Standard Arabic

Contributed by Ramazan Mamedshaxov (elibrary profile) and Nikita Kuzin (Academia.edu profile)

R.M.'s photo N.K.'s photo

The data were initially provided by Ramazan Mamedshaxov in 2011 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. In 2024, Nikita Kuzin added some missing data, improved transliteration and glossing and solved some complex issues before making the dataset publicly available.

How to cite

Mamedshaxov, Ramazan & Nikita Kuzin. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Standard Arabic. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on February 8, 2024; last revised on February 8, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 27.96, 43.85.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Afro-Asiatic, genus: Semitic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Glossing abbreviations

ACC — accusative; DEF — definite; DU — dual; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INDEF — indefinite; IPF — imperfective; M — masculine; NOM — nominative; P — possessive; PASS — passive; PF — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain ṣudāʕun

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕinda	Badr-in	ṣudāʕ-u-n
at	pn - gen	headache- nom - indef
‘Badr has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. Non-verbal predicate.

2. have (illness) muṣābun

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	muṣāb-u-n	bi=l-Ɂanfalawanza
pn - nom	affected. m - nom - indef	by= def -flu
‘Badr has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid ḫāfa

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN

X: NOM

Y: minGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yaḫāfu	min	al-kalb-i
pn - nom	be_afraid. ipf .3 m	from	def -dog- gen
‘Badr is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw ramā

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ramā	ḥaǧar-a-n
pn - nom	throw. pf .3 m	stone- acc - indef
‘Badr threw a stone.’

5. have enough kāfin

Valency pattern: liGEN_NOM

X: liGEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

li=Badr-in	nuqūd-u-n	kāfiy-at-u-n
to= pn - gen	money. pl - nom - indef	sufficient- f - nom - indef
‘Badr has enough money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

6. resemble šabiha

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yašbahu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	be_similar. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr resembles Maryam.’

7. believe ṣaddaqa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yuṣaddiqu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	believe. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr believes Maryam.’

8. take Ɂaḫaḏa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	Ɂaḫaḏa	kitāb-a-n
pn - nom	take. pf .3 m	book- acc - indef
‘Badr took a book.’

9. see raɁā

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yarā	bayt-a-n
pn - nom	see. ipf .3 m	house- acc - indef
‘Badr sees a house.’

10. influence Ɂaṯṯara

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Ɂal-ʕumr-u	yuɁaṯṯiru	ʕalā	ḏ-ḏākirat-i
def -age( m )- nom	influence. ipf .3 m	on	def -memory( f )- gen
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter Ɂiltaqā

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	Ɂiltaqā	bi=Maryam-a
pn - nom	meet. pf .3 m	by= pn - gen
‘Badr encountered Maryam.’

12. enter daḫala

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	daḫala	l-bayt-a
pn - nom	enter. pf .3 m	def -house- acc
‘Badr entered the house.’

13. win fāza

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

fāza	aḥmad-u	ʕalā	Muḥammad-in
win. pf .3 m	pn - nom	on	pn - gen
‘Ahmad beat Muhammad’

14. go out ḫaraǧa

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN

X: NOM

Y: minGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	ḫaraǧa	min	al-bayt-i
pn - nom	go_out. pf .3 m	from	def -house- gen
‘Badr went out of the house.’

15. drive sāqa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yasūqu	l-baqar-a
pn - nom	drive. ipf .3 m	def -cow- acc
‘Badr is driving the cow.’

16. bend ṯanā

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ṯanā	ġusn-a-n
pn - nom	bend. pf .3 m	branch- acc - indef
‘Badr bent a branch.’

17. tell qāla

Valency pattern: NOM_liGEN

X: NOM

Y: liGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	qāla	li=Maryam-a
pn - nom	say. pf .3 m	to= pn - acc
‘Badr told Maryam.’

18. hold masaka

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yamsiku	kitāb-a-n
pn - nom	seize. ipf .3 m	book- acc - indef
‘Badr is holding a book.’

19. catch up laḥiqa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	laḥiqa	bi=Maryam-a
pn - nom	catch_up. pf .3 m	by= pn - gen
‘Badr caught up with Maryam.’

20. milk ḥalaba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maryam-u	ḥalabat	il-baqarat-a
pn - nom	milk. pf .3 f	def -cow( f )- acc
‘Maryam milked the cow.’

21. reach waṣala

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	waṣala	š-šāṭiɁ-a
pn - nom	reach. pf .3 m	def -bank- acc
‘Badr reached the bank.’

22. touch lamasa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	lamasa	l-ḥāɁiṭ-a
pn - nom	touch. pf .3 m	def -wall- acc
‘Badr touched the wall.’

23. fight tašāǧara

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN

X: NOM

Y: maaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yatašāǧaru	maʕa	Maryam-a
pn - nom	fight. ipf .3 m	with	pn - gen
‘Badr is fighting with Maryam.’

24. be friends ṣādaqa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yuṣādiqu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	be_friends. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr is friends with Maryam.’

25. think fakkara

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yufakkiru	bi=Maryam-a
pn - nom	think. ipf .3 m	by= pn - gen
‘Badr is thinking about Maryam.’

26. eat Ɂakala

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	Ɂakala	tuffāḥ-a-n
pn - nom	eat. pf .3 m	apples- acc - indef
‘Badr ate an apple.’

27. fry qalā

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	qalā	samak-a-n
pn - nom	fry. pf .3 m	fish- acc - indef
‘Badr fried a fish.’

28. wait Ɂintaẓara

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yantaẓiru	Maryam-a
pn - nom	wait. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr is waiting for Maryam.’

29. forget nasiya

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	nasiya	ṭarīq-a-n	Ɂuḫrā
pn - nom	forget. pf .3 m	road( f )- acc - indef	other. f . indef
‘Badr forgot about the other road.’

30. depend taʕallaqa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Ɂaḏ-ḏākirat-u	tataʕallaqu	bi=l-ʕumr-i
def -memory( f )- nom	depend. ipf .3 f	by= def -age- gen
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call ṣāḥa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ṣāḥa	Maryam-a
pn - nom	call. pf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr called Maryam.’

32. get to know taʕarrafa

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	taʕarrafa	ʕalā	Maryam-a
pn - nom	be_acquainted. pf .3 m	on	pn - gen
‘Badr got to know Maryam.’

33. know ʕarafa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yaʕrifu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	know. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr knows Maryam.’

34. play (instrument) ʕazafa

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yaʕzifu	ʕalā	l-ʕūd-i
pn - nom	play. ipf .3 m	on	def -guitar- gen
‘Badr is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid taǧannaba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yataǧannabu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	avoid. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr avoids Maryam.’

36. make ʕamala

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ʕamala	qunbulat-a-n
pn - nom	make. pf .3 m	bomb( f )- acc - indef
‘Badr made a bomb.’

37. make fun ḍaḥika

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yaḍḥaku	ʕalā	Maryam-a
pn - nom	laugh. ipf .3 m	on	pn - gen
‘Badr is making fun of Maryam.’

38. have kāna

Valency pattern: indaGEN_NOM

X: indaGEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕinda	Badr-in	sayyārat-u-n
at	pn - gen	car( f )- nom - indef
‘Badr has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for baḥaṯa

Valency pattern: NOM_anGEN

X: NOM

Y: anGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yabḥaṯu	ʕan	il-mafātīḥ-i
pn - nom	search. ipf .3 m	off	def -keys- gen
‘Badr is looking for his keys.’

40. paint ṣabaġa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ṣabaġa	s-siyāǧ-a
pn - nom	paint. pf .3 m	def -fence- acc
‘Badr painted the fence.’

41. bite ʕaḍḍa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ʕaḍḍa	l-kalb-u	badr-an
bite. pf .3 m	def -dog( m )- nom	pn - acc
‘A dog bit Badr.’

42. forfeit faqada

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	faqada	bayt-a-n
pn - nom	lose. pf .3 m	house- acc - indef
‘Badr lost his house.’

43. try to catch masaka

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yamsiku	qiṭṭat-a-n
pn - nom	seize. ipf .3 m	cat( f )- acc - indef
‘Badr is trying to catch a cat.’

44. break kasara

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	kasara	ʕaṣāyat-a-n
pn - nom	break. pf .3 m	stick( f )- acc - indef
‘Badr broke a stick.’

45. flatter tamallaqa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yatamallaqu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	flatter. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr is flattering Maryam.’

46. love (person) Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yuḥibbu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	love. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr loves Maryam.’

47. wave lawwaḥa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Maryam-u	tulawwiḥu	bi=fūṭat-i-n
pn - nom	wave. ipf .3 f	by=handkerchief( f )- gen - indef
‘Maryam is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream ḥalama

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yaḥlamu	bi=sayyārat-i-n	ǧadīd-at-i-n
pn - nom	dream. ipf .3 m	by=car( f )- gen - indef	new- f - gen - indef
‘Badr is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash ġasala

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maryam-u	ġasalat	finǧān-a-n
pn - nom	wash. pf .3 f	cup- acc - indef
‘Maryam washed a cup.’

50. put on labasa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	labasa	banṭalūn-a-n
pn - nom	wear. pf .3 m	trousers- acc - indef
‘Badr put on his trousers.’

51. be called sammā

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

hāḏihi	l-Ɂālat-u	tusammā	būṣlat-u-n
this	def -instrument( f )- nom	call. pass . ipf .3 f	compass( f )- nom - indef
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: The verb agrees with the ‘instrument’.

52. punish ʕāqaba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ʕāqaba	l-Ɂibn-a
pn - nom	punish. pf .3 m	def -son- acc
‘Badr punished his son.’

53. attack haǧama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Ɂad-dubb-u	haǧama	ṣ-ṣayyād-a
def -bear( m )- nom	attack. pf .3 m	def -fisherman- acc
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ɁimtalaɁa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Ɂad-dalw-u	mtalaɁat	bi=l-māɁ-i
def -bucket( f )- nom	fill. pf .3 f	by= def -water- gen
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find waǧada

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	waǧada	l-mafātīḥ-a
pn - nom	find. pf .3 m	def -keys- acc
‘Badr found his keys.’

56. be short kafā + NEG

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

lā	yakfī	badr-an	dūlār-u-n	wāḥid-u-n
not	be_enough. ipf .3 m	pn - acc	dollar( m )- nom - indef	one( m )- nom - indef
‘Badr is one dollar short.’

57. hate kariha

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yakrahu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	hate. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr hates Maryam.’

58. like Ɂaʕǧaba

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ɂal-qamīs-u	yuʕǧibu	Badr-an
def -shirt( m )- nom	please. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr likes this shirt.’

59. need Ɂiḥtāǧa

Valency pattern: NOM_ilaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: ilaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yaḥtāǧu	Ɂilā	māl-i-n
pn - nom	need. ipf .3 m	towards	money- gen - indef
‘Badr needs money.’

60. surround Ɂaḥāṭa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Ɂal-Ɂaswār-u	tuḥīṭu	l-madīnat-a
def -wall. pl - nom	surround. ipf .3 f	def -city( f )- acc
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain baqiya

Valency pattern: indaGEN_NOM

X: indaGEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

baqiya	ʕinda	Badr-in	ʕašar-at-u	dūlār-āt-i-n
remain. pf .3 m	at	pn - gen	ten- f - nom	dollar- pl . f - gen - indef
‘Badr has ten dollars left.’

62. answer Ɂaǧāba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	Ɂaǧāba	l-muʕallim-a
pn - nom	answer. pf .3 m	def -teacher- acc
‘Badr answered the teacher.’

63. open fataḥa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	fataḥa	l-ʕilbat-a
pn - nom	open. pf .3 m	def -can( f )- acc
‘Badr opened a can.’

64. be different Ɂiḫtalafa

Valency pattern: NOM_anGEN

X: NOM

Y: anGEN

Locus: Y

qamīs-ī	yaḫtalifu	ʕan	qamīs-i-ka
shirt( m )/ nom - p .1 sg	differ. ipf .3 m	off	shirt( m )- gen - p .2 m . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind taḫallafa

Valency pattern: NOM_anGEN

X: NOM

Y: anGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	taḫallafa	ʕan	Maryam-a
pn - nom	fall_behind. pf .3 m	off	pn - gen
‘Badr fell behind Maryam.’

66. plough ḥaraṯa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yaḥruṯu	l-ḥaql-a
pn - nom	plow. ipf .3 m	def -field- acc
‘Badr is ploughing the field.’

67. smell fāḥa rāɁiḥatu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

tafūḥu	min	yad-ay-ya	rāɁiḥat-u	l-banzīn-i
emanate. ipf .3 f	from	hands( f )- gen . du - p .1 sg	smell( f )- nom	def -gasoline- gen
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross ʕabara

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ʕabara	ṭ-ṭarīq-a
pn - nom	cross. pf .3 m	def -road- acc
‘Badr crossed the road.’

69. sing ġannā

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ġannā	Ɂuġniyyat-a-n	ǧamīl-at-a-n
pn - nom	sing. pf .3 m	song( f )- acc - indef	beautiful- f - acc - indef
‘Badr sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kataba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	kataba	risālat-a-n
pn - nom	write. pf .3 m	letter( f )- acc - indef
‘Badr wrote a letter.’

71. drink šariba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	šariba	ḥalīb-a-n
pn - nom	drink. pf .3 m	milk- acc - indef
‘Badr drank the milk.’

72. melt ṣahara

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ṣahara	qiṭʕat-a	r-ruṣāṣ-i
pn - nom	melt. pf .3 m	piece( f )- acc	def -lead- gen
‘Badr melted a piece of lead.’

73. match lāɁama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Ɂal-ḥizām-u	yulāɁimu	fustān-ī
def -belt( m )- nom	fit. ipf .3 m	dress( m )/ acc = p .1 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave taraka

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	taraka	madīnat-a=hu
pn - nom	leave. pf .3 m	city( f )- acc - p .3 m . sg
‘Badr left his city.’

75. cover ġaṭṭā

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Ɂal-bisāṭ-u	yuġaṭṭī	kull-a	l-Ɂarḍ-i
def -carpet( m )- nom	cover. ipf .3 m	all- acc	def -floor( f )- gen
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember taḏakkara

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yataḏakkaru	l-bayt-a	ǧayyidan
pn - nom	remember. ipf .3 m	def -house- acc	well
‘Badr remembers the house well.’

77. help sāʕada

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	sāʕada	Maryam-a
pn - nom	help. pf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr helped Maryam.’

78. understand (language) fahima

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yafhamu	l-faransiyyat-a
pn - nom	understand. ipf .3 m	def - f rench( f )- acc
‘Badr understands French.’

79. hit (target) waqaʕa

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

waqaʕa	l-barq-u	ʕalā	l-bayt-i
fall. pf .3 m	def -lightning( m )- nom	on	def -house- gen
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself ǧaraḥa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	ǧaraḥa	nafs-a-hu	bi=l-mūs-i
pn - nom	injure. pf .3 m	self- acc - p .3 m . sg	by= def -razor- gen
‘Badr cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck Ɂiltasaqa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Ɂal-kūbat-u	ltasaqat	bi=l-māɁidat-i
def -glass( f )- nom	stick. pf .3 f	by= def -table( f )- gen
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) ḫasira

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN

X: NOM

Y: maaGEN

Locus: Y

Aḥmad-u	ḫasira	maʕa	Muḥammad-in
pn - nom	lose. pf .3 m	with	pn - gen
‘Ahmad lost to Muhammad.’

83. be glad fariḥa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	fariḥa	bi=r-risālat-i
pn - nom	be_glad. pf .3 m	by= def -letter( f )- gen
‘Badr was glad about the letter.’

84. speak taḥaddaṯa

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN

X: NOM

Y: maaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yataḥaddaṯu	maʕa	Maryam-a
pn - nom	talk. ipf .3 m	with	pn - gen
‘Badr is speaking with Maryam.’

85. give birth walada

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maryam-u	waladat	Ɂibn-a-n
pn - nom	give_birth. pf .3 f	son- acc - indef
‘Maryam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop Ɂawqaʕa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	Ɂawqaʕa	kūb-a-n
pn - nom	drop. pf .3 m	glass- acc - indef
‘Badr dropped the glass.’

87. govern dāra

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yudīru	balad-a-nā
pn - nom	direct. ipf .3 m	settlement- acc - p .1 pl
‘Badr runs our settlement.’

88. miss Ɂištāqa

Valency pattern: NOM_ilaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: ilaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yaštāqu	Ɂilā	Maryam-a
pn - nom	miss. ipf .3 m	towards	pn - gen
‘Badr misses Maryam.’

89. follow tabiʕa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yatbaʕu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	follow. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr follows Maryam.’

90. dismount nazala

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN

X: NOM

Y: minGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	nazala	min	al-faras-i
pn - nom	descend. pf .3 m	from	def -horse- gen
‘Badr got down from the horse.’

91. listen samiʕa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yasmaʕu	radiyū
pn - nom	listen. ipf .3 m	radio/ acc
‘Badr is listening to radio.’

92. obey samiʕa kalāma

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Badr-un	yasmaʕu	kalām-a	Ɂumm-i-hi
pn - nom	listen. ipf .3 m	words- acc	mother- gen - p .3 m . sg
‘Badr always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear samiʕa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yasmaʕu	l-musīqā
pn - nom	hear. ipf .3 m	def -music( f )/ acc
‘Badr hears the music.’

94. mix Ɂiḫtalaṭa

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN

X: NOM

Y: maaGEN

Locus: Y

Ɂiḫtalaṭa	l-ʕasal-u	maʕa	l-ḥalīb-i
mix. pf .3 m	def -honey( m )- nom	with	def -milk- gen
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look naẓara

Valency pattern: NOM_ilaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: ilaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yanẓuru	Ɂilā	l-ġuyūm-i
pn - nom	look. ipf .3 m	towards	def -clouds- gen
‘Badr is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off nazaʕa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	nazaʕa	l-qamīs-a
pn - nom	take_off. pf .3 m	def -shirt- acc
‘Badr took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) raɁā fī l-manāmi

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yarā	Maryam-a	fī	manām-i-hi
pn - nom	see. ipf .3 m	pn - acc	in	dream- gen - p .3 m . sg
‘Badr dreams about Maryam.’

98. agree Ɂittafaqa

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN

X: NOM

Y: maaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	ittafaqa	maʕa	Maryam-a”
pn - nom	agree. pf .3 m	with	pn - gen
‘Badr agreed with Maryam.’

99. have a quarrel tašāǧara

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN

X: NOM

Y: maaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	tašāǧara	maʕa	Maryam-a
pn - nom	fight. pf .3 m	with	pn - gen
‘Badr had a quarrel with Maryam.’

100. cost siʕr-u kāna

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

siʕr-u	l-finǧān-i	dūlār-u-n	wāḥid-u-n
price( m )- nom	def -cup( m )- gen	dollar( m )- nom - indef	one( m )- nom - indef
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at Ɂaṭlaqa nāran

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	Ɂaṭlaqa	nār-a-n	ʕalā	ṭ-ṭayr-i
pn - nom	shoot. pf .3 m	fire- acc - indef	on	def -bird- gen
‘Badr shot at the bird.’

102. pour waḍaʕa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	waḍaʕa	s-sukkar-a	fī	l-finǧān-i
pn - nom	place. pf .3 m	def -sugar- acc	in	def -cup- gen
‘Badr poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose ḍayyaʕa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ḍayyaʕa	l-mafātīḥ-a
pn - nom	lose. pf .3 m	def -keys- acc
‘Badr lost the keys.’

104. sink ġaraqa

Valency pattern: NOM_fiiGEN

X: NOM

Y: fiiGEN

Locus: Y

Ɂal-ḫašabat-u	ġaraqat	fī	l-māɁ-i
def -wood( f )- nom	sink. pf .3 f	in	def -water- gen
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill qatala

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	qatala	Maryam-a
pn - nom	kill. pf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr killed Maryam.’

106. hit ḍaraba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ḍaraba	Maryam-a
pn - nom	hit. pf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr hit Maryam.’

107. kiss qabbala

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	qabbala	Maryam-a
pn - nom	kiss. pf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr kissed Maryam.’

108. read qaraɁa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	qaraɁa	kitāb-a-n	mumtiʕ-a-n
pn - nom	read. pf .3 m	book- acc - indef	interesting- acc - indef
‘Badr read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ḥarraka

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ḥarraka	Ɂiṣbaʕ-a-hu
pn - nom	move. pf .3 m	finger- acc - p .3 m . sg
‘Badr moved his finger.’

110. respect Ɂiḥtarama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yaḥtarimu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	respect. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr respects Maryam.’

111. be squeamish taḥassasa

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN

X: NOM

Y: minGEN

Locus: Y

Maryam-u	tataḥassasu	min	al-Ɂaṭbāq-i	l-wasiḫ-at-i
pn - nom	be_squeamish. ipf .3 f	from	def -dish. pl - gen	def -dirty- f - gen
‘Maryam is squeamish about dirty dishes’
Note: This sentence can be semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

112. be content saʕīdun

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	saʕīd-u-n	bi=bn-i-hi
pn - nom	happy- nom - indef	by=son- gen - p .3 m . sg
‘Badr is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	Ɂaḥabba	Maryam-a
pn - nom	love. pf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr fell in love with Maryam.’

114. trust waṯiqa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Salwā	taṯiqu	b=Aḥmad-a
pn . nom	trust. ipf .3 f	by= pn - gen
‘Salwa trusts Ahmad’

115. sympathise šaʕara bi=l-Ɂasā

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Aḥmad-u	yašʕuru	bi=l-Ɂasā	ʕalā	wālidat-i-hi
pn - nom	feel. ipf .3 m	with= def -sadness	on	mother- gen - p .3 m
‘Ahmad sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy ḥasada

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yaḥsudu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	envy. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr envies Maryam.’

117. be angry munzaʕiǧun

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN

X: NOM

Y: minGEN

Locus: Y

Aḥmad-u	munzaʕiǧ-u-n	min	Ɂibn-i-hi
pn - nom	angry. m - nom - indef	from	son- gen - p .3 m . sg
‘Ahmad is angry with his son’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised taʕaǧǧaba

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN

X: NOM

Y: minGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	taʕaǧǧaba	min	hāḏihi	l-hadiyyat-i
pn - nom	be_surprised. pf .3 m	from	this. f	def -gift( f )- gen
‘Badr was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yuḥibbu	š-šāy-a
pn - nom	love. ipf .3 m	def -tea- acc
‘Badr loves tea.’

120. enjoy tamattaʕa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yatamattaʕu	bi=š-šāy-i	s-sāḫin-i
pn - nom	enjoy. ipf .3 m	by= def -tea- gen	def -hot- gen
‘Badr enjoys hot tea.’

121. want Ɂarāda

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yurīdu	ǧawwāl-a-n	ǧadīd-a-n
pn - nom	want. ipf .3 m	mobile_phone- acc - indef	new- acc - indef
‘Badr wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge zaʕila

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yazʕalu	ʕalā	Maryam-a
pn - nom	be_angry. ipf .3 m	on	pn - gen
‘Badr holds a grudge against Maryam.’

123. take offence zaʕila

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	zaʕila	ʕalā	Maryam-a
pn - nom	be_angry. pf .3 m	on	pn - gen
‘Badr took offence at Maryam.’

124. upset Ɂāḏā

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	Ɂāḏā	Maryam-a
pn - nom	hurt. pf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr greatly upset Maryam.’

125. marvel taʕaǧǧaba

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN

X: NOM

Y: minGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	taʕaǧǧaba	min	hāḏihi	l-madīnat-i
pn - nom	be_surprised. pf .3 m	from	this. f	def -city( f )- gen
‘Badr was impressed by this city.’

126. despise Ɂiḥtaqara

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yaḥtaqiru	Maryam-a
pn - nom	despise. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr despises Maryam.’

127. get upset taɁallama

Valency pattern: NOM_bisababiGEN

X: NOM

Y: bisababiGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	taɁallama	bi=sabab-i	Ɂibn-i-hi
pn - nom	be_sad. pf .3 m	by=reason- gen	son- gen - p .3 m . sg
‘Badr got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated ġāḍibun

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN

X: NOM

Y: minGEN

Locus: Y

Aḥmad-u	ġāḍib-u-n	min	Ɂibnat-i-hi
pn - nom	irritated. m - nom - indef	from	daughter- gen - p .3 m . sg
‘Ahmad is irritated by his daughter’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maryam-u	tuḥibbu	badr-an
pn - nom	love. ipf .3 f	pn - acc
‘Maryam likes Badr a lot.’

130. be shy ḫaǧila

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN

X: NOM

Y: minGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yaḫǧalu	min	qāmat-i-hi
pn - nom	be_embarassed. ipf .3 m	from	height( f )- gen - p .3 m . sg
‘Badr is embarrased about his height.’