BivalTyp

Northern Akhvakh

Contributed by Indira Abdulaeva and Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile).

I.A.'s photo G.A.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Abdulaeva, Indira and Gilles Authier. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Northern Akhvakh. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on December 15, 2023; last revised on July 13, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain boƛ’uruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
hwari-ƛƛi mina b-oƛ’-ere godi
pn - gen head n -hurt- simul n . cop
‘Pari has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

2. have (illness) beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hwari q’q’wat’ala b-eq’-e gidi
pn flu n -come- pf f . cop
‘Pari has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

3. be afraid ƛuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
hwari χwe-gune ƛ-ere gidi
pn dog- el fear- simul f . cop
‘Pari is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw zorooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de inč’a zor.ari
pn - erg stone throw. aor
‘Pathudi threw a stone.’

5. have enough miq’q’unuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
patħudi-ƛa miq’q’w-ene gwe ači
pn - dat n .be_enough- simul n . cop silver
‘Pathudi has enough money.’

6. resemble enɬɬunuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
patħudi enɬɬ-ene gudi musa-ga
pn resemble- simul m . cop pn - lat
‘Pathudi resembles Musa.’

7. believe bužuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
patħudi buž-iri musa-ga
pn believe- ipf 3 pn - lat
‘Pathudi believes Musa.’

8. take beχuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de ʁoča b-eχ-ari
pn - erg book n -take- aor
‘Pathudi took a book.’

9. see hariguruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
patħudi-ƛa č’ili harigw-ere godi
pn - dat house see- simul n . cop
‘Pathudi sees a house.’

10. influence beʁuruƛa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zama mada ri-ɬɬi rak’wa-ro-ge čula b-eʁ-ušide
time n .go. pf . ptcp time- obl heart- obl - loc things n -stand- neg . prs
‘Age influences memory’, lit.: ‘When the time goes, things do not remain on the heart’.
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter dandi buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
patħudi-ƛa dandi w-ux-ari musa
pn - dat in_front m -fall- aor pn
‘Pathudi encountered Musa.’

12. enter beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
patħudi č’ila-ga woq’-ari
pn house. obl - lat m .come- aor
‘Pathudi entered the house.’

13. win bišuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
patħudi w-uš-ari musa-gune
pn m -win- aor pn - el
‘Pathudi beat Musa.’

14. go out munuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
patħudi č’ilo-ne w-a-ani
pn house. obl - el m -go- aor
‘Pathudi went out of the house.’

15. drive eχχa buq’q’ooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de žinwo eχχa b-uq’q’a-ari
pn - erg cow out n -drive- aor
‘Pathudi is driving the cow.’

16. bend mik’oonuƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de hala m-ik’-ani
pn - erg branch n -bend- aor
‘Pathudi bent the branch.’

17. tell eƛ’ƛ’uruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LAT
X: ERG
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
patħudi-de eƛ’ƛ’-ari musa-ga
pn - erg say- aor pn - lat
‘Pathudi told Musa.’

18. hold bixuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de ʁoča b-ix-e godi kwadi
pn - erg book n -hold- seq n . cop hand. in
‘Pathudi is holding a book.’

19. catch up ƛ’a q’unuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
patħudi ƛ’a q’w-eni madina-ge
pn on reach- aor pn - loc
‘Pathudi caught up with Madina.’
Note: Here, ƛ’a functions as a preverb.

20. milk ƛ’ƛ’aruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
hwari-de žinwo ƛ’ƛ’ar-ari
pn - erg cow milk- aor
‘Pathudi milked the cow.’

21. reach q’unuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_TERMIN
X: NOM
Y: TERMIN
Locus: Y
patħudi inχχa-ƛ’iga q’we-eni
pn river- termin reach- aor
‘Pathudi reached the bank.’

22. touch q’wen beɬɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
patħudi-de q’q’enda-ge q’w-en b-eɬɬ-eri
pn - erg wall- loc reach- seq n -end_up- uwpst
‘Pathudi touched the wall.’

23. fight buqquruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
patħudi w-uqq-ero gudi musa-k’ena
pn m -hit- ipf . ptcp . m m . cop pn - com
‘Pathudi is fighting with Musa.’

24. be friends c’c’eɬe bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_COM
X: POSS
Y: COM
Locus: XY
patħudi-be hanže c’c’eɬe godi musa-k’ena
pn - n now friendship. nom n . cop pn - com
‘Pathudi is now friends with Musa.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think uʁilode bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS
X: NOM
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
patħudi musa-ƛƛi čundala uʁi-lo-de gudi
pn pn - gen always thought- pl . obl - erg m . cop
‘Pathudi is always thinking about Musa’ (lit. ‘Pathudi is always in thoughts of Musa’).
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat q’q’oonuƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de ʕeče q’q’a-ani
pn - erg apple eat- aor
‘Pathudi ate an apple.’

27. fry bižuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de č:uʕa b-iž-ari
pn - erg fish n -fry- aor
‘Pathudi fried the fish.’

28. wait eqquruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
patħudi musa-ga eqq-ohe gudi
pn pn - lat wait- seq . m m . cop
‘Pathudi is waiting for Musa.’

29. forget hidičeχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
patħudi-ƛa hudu česse miq’q’i hidičeχχw-ewi
pn - dat prox another road forget- perf
‘Pathudi forgot the other road.’

30. depend belooruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
rak’wa-ro-ge čula b-eʁ-e zama b-eqq-ero-ga b-ela-ada gwede
heart- obl - loc things n -stand- seq time n -cross- ipf . ptcp . m - lat n -depend- pf . ptcp n . cop
‘Memory depends on age’ (lit. ‘The way thing remain in the memory depends on the passing of time’).
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call žooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de musa ža-ari
pn - erg pn call- aor
‘Pathudi called Musa.’

32. get to know ɬe-qqwe buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_COM
X: POSS
Y: COM
Locus: XY
pataħi-ƛƛi musa-k’ena ɬe-qqwe reše ssigi b-ux-ari
pn - gen pn - com acquaintance year in_front n -fall- aor
‘Patahi got to know Musa a year ago.’

33. know beq’uruɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa musa woq’-ero gudi
pn - dat pn m .know- ipf . ptcp . m m . cop
‘Patahi knows Musa.’

34. play (instrument) qqwaruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi gitara qqwar-ero gudi
pn guitar scratch- ipf . ptcp . m m . cop
‘Patahi is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid biχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pataħi musa wuk’-iɬɬa wuχχ-ero guƛa
pn pn m .be- cv :where m .remain- ipf . ptcp . m m . cop . neg
‘Patahi doesn’t stay (in the place) where Musa is.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

36. make guruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de bomba go-je godi
pn - erg bomb do- seq n . cop
‘Patahi made a bomb.’

37. make fun badaƛuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCla
X: NOM
Y: LOCla
Locus: Y
pataħi musa-ge ƛ’a w-adaƛ-ero gudi
pn pn - loc on m -laugh- ipf . ptcp . m m . cop
‘Patahi is making fun of Musa.’
Note: Here, ƛ’a functions as a postposition. Postpositions ƛ’ada and ƛ’a are synonyms.

38. have bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-be mašina godi
pn - n car n . cop
‘Patahi has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

39. look for eqqedooruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
pataħi rik’aƛƛa eqq-edare gudi
pn keys look_for- ipf . ptcp . npl m . cop
‘Patahi is looking for his keys.’
Note: This structure is unusual (two nominatives). Probably, this is a remnant of the affective construction.

40. paint ražba ɬaruruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi-de ruq’q’e-ge ražba ɬar-eri
pn - erg fence- loc paint wipe- ipf 3
‘Patahi painted the fence.’

41. bite q’q’eleč’uruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
χwe-de pataħi-ge q’q’eleč’-ari
dog- erg pn - loc bite- aor
‘A dog bit Patahi.’

42. forfeit biχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_golo
X: NOM
Y: golo
Locus: Y
pataħi awa goƛo w-uχχ-ari
pn home without m -remain- aor
‘Patahi lost his house.’

43. try to catch bixuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de keto b-ix-ere godi
pn - erg cat n -hold- simul n . cop
‘Patahi is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break biq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de č’uli b-iq’w-ari
pn - erg stick n -break- aor
‘Patahi broke a stick.’

45. flatter beccuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de madina j-ecc-ere gidi
pn - erg pn f -flatter- simul f . cop
‘Patahi is flattering Madina.’

46. love (person) kunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa madina kwene gidi
pn - dat pn love. simul f . cop
‘Patahi loves Madina.’

47. wave qqwat’uruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
hwari-de hwado qqwat’-ere godi
pn - erg handkerchief shake- simul n . cop
‘Pari is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream kwinɬunuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
pataħi č’inda mašina kwinɬ-o gudi
pn new car want- seq . m m . cop
‘Patahi is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: This structure is unusual (two nominatives). Probably, this is a remnant of the affective construction.

49. wash čooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
hwari-de ššet’o ča-ari
pn - erg cup wash- aor
‘Patahi washed the cup.’

50. put on iɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de bata iɬ-ari
pn - erg trousers put_on- aor
‘Patahi put on his trousers.’

51. be called c’c’eri bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: LAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
ha čula-ɬɬi-ga c’c’eri gweda kompase
this thing- obl - lat name n . cop compass
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish tamiħi guruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pataħi-de wašo-ƛa tamiħi gw-eri
pn - erg boy- dat punishment do- aor
‘Patahi punished his son.’

53. attack ƛ’ada k’ooruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
šin č:uʕiqqass-u-ga ƛ’ada k’a-ari
bear fisherman- obl - lat on grab- aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: ƛ’ada and ƛ’a are synonyms. Here, ƛ’ada functions as a preverb.

54. fill (intr) beč’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS
X: NOM
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
bidira ɬɬen-ƛƛi b-eč’-e godi
pail water. obl - gen n -fill- seq n . cop
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find bičunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa rik’aƛƛa r-ič-eni
pn - dat keys npl -find- aor
‘Patahi found his keys.’

56. be short kamilooruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa če dollare kamilaj-e godi
pn - dat one dollar be_lacking- pf n . cop
‘Patahi is one dollar short.’

57. hate kit’aɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa musa kit’aɬ-o gudi
pn - dat pn hate- seq . m m . cop
‘Patahi hates Musa.’

58. like kunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa ha ƛ’onko kw-ini
pn - dat this shirt like- ipf
‘Patahi likes this shirt.’

59. need q’q’waraʕunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa ači q’q’waranʕ-e godi
pn - dat silver need- seq n . cop
‘Patahi needs money.’

60. surround ssore bixuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
šaha q’q’enda-lede ssore b-ix-e godi
town wall- pl . erg turn. seq n -hold- seq n . cop
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain biχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛƛi ač’ada dollare b-iχχw-ari
pn - gen ten dollar n -remain- aor
‘Patahi has ten dollars left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

62. answer džawa oxuruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pataħi-de učiƛƛli-sswa džawa ox-ari
pn - erg teacher. obl - m . dat answer give- aor
‘Patahi answered the teacher.’

63. open aχuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de maka aχ-ari
pn - erg jar open- aor
‘Patahi opened a jar.’

64. be different bahada bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
di-be ƛ’onko du-ɬɬi-gune b-ahada gwede
1. obl - n shirt 2. obl - obl - el n -different n . cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind qedi biχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
pataħi qedi w-uχχ-ari musa-gune
pn behind m -remain- aor pn - el
‘Patahi fell behind Musa.’

66. plough beƛ’ƛ’uruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi quri b-eƛ’ƛ’-ere gudi
pn field n -plough- simul m . cop
‘Patahi is ploughing the field.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

67. smell šwani bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: EL_POSS
X: EL
Y: POSS
Locus: XY
di-re reƛ’ili-gune bizi-ƛƛi koša šwani godi
1 sg . obl - npl hand. pl . obl - el oil- gen bad smell n . cop
‘My hands smell badly of gasoline.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

68. cross q’q’ot’ilooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de miq’q’i q’q’ot’il-ari
pn - erg road cross- aor
‘Patahi crossed the road.’

69. sing huruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de rešša nikwa hweri
pn - erg nice song sing. aor
‘Patahi sang a nice song.’

70. write qqwaruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de kaʁa qqwar-ari
pn - erg paper write- aor
‘Patahi wrote a letter.’

71. drink c’c’aruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de sso c’c’ar-ari
pn - erg milk drink- aor
‘Patahi drank the milk.’

72. melt miħoonuƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de t’oša-ƛƛi keseki miħa-ani
pn - erg lead- gen piece n .melt. caus - aor
‘Patahi melted a piece of lead.’

73. match raq’q’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ha raƛ’ƛ’iča di ƛ’onko-ɬɬi-ge raq’q’-iri
this belt 1. gen shirt- obl - loc match- ipf 3
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave beɬɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de šaha b-eɬɬ-ari
pn - erg town n -leave- aor
‘Patahi left his native city.’

75. cover bacilooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
t’assa-de anƛ’oda q’oda b-acila-are godi
rug- erg whole floor n -cover- ipf . ptcp n . cop
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember rak’waroge bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ge č’ili šweq’e rak’wa-ro-ge godi
pn - loc house very_well heart- obl - loc n . cop
‘Patahi remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help komoki guruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pataħi-de madina-ƛa komoki gweri
pn - erg pn - dat help do. aor
‘Patahi helped Madina.’

78. understand (language) bič’č’uruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa francuzskij bič’č’il-eri
pn - dat f rench understand- ipf 3
‘Patahi understands French.’

79. hit (target) goc’c’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
piri č’ila-ge goc’c’-ari
lightning house. obl - loc hit- aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself sanuruƛa

Valency pattern: LOC_ERG
X: LOC
Y: ERG
Locus: X
pataħi-ge britwa-de san-e b-eɬɬ-ari
pn - loc razor- erg cut- seq n -leave- aor
‘Patahi cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck šinuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
istaka uštu-ge šin-e b-iχχw-ari
glass table- loc stick- seq n -remain- aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) bituruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
pataħi w-ut-ari musa-gune
pn m -lose- aor pn - el
‘Patahi lost to Musa.’

83. be glad beχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_gulo
X: NOM
Y: gulo
Locus: Y
pataħi w-oχχ-ari kaʁa-ɬɬi-guɬo
pn m -rejoice- aor paper- obl -because
‘Patahi was glad about the letter.’

84. speak ʁuruƛ

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pataħi musa-k’ena ʁw-ere wuč-ani
pn pn - com speak- simul m .find- aor
‘Patahi is speaking with Musa.’

85. give birth guruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
madina-de waša gweri
pn - erg boy do. aor
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

86. drop kwadu munuƛa

Valency pattern: EL_NOM
X: EL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-gune istaka kwadu ma-ani
pn - el glass hand. el n .go- aor
‘Patahi dropped the glass.’

87. govern nuχmaɬɬi guruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pataħi-de esse poselok-ɬɬa nuχmaɬɬi gw-ere gwede
pn - erg our. excl town- obl . dat leadership do- simul n . cop
‘Patahi runs our town.’

88. miss mišaraquruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
pataħi madina-qqe mišaraq-o gudi
pn pn - ad miss- seq . m m . cop
‘Patahi misses Madina.’

89. follow bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_qedo
X: NOM
Y: qedo
Locus: Y
pataħi musa qedo gudi
pn pn behind m . cop
‘Patahi follows Musa.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount geƛ’ƛ’a χχeruruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
pataħi xwana-gu geƛ’ƛ’a χχer-ari
pn horse. obl - el down climb- aor
‘Patahi got down from the horse.’
Note: The elative marker "-gu" is interchangeable with "-gune".

91. listen hadaxuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
pataħi radio-ga handax-o gudi
pn radio- lat listen- seq . m m . cop
‘Patahi is listening to radio.’

92. obey hadaxuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
pataħi ilo-ga handax-iri
pn mother. obl - lat listen- ipf 3
‘Patahi always listens to his mother.’

93. hear anƛunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa maq’q’a anƛ-ene godi
pn - dat tune hear- simul n . cop
‘Patahi hears the music.’

94. mix dandiraq’q’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
unc’c’i sso-ga dandiraq’q’-ari
honey milk- lat mix- aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: The citation form is not certain.

95. look eqquruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
pataħi hira-ga eqq-ohe gudi
pn cloud- lat look- seq m . cop
‘Patahi is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off beqquruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de ƛ’onko b-eqq-ari
pn - erg shirt n -extract- aor
‘Patahi took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) miƛ’ƛ’eƛƛi bičunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa madina miƛ’ƛ’e-ƛƛi j-ič-ene gidi
pn - dat pn dream- inter f -find- simul f . cop
‘Patahi dreams about Madina.’

98. agree raq’q’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCla
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi madina-ge ƛ’a raq’q’-ari
pn pn - loc on match- aor
‘Patahi agreed with Madina.’
Note: Here, ƛ’a functions as a postposition.

99. have a quarrel maɬɬeq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pataħi madina-k’ena maɬɬeq’-ari
pn pn - com quarrel- aor
‘Patahi had a quarrel with Madina.’

100. cost baha bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: POSS
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
ha ššet’o-ƛƛi baha če dollare
this cup- gen price one dollar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at ƛ’ƛ’wahunuƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
pataħi-de ššakiba-qqe ƛ’ƛ’wah-ani
pn - erg bird. obl - ad shoot- aor
‘Patahi shot at the bird.’

102. pour ssussuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de čaka ssuss-ari
pn - erg sugar pour- aor
‘Patahi poured the sugar.’

103. lose buquruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛƛi rik’aƛƛa r-uq-ari
pn - gen keys npl -lose- aor
‘Patahi lost his keys.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

104. sink geƛ’ƛ’a buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
ɬuda ɬɬen-ga geƛ’ƛ’a b-ux-ari
wood water. obl - lat down n -fall- aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ƛ’ƛ’waruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de musa ƛ’ƛ’war-ari
pn - erg pn strike- aor
‘Patahi killed Musa.’

106. hit ƛ’ƛ’waruruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi-de musa-ge ƛ’ƛ’war-ari
pn - erg pn - loc strike- aor
‘Patahi hit Musa.’

107. kiss c’c’oonuƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi-de madina-ge c’c’a-ani
pn - erg pn - loc kiss- aor
‘Patahi kissed Madina.’

108. read žooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de kepe-ƛƛi ʁoča ža-ari
pn - erg pleasure- gen book read- aor
‘Patahi read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) korooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de unk’a kora-ari
pn - erg finger move. caus - aor
‘Patahi moved his finger.’

110. respect q’q’imate guruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
pataħi-de musa-ƛƛi q’q’imate gw-iri
pn - erg pn - gen esteem do- ipf 3
‘Patahi respects Musa.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

111. be squeamish rak’wa bixuruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_EL
X: POSS
Y: EL
Locus: XY
pataħi-ƛƛi rak’wa b-ix-iri čoroka qqot’o-ššet’o-ɬɬi-gune
pn - gen heart n -hold- ipf 3 dirty plate-cup- obl - el
‘Patahi is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

112. be content razi bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi wašo-ge razi gudi
pn boy- loc agreed m . cop
‘Patahi is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love roƛ’ƛ’i buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_AD
X: POSS
Y: AD
Locus: XY
pataħi-ƛƛi madina-qqe roƛ’ƛ’i b-ux-e godi
pn - gen pn - ad love n -fall- seq n . cop
‘Patahi fell in love with Madina.’

114. trust bužuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
pataħi madina-ga buž-iri
pn pn - lat believe- ipf 3
‘Patahi trusts Madina.’

115. sympathise rak’wa guħiluruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_EL
X: POSS
Y: EL
Locus: XY
pataħi-ƛƛi rak’wa guħil-eri inssuda ila-ɬɬi-gune
pn - gen heart pity- ipf 3 refl. m . gen mother- obl - el
‘Patahi sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

116. envy rak’wač’iɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi musa-ge rak’wač’iɬ-ohe w-uk’-iri
pn pn - loc envy- seq m -be- ipf 3
‘Patahi envies Musa.’

117. be angry ssimi beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi musa-ge ssimi b-eq’-ohe gudi
pn pn - loc anger n -come- seq . m m . cop
‘Patahi is angry with Musa.’

118. be surprised tamašaɬiluruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi tamašaɬil-ari sejeʁate-ɬɬi-ge
pn be_surprised- aor gift- obl - loc
‘Patahi was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) kunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa čeje kw-ini
pn - dat tea like- ipf
‘Patahi loves tea.’

120. enjoy t’anʕa beχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS
X: NOM
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
pataħi-de t’anʕa b-eχ-ere gwe č’eda čeje-ɬɬi-ƛƛi
pn - erg taste n -take- simul n . cop hot tea- obl - gen
‘Patahi enjoys hot tea.’

121. want kwinɬunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa č’inda telefo kwinɬ-e godi
pn - dat new telephone want- pf n . cop
‘Patahi wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ssimi beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi ssimi b-eq’-o gudi musa-ge
pn anger n -come- seq . m m . cop pn - loc
‘Patahi holds a grudge against Musa.’

123. take offence q’iluruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pataħi madina-k’ena q’il-ohe gudi
pn pn - com be_offended- seq . m m . cop
‘Patahi took offence at Madina.’

124. upset rak’wa baq’q’weloot’uruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
pataħi-de čaka rak’wa b-aq’q’weloot’-ari madina-ƛƛi
pn - erg very heart n -dry. caus - aor pn - gen
‘Patahi greatly upset Madina.’

125. marvel ħikmaɬiluruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi ħikmaɬil-ari šaha-ɬɬi-ge
pn wonder- aor town- obl - loc
‘Patahi was impressed by this town.’

126. despise wuguše

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de wug-iki musa
pn - erg m .consider- neg . ipf pn
‘Patahi despises Musa.’

127. get upset rak’wa baq’q’weluruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_salilohe
X: POSS
Y: salilohe
Locus: XY
pataħi-ƛƛi rak’wa baq’q’wel-ari inssuda waša saɬilohe
pn - gen heart n .dry- aor refl . m . gen boy because
‘Patahi got upset with his son.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

128. get irritated ssimi beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi jašo-ge ssimi b-eq’-ohe gudi
pn girl- loc anger n -come- seq . m m . cop
‘Patahi is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond rak’waroƛa beχuruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa madina rak’wa-ro-ƛa j-eχ-e gidi
pn - dat pn heart- obl - dat f -take- seq f . cop
‘Patahi is fond of Madina.’

130. be shy šulaʁuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
pataħi šulaʁ-are gwi inssuda w-ačaɬero-gune
pn be_ashamed- prog m . cop refl . m . gen even m -shortness. obl - el
‘Patahi is embarrased about his height.’