nom - indef listen. ipf .3 m radio/ acc
‘Badr is listening to radio.’

92. obey samiʕa kalāma

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Badr-u-n yasmaʕu kalām-a Ɂumm-i-hi
pn - nom - indef listen. ipf .3 m words- acc mother- gen - p .3 m
‘Badr always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear samiʕa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yasmaʕu l-musīqā
pn - nom - indef hear. ipf .3 m def -music/ acc
‘Badr hears the music.’

94. mix Ɂiḫtalaṭa

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN
X: NOM
Y: maaGEN
Locus: Y
Ɂiḫtalaṭa l-ʕasal-u maʕa l-ḥalīb-i
mix. pf .3 m def -honey( m )- nom with def -milk- gen
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look naẓara

Valency pattern: NOM_ilaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: ilaaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yanẓuru Ɂilā l-ġuyūm-i
pn - nom - indef look. ipf .3 m towards def -clouds- gen
‘Badr is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off nazaʕa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n nazaʕa l-qamīs-a
pn - nom - indef take_off. pf .3 m def -shirt- acc
‘Badr took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) raɁā fī l-manāmi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yarā Maryam-a fī manām-i-hi
pn - nom - indef see. ipf .3 m pn - acc in dream- gen - p .3 m
‘Badr dreams about Maryam.’

98. agree Ɂittafaqa

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN
X: NOM
Y: maaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n ittafaqa maʕa Maryam-a”
pn - nom - indef agree. pf .3 m with pn - gen
‘Badr agreed with Maryam.’

99. have a quarrel tašāǧara

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN
X: NOM
Y: maaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n tašāǧara maʕa Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef fight. pf .3 m with pn - gen
‘Badr had a quarrel with Maryam.’

100. cost siʕr-u kāna

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
siʕr-u l-finǧān-i dūlār-u-n wāḥid-u-n
price( m )- nom def -cup( m )- gen dollar( m )- nom - indef one( m )- nom - indef
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at Ɂaṭlaqa nāran

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n Ɂaṭlaqa nār-a-n ʕalā ṭ-ṭayr-i
pn - nom - indef shoot. pf .3 m fire- acc - indef on def -bird- gen
‘Badr shot at the bird.’

102. pour waḍaʕa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n waḍaʕa s-sukkar-a fī l-finǧān-i
pn - nom - indef place. pf .3 m def -sugar- acc in def -cup- gen
‘Badr poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose ḍayyaʕa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ḍayyaʕa l-mafātīḥ-a
pn - nom - indef lose. pf .3 m def -keys- acc
‘Badr lost the keys.’

104. sink ġaraqa

Valency pattern: NOM_fiiGEN
X: NOM
Y: fiiGEN
Locus: Y
Ɂal-ḫašab-at-u ġaraqat fī l-māɁ-i
def -wood- f - nom sink. pf .3 f in def -water- gen
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill qatala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n qatala Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef kill. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr killed Maryam.’

106. hit ḍaraba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ḍaraba Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef hit. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr hit Maryam.’

107. kiss qabbala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n qabbala Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef kiss. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr kissed Maryam.’

108. read qaraɁa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n qaraɁa kitāb-a-n mumtiʕ-a-n
pn - nom - indef read. pf .3 m book- acc - indef interesting- acc - indef
‘Badr read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ḥarraka

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n ḥarraka Ɂiṣbaʕ-a-hu
pn - nom - indef move. pf .3 m finger- acc - p .3 m
‘Badr moved his finger.’

110. respect Ɂiḥtarama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yaḥtarimu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef respect. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr respects Maryam.’

111. be squeamish taḥassasa

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Maryam-u tataḥassasu min al-Ɂaṭbāq-i l-wasiḫ-at-i
pn - nom be_squeamish. ipf .3 f from def -dish. pl - gen def -dirty- f - gen
‘Maryam is squeamish about dirty dishes’
Note: This sentence can be semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

112. be content saʕīdun

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n saʕīd-u-n bi=bn-i-hi
pn - nom - indef happy- nom - indef by=son- gen - p .3 m
‘Badr is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n Ɂaḥabba Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef love. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr fell in love with Maryam.’

114. trust waṯiqa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Salwā taṯiqu b=Aḥmad-a
pn . nom trust. ipf .3 f by= pn - gen
‘Salwa trusts Ahmad’

115. sympathise šaʕara bi=l-Ɂasā

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
Aḥmad-u yašʕaru bi=l-Ɂasā ʕalā wālidat-i-hi
pn - nom feel. ipf .3 m with= def -sadness on mother- gen - p .3 m
‘Ahmad sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy ḥasada

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yaḥsudu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef envy. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr envies Maryam.’

117. be angry munzaʕiǧun

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Aḥmad-u munzaʕiǧ-u-n min Ɂibn-i-hi
pn - nom angry. m - nom - indef from son- gen - p .3 m
‘Ahmad is angry with his son’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised taʕaǧǧaba

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n taʕaǧǧaba min hāḏihi l-hadiyyat-i
pn - nom - indef be_surprised. pf .3 m from this. f def -gift( f )- gen
‘Badr was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yuḥibbu š-šāy-a
pn - nom - indef love. ipf .3 m def -tea- acc
‘Badr loves tea.’

120. enjoy tamattaʕa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yatamattaʕu bi=š-šāy-i s-sāḫin-i
pn - nom - indef enjoy. ipf .3 m by= def -tea- gen def -hot- gen
‘Badr enjoys hot tea.’

121. want Ɂarāda

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yurīdu ǧawwāl-a-n ǧadīd-a-n
pn - nom - indef want. ipf .3 m mobile_phone- acc - indef new- acc - indef
‘Badr wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge zaʕila

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
badr-u-n yazʕalu ʕalā Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef be_angry. ipf .3 m on pn - gen
‘Badr holds a grudge against Maryam.’

123. take offence zaʕila

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n zaʕila ʕalā Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef be_angry. pf .3 m on pn - gen
‘Badr took offence at Maryam.’

124. upset Ɂāḏā

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n Ɂāḏā Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef hurt. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr greatly upset Maryam.’

125. marvel taʕaǧǧaba

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n taʕaǧǧaba min hāḏihi l-madīnat-i
pn - nom - indef be_surprised. pf .3 m from this. f def -city( f )- gen
‘Badr was impressed by this city.’

126. despise Ɂiḥtaqara

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yaḥtaqiru Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef despise. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr despises Maryam.’

127. get upset taɁallama

Valency pattern: NOM_bisababiGEN
X: NOM
Y: bisababiGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n taɁallama bi=sabab-i Ɂibn-i-hi
pn - nom - indef be_sad. pf .3 m by=reason- gen son- gen - p .3 m
‘Badr got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated ġāḍibun

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Aḥmad-u ġāḍib-u-n min Ɂibnat-i-hi
pn - nom irritated. m - nom - indef from daughter- gen - p .3 m
‘Ahmad is irritated by his daughter’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maryam-u tuḥibbu badr-a-n
pn - nom love. ipf .3 f pn - acc - indef
‘Maryam likes Badr a lot.’

130. be shy ḫaǧila

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yaḫǧalu min qāmat-i-hi
pn - nom - indef be_embarassed. ipf .3 m from height- gen - p .3 m
‘Badr is embarrased about his height.’